Extended Data Fig. 8. Gut C. albicans promotes intestinal pro-inflammatory immunity through candidalysin.

a-b, Cell damage by C. albicans. mBMDM (a) and Caco2 cells (b) were incubated with live C. albicans (MOI=5) wild-type parental (C.a Pare) or C. albicans ece1Δ/Δ (C.a ece1) strains for 16 hours and LDH release in the supernatants was measured. Results are shown as mean ± s.d. Data points indicate technical well replicates (n=3). Data are representative of three independent experiments. Unpaired, two-tailed, student test. c-e, ASF mice were colonized with C.a. Pare or C.a ece1 strains for three weeks. n=6 mice in each group. c-d, Frequency and total cell numbers of CD11b⁺Ly6G⁺ neutrophils (c, from left to right) and IL-17A⁺CD4⁺ T cells (d, from left to right) in the colon. e, Fecal C. albicans burdens were measured at day 21. f-j, WT SPF mice were colonized with or without C.a Pare or C.a ece1 strain, DSS colitis was induced followed by treatment with prednisolone. f, Fecal C. albicans burden were measured upon sacrifice. g, representative H&E colon section. The scale bar 200μm. h, Histology scores. PBS (n=14), C.a Pare (n=15), and C.a ece1 (n=13). Data are pooled from two independent experiment with similar results. i, Frequency of cLP neutrophils. j, IL-17A⁺CD4⁺ T cells were assessed upon sacrifice. Results in c-f and h-j are shown as mean ± s.e.m. Each dot represents an individual mouse. Data in c-f and i-j are representative of two independent experiments with similar results. Unpaired, two-tailed, Mann-Whitney test (e, f) or one-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey’s post hoc test (c, d, h, i, j).