Table 3.
List of the main mitochondrial/cytosolic proteins involved in interactions with the reported hydrophilic vitamin-related cofactors. All the indicated web-links were accessed on 8 April 2022 for a final check.
| Small Molecule | Related Cofactor | Cofactor Protein Associations | Gene Name | Protein Targets from HMDB |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thiamine—B1 | Thiamine monophosphate | Cancer-related nucleoside-triphosphatase; membrane | NTPCR | https://hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0002666/metabolite_protein_links |
| 14 kDa phosphohistidine phosphatase; cytosol | PHPT1 | |||
| Thiamine pyrophosphate | Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 | PDH | https://hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0001372/metabolite_protein_links | |
| 2-Oxoisovalerate dehydrogenase | BCKDH | |||
| 2-Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase | OGDH | |||
| 2-Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase-like | OGDHL | |||
| Thiamine pyrophosphate carrier | SLC25A19 | |||
| Riboflavin—B2 | FMN | Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase | DHODH | https://hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0001520/metabolite_protein_links |
| NADH dehydrogenase UQ flavoprotein 1 | NDUFV1 | |||
| Sarcosine dehydrogenase | SARDH | |||
| FAD | FAD (and/or folate) carrier | SLC25A32 | https://hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0001248/metabolite_protein_links | |
| Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase | DLD | |||
| Acyl carrier protein | NDUFAB1 | |||
| Long-chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase | ACADL | |||
| Short-chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase | ACADS | |||
| Medium-chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase | ACADM | |||
| NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase | MT-ND | |||
| Succinate dehydrogenase | SDHD | |||
| Electron-transport flavoprotein dehydrogenase | IVD | |||
| Thioredoxin reductase 2 | ETFDH | |||
| Isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase | TXNRD2 | |||
| Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase | DHODH | |||
| Glutathione reductase | GSR | |||
| Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase | GPD2 | |||
| Choline dehydrogenase | CHDH | |||
| Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase | GCDH | |||
| Dimethylglycine dehydrogenase, | DMGDH | |||
| Sarcosine dehydrogenase | SARDH | |||
| Proline dehydrogenase 1 | PRODH | |||
| Hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase | HGDH | |||
| Apoptosis-inducing factor 1 | AIFM1 | |||
| Probable D-lactate dehydrogenase | LDHD | |||
| Isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase | ACAD8 | |||
| Protein MTO1 homolog | MTO1 | |||
| (Pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring))-phosphatase 2 | PDP2 | |||
| Sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase | SQRDL | |||
| Niacin—B3 | NMN | 5′(3′)-deoxyribonucleotidase | NT5M | https://hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0000229/metabolite_protein_links |
| NADH | Pyruvate dehydrogenase | PDH | https://hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0000902/metabolite_protein_links | |
| Methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase | ALDH6A1 | |||
| Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase | DLD | |||
| Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase | ACAD | |||
| NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase | MT-ND | |||
| Delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase | ALDH4A1 | |||
| Acyl carrier protein | NDUFAB1 | |||
| Glutathione reductase | GSR | |||
| Succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase | ALDH5A1 | |||
| Aldehyde dehydrogenase | ALDH2 | |||
| Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 1 | PYCR1 | |||
| Trifunctional enzyme | HADH | |||
| 3-Hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase | HIBADH | |||
| 2-Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase | OGDH | |||
| D-beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase | BDH1 | |||
| Glutamate dehydrogenase | GLUD | |||
| Aminomethyltransferase | AMT | |||
| Alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase | AASS | |||
| Malate dehydrogenase | MDH | |||
| NAD-dependent malic enzyme | ME | |||
| Isocitrate dehydrogenase | IDH3 | |||
| NAD(P) transhydrogenase | NNT | |||
| Bifunctional methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase/cyclohydrolase | MTHFD2 | |||
| Tricarboxylate transport protein | SLC25A1 | |||
| Proline dehydrogenase 1 | PRODH | |||
| Glycine cleavage system H protein | GCSH | |||
| NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-3 | SIRT3 | |||
| NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-5 | SIRT5 | |||
| 2-Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase-like | OGDHL | |||
| Dihydrofolate reductase | DHFRL1 | |||
| NAD kinase domain-containing protein 1 | NADKD1 | |||
| Ubiquinone/coenzyme Q10 (reduced, i.e., as ubiquinol, or oxidized, i.e., as ubiquinone) | UQ/CoQ10 (reduced, i.e., UQH2) | NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) | NDFU |
https://hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0001072/metabolite_protein_links and https://hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0001304/metabolite_protein_links |
| NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase | MT-ND | |||
| Succinate dehydrogenase | SDH | |||
| Acyl carrier protein | NDUFA5 | |||
| Cytochrome b-c1 complex | UQCR | |||
| Electron transfer flavoprotein-ubiquinone oxidoreductase | ETFDH | |||
| Cytochrome c1, heme protein | CYC1 | |||
| Carnitine, acetyl-L-carnitine | Carnitine O-acetyltransferase | CRAT |
https://hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0000201/metabolite_protein_links and https://hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0000062/metabolite_protein_links |
|
| Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2 | CPT2 | |||
| Carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier | SLC25A20 | |||
| Pantothenic acid—B5 | Pantothenate kinase 2 | PANK2 | https://hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0000210/metabolite_protein_links | |
| Pyridoxine—B6 | Alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde dehydrogenase | ALDH7A1 | https://hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0000239/metabolite_protein_links | |
| Biotin—B7 | Pyruvate carboxylase | PC | https://hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0000030/metabolite_protein_links | |
| Propionyl-CoA carboxylase | PCC | |||
| Methylcrotonoyl-CoA carboxylase | MCCC | |||
| Folic acid—B9 | Folate (and/or FAD) carrier | SLC25A32 | https://hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0000121/metabolite_protein_links | |
| Dihydrofolate reductase | DHFRL1 | |||
| Cobalamine—B12 | Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase | MUT | https://hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0002174/metabolite_protein_links | |
| Methylmalonic aciduria type A protein | MMAA | |||
| Ascorbic acid—C | Trimethyllysine dioxygenase | TMLHE | https://hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0000044/metabolite_protein_links |