Abstract
Background
Mycoplasma pneumoniae (Mp) is an important pathogen that causes respiratory tract infections in children. Data on epidemiology of paediatric Mp infection in China are little known. The aim of this study was to investigate the infection of children with respiratory tract infection in Xi’an from 2017 to 2020, and to explore the epidemiological features of paediatric Mp infection in Northwest China during the past 4 years.
Methods
A total of 53,273 paediatric patients diagnosed with respiratory tract infection as the first diagnosis were enrolled. Mp antibody was detected using passive agglutination method. Statistical analysis and epidemiological investigation were carried out on the test results according to different years, seasons, ages and genders. The differences among rates were analyzed by the χ2 test. The trends among the rates were analyzed by the Poisson regression.
Results
A total of 14,375 Mp antibody positive patients were detected, with a total positive rate of 26.98%. The rate of Mp infection in 2017 was significantly higher than other years (χ2=431.700; P=0.000), and the rate showed a downward trend year by year [incidence rate ratios (IRR) =0.906; 95% CI: 0.892–0.921; P=0.000]. The rate of Mp infection increased gradually in the order of spring, summer, autumn and winter (IRR =1.078; 95% CI: 1.060–1.097; P=0.000), and peaked in winter (29.08%). As age increased, the positive rate of Mp infection also gradually increased (IRR =1.138; 95% CI: 1.134–1.143; P=0.000). The peak age of Mp infection was between 6 and 12 years, accounting for 51.71%, significantly more compared with other age groups (χ2=4203.000, P=0.000). Female children had significantly higher positive rates than male children (χ2=527.000; P=0.000).
Conclusions
Mp infection mainly occurs related to year, season, age and gender. Understanding the epidemiological characteristics of paediatric Mp infection can contribute to timely treatment and diagnosis, and may improve the prognosis of children with Mp infection.
Keywords: Mycoplasma pneumoniae (Mp), antibody titer, child
Introduction
Mycoplasma pneumoniae (Mp) is a common pathogenic microorganism that can cause respiratory tract infections in children (1). Additionally, Mp is a major cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children, and accounts for 10–30% of the pediatric population (2). Mp can cause respiratory diseases such as acute and chronic respiratory infections, bronchitis and asthma (3,4). It can also cause extrapulmonary diseases including encephalitis, nephritis, myocarditis and other complications in severe cases (5,6). Mp epidemic is cyclical, with an epidemic peak every 3–7 years, and each epidemic lasts for 1–2 years (7). The prevalence of infection is related to season, age, gender, geography and other factors (8,9). However, there have been few studies with large numbers of paediatric patients with Mp infection to explore the epidemiology and dynamic characteristics in Northwest China.
In order to find out the epidemic situation of Mp infection in Xi’an, to provide the basis for clinical diagnosis, treatment, corresponding prevention and control strategies for children in the local region, we retrospectively analyzed the antibody titers to Mp in 53,273 children with respiratory tract infection as the first diagnosis from the Respiratory Medicine Clinic from 2017 to 2020 and a comprehensive statistical analysis was conducted in accordance with the different years, seasons, ages, and genders. We present the following article in accordance with the STROBE reporting checklist (available at https://tp.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/tp-22-127/rc).
Methods
Sample collection
The Northwest Women’s and Children’s Hospital is a women and children specialist hospital located in Xi’an, China. We retrospectively analyzed the antibody titer results of Mp in 53,273 paediatric patients (24,459 girls and 28,814 boys) with respiratory tract infenction as the first diagnosis, aged from 1 month to 12 years old, who had visited in the Respiratory Medicine Clinic from January 2017 to December 2020. Paediatric patients were all living in Xi’an city. All patients were independent, data of the same individual child during the research period only inclusion of the first visit. This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013). The study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Northwest Women’s and Children’s Hospital (No. 21–16). Individual consent for this retrospective study was waived. The children were divided into the following 4 age groups: (I) 0–1 year old (infant group); (II) 1–3 years old (toddler group); 3–6 years old (preschool group); and 6–12 years old (school-age group). The data were also divided into the following 4 seasonal groups: (I) March–May (spring group); (II) June–August (summer group); (III) September–November (autumn group); and (IV) December–February (winter group).
Detection of Mp antibody titers
Peripheral blood samples (80 µL) were collected from children and kept at room temperature for at least 20 min. The serum was collected by centrifugation at 3,000 rpm for 10 min. The Mp antibody titer detection was performed using an Mp antibody detection kit (passive agglutination method; Fuji Ruibai Co., Ltd., Japan). All the operations were performed strictly in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. Mp infection is defined as single titres of serum Mp antibody ≥1:160 measured by the particle agglutination test (10).
Statistical methods
The data analysis was conducted with the statistical software SPSS 18.0 (IBM Corp., Chicago, IL, USA). The enumeration data were expressed as the number of cases. The differences among rates were analyzed by the χ2 test. The trends among the rates were analyzed by the Poisson regression. A two-sided P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
Distribution of Mp infection positive rates in different years
The positive rate of Mp infection in children had the highest positive rate in 2017 (37.27%) and the lowest rate in 2019 (24.13%), and the difference between the different years was statistically significant (χ2=431.700; P=0.000) (Table 1). Additionally, the positive rate of the Mp infection in the children tended to decrease over consecutive years (IRR =0.906; 95% CI: 0.892–0.921; P=0.000) (Table 2).
Table 1. Distribution of positive rates of Mp infection in different years.
| Year | Cases (n) | Positive cases (n) | Positive rate (%) | χ2 | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2017 | 6,061 | 2,259 | 37.27 | ||
| 2018 | 16,490 | 4,257 | 25.82 | ||
| 2019 | 20,261 | 4,888 | 24.13 | ||
| 2020 | 10,461 | 2,971 | 28.40 | ||
| Total | 53,273 | 14,375 | 26.98 | 431.700 | 0.000 |
Mp, Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
Table 2. The trend of positive rates of Mp infection in different years, seasons and ages.
| Gender | Cases (n) | Positive cases (n) | IRR | 95% CI | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | 28,814 | 6,603 | 0.906 | 0.892–0.921 | 0.000 |
| Season | 24,459 | 7,772 | 1.078 | 1.060–1.097 | 0.000 |
| Age | 53,273 | 14,375 | 1.138 | 1.134–1.143 | 0.000 |
IRR and their 95% CI were calculated using a Poisson regression model. Mp, Mycoplasma pneumonia; IRR, incidence rate ratios; CI, confidence interval.
Distribution of Mp infection positive rates in different seasons
The children had the highest positive Mp infection rate in winter (29.08%) and the lowest in spring (23.34%), and the difference between the different seasons was significant (χ2=129.400; P=0.000) (Table 3). Further, the positive rate of Mp infection in children tended to gradually increase in the order of spring, summer, autumn, and winter (IRR =1.078; 95% CI: 1.060–1.097; P=0.000) (Table 2).
Table 3. Distribution of positive rates of Mp infection in different seasons.
| Season | Cases (n) | Positive cases (n) | Positive rate (%) | χ2 | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spring | 10,592 | 2,472 | 23.34 | ||
| Summer | 8,593 | 2,178 | 25.35 | ||
| Autumn | 17,592 | 4,928 | 28.01 | ||
| Winter | 16,496 | 4,797 | 29.08 | ||
| Total | 53,273 | 14,375 | 26.98 | 129.400 | 0.000 |
Mp, Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
Distribution of Mp infection positive rates at different ages
Children in the school-age group had the highest positive Mp infection rate (51.71%); and children in the infant group had the lowest rate (5.95%), and the difference between age groups was significant (χ2=4,203.000; P=0.000) (Table 4). The positive rate of the Mp infection gradually increased in children as age increased (IRR =1.138; 95% CI: 1.134–1.143; P=0.000) (Table 2).
Table 4. Distribution of positive rates of Mp infection in different age groups.
| Age (years) | Cases (n) | Positive cases (n) | Positive rate (%) | χ2 | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0–1 | 7,513 | 447 | 5.95 | ||
| 1–3 | 15,608 | 3,394 | 21.75 | ||
| 3–6 | 23,038 | 6,855 | 29.76 | ||
| 6–12 | 7,114 | 3,679 | 51.71 | ||
| Total | 53,273 | 14,375 | 26.98 | 4,203.000 | 0.000 |
Mp, Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
Distribution of Mp infection positive rates by gender
The positive rate of Mp infection in girls (31.78%) was significantly higher than that in boys (22.92%), and there was a significant difference between the genders (χ2=527.000; P=0.000) (Table 5).
Table 5. Distribution of positive rates of Mp infection in different genders.
| Gender | Cases (n) | Positive cases (n) | Positive rate (%) | χ2 | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | 28,814 | 6,603 | 22.92 | ||
| Female | 24,459 | 7,772 | 31.78 | ||
| Total | 53,273 | 14,375 | 26.98 | 527.000 | 0.000 |
Mp, Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
Discussion
The Mp pathogen is common in the population, especially in children. Studies have shown that there are significant differences in the positive rate of Mp infection in different countries and regions, populations, years, and seasons (6,7,11). The prevalence of Mp infection varies widely from 8.7–37.5% in different countries worldwide (9,12-14). Gao et al. (9) found that the Mp infection rate was 37.5% in children with respiratory symptoms in northern China. Conversely, Jiang et al. (12) found that the Mp infection rate was only 12.2% in children with respiratory symptoms in southern China. The results of this study showed that the Mp infection rate in children with respiratory symptoms in Xi’an from 2015 to 2020 was 26.98%, which falls somewhere between the 2 above-mentioned rates. Eun et al. (15) found that the epidemic peaks were separated by 3–4 years for Mp in Korea. Our study showed that the Mp infection rate in children in the Xi’an region was the highest in 2017 (37.27%), decreased in 2018 and 2019 (25.82% and 24.13%), but increased again in 2020 (28.40%). Due to the global epidemic situation of the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-2019) in early 2020, the use of masks and disinfectants or other factors may have reduced the Mp infection rate in children in the region in 2020. It appears that the Mp epidemic in Xi’an tends to peak every 3–4 years.
Infection with Mp occurs in children year-round; however, there are differences across the seasons. A study from northern China found that the Mp infection rate was the highest in autumn (9); a study from southern China (Zhejiang) and another from Australia found that the Mp infection rate was the highest in summer (July) (12,16); a study in Korea found that the Mp infection rate was the highest in autumn or winter (15); and a study from the United States found that the Mp infection rate was the highest from August to November (17). The results of our study showed that the Mp infection rate in children in the Xi’an area were 23.34%, 25.35%, 28.01%, and 29.08% for spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively, and that the trend showed a significant increase. Notably, the highest Mp infection rate was in winter (29.08%), followed by autumn. Thus, the prevention and control of Mp infection in autumn and winter should be strengthened in Xi’an, especially in winters in endemic years. As the annual infection rate of Mp is >20%, the prevention and control of Mp in spring and summer should also be emphasized.
There are gender differences in the prevalence of Mp infection (9,12). Gao et al. (9), Jiang et al. (12), and Kung et al. (18) showed that the prevalence of Mp infection is higher in women than men, which suggested that women may be more susceptible to MP than men. Similarly, we found that there was gender difference in the prevalence of Mp infection in our study, the morbidity rate of girls (31.78%) was significantly higher than that of boys (22.92%).
Children may be infected with Mp at any age, especially in preschool and school-age children (19). In Japan, the highest incidence of Mp infection was among the 7–10 age group (20), while in Australia, it was 5–9 years old (16). The results of the present study had revealed that the infection rates of Mp in the infant group, toddler group, preschool, and school-age groups were 5.95%, 21.75%, 29.76%, and 51.71%, respectively. The infection rate of Mp in children showed a significantly increasing trend with age. School-age children aged 6–12 years old were more likely to experience Mp infection, which is consistent with most studies (9,16,19,20). However, the Mp infection rate in the infant group (0–1 year old) was the lowest, being only 5.95%, which may be related to the simple living environment and dietary structure (mainly breast milk) of children in that age group. One study has shown that breast milk contains a variety of immunomodulatory and antibacterial substances, which can significantly reduce the risk of respiratory tract infection in children. Breastfeeding is a protective factor for respiratory tract infection (21). Thus, the prevention and control of Mp infection in preschool and school-age children, especially school-age children, should be strengthened in Xi’an. This study was a single center retrospective study, which had some limitations: the included samples had a certain selection bias.
Based on our retrospective analysis, this study revealed that Mp infection in children in Xi’an from 2017 to 2020 was characterized by a high infection rate throughout the year, especially in autumn and winter. The prevalence of Mp infection was significantly higher in girls than in boys. The infection rate of Mp in children increased significantly with age, especially in school-age (6–12 years) children. Thus, effective prevention and control measures should be implemented in autumn and winter to reduce the prevalence of Mp infection among school-age children.
Supplementary
The article’s supplementary files as
Acknowledgments
Funding: None.
Ethical Statement: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013). The study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Northwest Women’s and Children’s Hospital (No. 21–16). Individual consent for this retrospective study was waived.
Footnotes
Reporting Checklist: The authors have completed the STROBE reporting checklist. Available at https://tp.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/tp-22-127/rc
Data Sharing Statement: Available at https://tp.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/tp-22-127/dss
Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at https://tp.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/tp-22-127/coif). The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
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