Content of this journal is licensed under a Abstract
Objective
The objective of this study is to present our experience using the pressure-regulated volume control and the pressure-control ventilation modes in children.
Methods
Patients with acute respiratory failure ventilated with pressure-regulated volume control or pressure-control modes were retrospectively evaluated. The patient’s ventilation parameters (of the first 7 days of ventilation or of the whole ventilation period, if the patient had been ventilated less than 7 days), SpO2, blood gases, and demographic data were collected from the pediatric intensive care unit database.
Results
Sixty-one patients (median age 12 [4.8-36.4] months) were enrolled in the study. The pressure-control ventilation mode was used on 40 patients (65.6%) and the pressure-regulated volume-control mode was used on 21 (34.4%) patients. Twenty-eight patients (45.9%) had hypoxemic respiratory failure and 44 (72.1%) had hypercapnic respiratory failure. The median positive end-expiratory pressure was higher in pressure-control ventilation mode (5.4 [4.2-6.3] cmH2O) than the pressure-regulated volume-control mode (4.05 [3.68-4.41] H2O, P < .001). Pressure-control mode was used more frequently in hypoxemic cases but both modes were used equally in hypercapnic cases. Hypoxic respiratory failure (yes/no), odds ratio: 3.9 (95% CI 1.2-12.3, P = .02), Ph (nadir), odds ratio: 0.004 (95% CI 0.000-0.275, P = .01), and base excess, odds ratio: 0.88 (95% CI 0.79-0.98, P = .02) were associated with intensive care mortality.
Conclusions
Although the pressure-control ventilation mode was preferred more frequently in hypoxemic respiratory failure, there was no significant difference between the 2 respiratory modes in terms of length of pediatric intensive care unit stay, MV duration, and mortality. The pressure-regulated volume-control mode seems to be a safer option for physicians who do not have enough experience in using pressure-control ventilation mode.
Keywords: Artificial respiration, pediatric intensive care units, positive-pressure respiration, respiratory insufficiency
Main points
Pressure-regulated volume-control mode provides volume-targeted ventilation with a pressure-controlled breathing pattern and its popularity is increasing in Turkish pediatric critical care units.
It is not clear whether the pressure-regulated volume-control mode is superior to the pressure-control mode.
In our study, children ventilated with pressure-regulated volume-control mode had similar outcomes with patients ventilated in pressure-control mode.
Pressure-regulated volume-control mode appears to be a safe option for pediatric patients, especially in inexperienced centers.
Introduction
Pediatric Mechanical Ventilation Consensus Conference does not have a specific ventilation mode proffer in children with acute respiratory failure and it is recommended that the ventilation mode decision should be made according to the clinical experience of the physician and the clinical characteristics of the patient.1,2 Pressure-regulated volume-control ventilation (PRVC) mode is defined as a dual-mode that combines the variable flow pattern of the pressure-control (PC) mode with the tidal volume guarantee properties of the volume-control mode (VC).3 The PRVC mode is defined as volume-targeted rather than volume-controlled because the peak pressure is readjusted by the device for each breath according to inspiratory tidal volume.3 The same amount of tidal volume can be achieved with lower peak pressures in PRVC than VC mode, due to the variable flow pattern. Pressure-controlled ventilation modes (assist/control or synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation) are frequently preferred modes in pediatric mechanical ventilation practice.4,5 Anaesthesiologists’ choice of pressure-controlled modes due to the inability of delivering low tidal volumes with conventional (old) anaesthesia machines during pediatric anaesthesia procedures seems to be the origin of this practice.6,7 The studies conducted in pediatric intensive care units in Argentina and Italy in 2003 and 2007 showed that PRVC mode usage was not common in their daily pediatric intensive care practice.8 A recent study by Tekgüç et al.4 shows that pressure-controlled ventilation modes have been used more frequently in the weaning period than PRVC (almost 5%) in daily pediatric critical care practice in Turkey. The objective of this study is to present our clinical experience of using PRVC and PC ventilation modes in children.
Methods
This study was reviewed and approved by the local ethical committee of Bakırköy Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital (no: 2019-19-07). Patients intubated due to acute respiratory failure and ventilated with pressure control–assist control or pressure-regulated volume control–assist control ventilation modes (Table 1) were retrospectively collected from PICU Metavision (IMDsoft, Israel) database of 1 year period (Figure 1). Patients with ventilation duration shorter than 24 hours and patients with chronic respiratory failure (tracheostomized and ventilator-dependent) were not included in the study. Both PC and PRVC (both assist-control and synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation) ventilation modes have been routinely used for critically ill children in our PICU. The ventilation mode selection (PC or PRVC and assist-control or synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation) has not been protocol-driven and it is based on the clinical findings of the patient and the decision of the pediatric critical care specialist. All adjusted, measured, and actual ventilator data transmit to the database on a 1-minute basis. Ventilation parameters (actual or measured parameters) from the mechanical ventilator (Maquet servo I, Sweden) and peripherally oxygen saturation from the bedside monitor (Phillips MX-550) were collected from the Metavision database for the first 7 days during the period of intubation follow up or all ventilation process if shorter than 7 days. During synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation, data were not collected which was the weaning period in our clinical practice. All data were saved in the database on a 1-minute basis so all ventilator and SpO2 data could be collected as mean values for each patient. Plateau pressure and static compliance data could not be collected because the plateau pressure can only be measured in PC and PRVC modes by inspiratory hold maneuver and plateau pressure measurement was not our daily clinical routine for all ventilated patients in the study period. Blood samples were taken from the central venous line for blood gas analysis. The nadir pH (and accompanying HCO3 and base excess) and the peak pCO2 values during the follow-up period were collected for blood gas parameters. Hypercapnia was defined as pCO2>50 mm Hg. Hypoxemia was defined as oxygen saturation index ([mean airway pressure × FiO2]/sPO2) ≥ 5 for patients with sPO2 ≤ 97.9
Table 1.
Definition of Assist-Control Ventilation Modes Mentioned in the Text and the General Rules of Setting the Parameters in Our Daily Clinical Practice
|
|
PC | PRVC |
| Positive End-Expiratory Pressure (PEEP) 1 | 5 cmH2O | 5 cmH2O |
| Peak pressure 2 | 15 cmH2O | N/A |
| Tidal volume 3 | N/A | 4-6 to 12 mL kg-1 |
| Target minute ventilation 4 | 150-250 mL kg-1 min-1 | 150-250 mL kg-1 min-1 |
| Inspiratory time 5 | 0.6-1 seconds | 0.6-1 seconds |
| Frequency 6 | 15-30/min | 15-30/min |
| FiO 2 7 | As low as possible | As low as possible |
|
1Peak end-expiratory pressure. High PEEP is used in hypoxemic respiratory failure. Low PEEP may be used in obstructive respiratory diseases according to auto-PEEP level. 2PEEP+Delta pressure. It should be an increase or decrease according to target tidal volume. 3Tidal volume should be 4-6 mL/kg with high frequency in restrictive disease or as high as 12 mL kg-1 with low frequency in obstructive disease. 4Age-dependent. High in infants and low in adolescents. 5Inspiratory time is dependent on age, type of lung disease, and respiratory frequency. It may be higher in adolescents. 6Age- and disease-dependent. It should be high with low tidal volumes in hypoxemic diseases and it should be low with high tidal volume in obstructive diseases. 7 FiO2 goal is ≤60%. PC, pressure control; PRVC, pressure-regulated volume control; N/A, none-applicable. Assist-control (A/C) ventilation technic: All breaths triggered by time (no spontaneous breathing) or flow/pressure trigger (spontaneous breathing) and equally (fully) supported with pressure control (PCV-A/C) or pressure-regulated volume control (PRVC-A/C) or volume control (VC-A/C). A/C—pressure-control mode (PC): Breaths are triggered by time or flow or pressure trigger and peak inspiratory pressure is adjustable with a characteristic square-shaped (variable flow) pressure–time curve. A/C—volume-control mode (VC): Breaths are triggered by time or flow or pressure trigger and tidal volume is adjustable with a characteristic triangle-shaped (constant flow) pressure–time curve. A/C—pressure-regulated volume control mode (PRVC): Breaths are triggered by time or flow or pressure trigger and peak inspiratory pressure is determined by the device according to adjusted tidal volume with a characteristic square-shaped (variable flow) pressure–time curve. | ||
Figure 1.
Graphical presentation of study method.
Statistical Analysis
Categorical variables were expressed as n (%) and continuous variables as median and interquartile range (25p-75p) or mean (standard deviation) according to normality. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used for the normality test. Comparisons of categorical variables between 2 groups were performed with chi-square or Fisher’s exact test which one is suitable. Comparisons of continuous variables between 2 groups were performed with Mann–Whitney U test for non-parametric variables and t-test for parametric (normally distributed) variables. Simple logistic regression analysis was performed for dependent variable mortality and results were expressed as odds ratio (OR), 95% CI for OR, and P-value. A P-value <.05 was considered statistically significant for all tests. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0 software (IBM Corp.; Armonk, NY, USA) and Medcalc 14.8.1 for Windows were used for statistical calculations.
Results
Sixty-one (42 boys and 19 girls) patients with a median age of 12 (4.8-36.4) months were included in the study (Table 2). Forty-one (67.2%) patients were aged below or equal to 24 months, 12 (19.7%) were aged 24-72 months, and 8 (13.1%) were aged above 72 months. Forty-eight (78.7%) patients had lower respiratory tract infections, 7 (11.5%) had central nervous system infections, 3 (4.9%) had heart failure, and 3 (4.9%) had traumatic injuries. Twenty-eight (45.9%) patients were diagnosed with hypoxemic respiratory failure and 44 (72.1%) were diagnosed with hypercapnic respiratory failure. The median pediatric risk of mortality score (PRISM-3) was 20 (27-24). Forty patients (65.6%) were ventilated in PCV and 21 (34.4%) in PRVC ventilation mode (Table 3). The length of mechanical ventilation was 71 (46-138) hours and the length of intensive care stay was 26 (14-42) days. Nineteen (31.1%) patients did not survive to discharge.
Table 2.
Demographic and Blood Gas Data of PC and PRVC Groups
| PC, n = 40 | PRVC, n = 21 | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (months), median (IQR) | 11.5 (4.9-41.03) | 12.03 (2.1-28.9) | .8 |
| Gender (male/female) | 28/12 | 14/7 | .78 |
| PRISM*-3 24 score | 22 (19-24) | 19 (15-20) | .07 |
| Hypoxemic respiratory failure, n (%) | 22 (55%) | 6 (28.6%) | .04 |
| Hypercapnic respiratory failure, n (%) | 29 (72.5%) | 15 (71.4%) | .9 |
| pH (nadir), median (IQR) | 7.19 (7.06-7.28) | 7.21 (7.03-7.29) | .9 |
| Peak pCO2 (mmHg), median (IQR) | 76.8 (65.2-96.8) | 79 (58.3-102.6) | .9 |
| HCO3 (mEq L-1), median (IQR) | 28.8 (24,4-31,9) | 30.3 (25.4-32.5) | .6 |
| Base excess (mEq L-1), median (IQR) | 3.89 (0.3-7.5) | 5.76 (1.3-8.2) | .6 |
| Peripherally oxygen saturation (%), median (IQR) | 96.5 (95-97.3) | 97 (96-97.5) | .17 |
| Length of mechanical ventilation (hours) median, (IQR) | 67 (39.6-137.5) | 81.8 (62.3-156.6) | .1 |
| Length of PICU stay (days) median, (IQR) | 21 (14-42) | 30 (16-42) | .43 |
| Non-survivors, n (%) | 15 (37.5%) | 4 (19%) | .13 |
*Pediatric risk of mortality score.
PC, pressure control; PRVC, pressure-regulated volume control; IQR, interquartile range.
Table 3.
Comparison of Ventilation Parameters of PC and PRVC Modes
| PC, n = 40 | PRVC, n = 21 | P | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Positive end-expiratory pressure (cmH2O), median (IQR) | 5.4 (4.2-6.3) | 4.05 (3.68-4.41) | <.001 | |
| Delta pressure (cmH2O), mean (SD) | 15 (3.48) | 13.5 (3.7) | .6 | |
| Peak pressure (cmH 2 O), mean (SD) | 20.8 (4.3) | 17.7 (3.7) | .007 | |
| Inspiratory time (seconds), median (IQR) | 0.55 (0.46-0.72) | 0.68 (0.53-0.83) | .054 | |
| Mean airway pressure (cmH2O), mean (SD) | 10.3 (2.4) | 8.3 (1.9) | .05 | |
| Frequency (/min), mean (SD) | 31.4 (7.5) | 27.4 (7.1) | .02 | |
| Inspiratory time/expiratory time (I/E ratio), median (IQR) | 0.41 (0.33-0.48) | 0.46 (0.36-0.51) | .42 | |
| Tidal volume expiratory (mL kg-1), median (IQR) | 9.3 (7.4-11.4) | 9.3 (8.8-10.9) | .96 | |
| Compliance (mL/cmH2O), median (IQR) | 4.1 (2.4-5.6) | 4.1 (3.1-7.03) | .36 | |
| Fraction of inspiratory oxygen (%), median (IQR) | 61.1 (56.5-65.4) | 55.3 (46.5-60.6) | .03 | |
| Complications, n (%) | Pneumothorax | 5 (12.5%) | 1 (4.8%) | .7 |
| Pneumomediastinum | 2 (5%) | 1 (4.8%) | ||
| Ventilator-associated pneumonia | 4 (10%) | 4 (19%) | ||
PC, pressure control; PRVC, pressure-regulated volume control; IQR, interquartile range; SD, standard deviation.
Single variable logistic regression analysis results for dependent variable mortality were as follows: hypoxemic respiratory failure, OR: 3.9 (95% CI 1.2-12.3, P = .02), pH (nadir), OR: 0.004 (95% CI: 0.000-0.275, P = .01), and base excess, OR: 0.88 (95% CI 0.79-0.98, P = .02). Used modes, neither PRVC nor PCV were not significant in logistic regression for mortality.
Discussion
Mean airway pressure and FiO2 are known as major determinants of oxygenation in mechanical ventilation. The best definition for mean airway pressure is the area under the curve of the pressure–time curve.10 Unlike VC mode, a constant pressure–time curve provides a constant mean airway pressure in pressure-controlled ventilation. Although this supports the superiority of the PC mode in hypoxemic patients, studies show no significant differences between PC and VC modes in hypoxemic respiratory failure.11 Pressure control mode was preferred more in hypoxemic patients rather than PRVC in our study and this is the reason for the differences (positive end-expiratory pressure, peak pressure, frequency, and FiO2) between the 2 modes. There were no significant differences between PC and PRVC mode ventilated patients in terms of length of mechanical ventilation, mechanical ventilation-associated complications, length of PICU stay, and intensive care mortality. This suggests that PRVC is as safe as PCV in children.
It is not expected that mortality can be explained by a single factor in the intensive care unit.12 Many different variables may affect mortality at different rates in different disorders. Oxygen is an extremely important molecule for the vitality of all living cells in the human body. With a sufficient cardiac output, hypoxia can be avoided in hypoxemic respiratory failure.13 However, the heart itself needs a significant amount of oxygen for sufficient work and that worsens the situation in long-term hypoxemia and hypoxia becomes inevitable.14 In our study, it was seen that the mortality risk increases 3.9 times in the presence of hypoxemic respiratory failure. The results of our study showed that the base deficit is inversely related to mortality, as a result, metabolic acidosis is a higher risk for mortality than respiratory acidosis in pediatric respiratory failure.
Pressure-controlled modes are frequently used in daily pediatric practice in Turkey. Pressure-regulated volume-control mode is a volume-targeted and pressure-controlled ventilation mode and delta pressure is adjusted automatically for each breath, unlike the conventional PC mode. High peak pressures appear to be the most important reason why VC mode is not commonly used in pediatrics. There are some differences between VC and PRVC mode settings. In VC mode, any 2 of the 3 parameters (inspiratory time, inspiratory flow rate, and tidal volume) must be set as mandatory, in PRVC mode, tidal volume and inspiratory time must be set as mandatory. Although the PRVC mode delivers the same tidal volume with a lower peak pressure than the VC mode, the mean airway pressures are the same in both modes.15 However, there is no evidence in the literature that the PRVC mode is superior to the VC mode.16
The retrospective design of this study is an important limitation. Ventilation mode selection of physicians was not protocol-driven or randomized and this may have biased the results.
Conclusion
Our study showed that, although the PC mode was preferred more frequently in hypoxemic respiratory failure, there were no significant differences between the 2 respiratory modes in terms of length of PICU stay, mechanical ventilation duration, and mortality. The PRVC mode seems to be a safe option for children for physicians who do not have enough experience in using PC mode. However, it should be kept in mind that the target tidal volume in PRVC mode is inspiratory tidal volume and adequate ventilation may not occur in cases with leakage around tube or pneumothorax. It seems that more studies are needed to understand the advantages and disadvantages of the PRVC mode over conventional VC mode.
Funding Statement
The authors declared that this study has received no financial support.
Footnotes
Ethics Committee Approval: Ethical committee approval was received from Bakırköy Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital Ethics Committee. Ethical committee desicion number is 2019-19-07.
Informed Consent: N/A.
Peer-review: Externally peer-reviewed.
Author Contributions: Consept – H.S.K, N.A, E.Ş.; Design – H.S.K, N.A, E.Ş.; Supervision – H.S.K, N.A, E.Ş.; Resources – H.S.K, N.A, E.Ş.; Materials – H.S.K, N.A, E.Ş.; Data Collection and/or Processing – H.S.K, N.A, E.Ş.; Analysis and/or Interpretation – H.S.K, N.A, E.Ş.; Literature Search H.S.K, N.A, E.Ş.; Writing Manuscript – H.S.K.; Critical Review – N.A, E.Ş.
Conflict of Interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
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