Table 1.
Study characteristics
| Structural APT characteristics | Alcohol-related measures Alcohol use | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study | Country | Sample size | Sex (% females) | Age, mean (SD) | Number of prices | Price range | Alcohol use | Heavy drinking | Alcohol-related problems | Hazardous drinking |
| Acker et al. 2012 [37] | USA | 61 | 42.60 | 23.80 (5.40) | 25 | $0–100 | Drinks/weeka | AUDIT | ||
| Acuff et al. 2020a [38] | USA | 274 | 42.9 | 25.15 (4.10) | 23 | $0–22 | Drinks/weekb | YAACQ | ||
| Acuff et al. 2020b [39] | USA | 602 | 57.3 | 22.63 (1.03) | 30 | $0–40 | Drinks/weekb | YAACQ | ||
| Amlung et al. 2013 [40] | USA | 273 | 73.00 | 20.00 (1.70) | 21 | $0–10 | Drinks/weekb | AUDIT | ||
| Amlung et al. 2015 [41] | USA | 85 | 52.00 | 22.94 (3.41) | 21 | $0–30 | Drinks/weekc | YAACQ | ||
| Amlung et al. 2017 [12] | USA | 111 | 42.00 | 36.18 (12.86) | 24 | $0–35 | Drinks/weeka | DSM-IV | ||
| Bertholet et al. 2015 [42] | Switzerland | 4790 | 0.00 | 21.20 (1.20) | 11 | $0–20c | Drinks/week | Binge/month | DSM-5 | |
| Cassidy et al. 2019 [43] | USA | 167 | 42.7 | 18.14 (0.97) | 17 | $0–20 | Drinks/occasiona | |||
| Dennhardt et al. 2015 [44] | USA | 97 | 58.80 | 20.10 (2.23) | 19 | $0–20 | Drinks/weekb | Binge/month | YAACQ | |
| Dennhardt et al. 2016 [45] | USA | 68 | 8.80 | 32.31 (8.84) | 19 | $0–20 | Drinks/montha | |||
| Gray & MacKillop 2014 [46] | USA | 720 | 39.00 | 29.70 (12.00) | 21 | $0–35 | AUDIT | |||
| Herschl et al. 2012 [47] | USA | 297 | 54.20 | 19.88 (1.92) | 14 | $0–9 | RAPI | AUDIT | ||
| Hochster et al. 2018 [48] | USA | 69 | 52.00 | 21.40 (2.20) | 14 | $0–20 | Drinks/occasiona | Binge/90-days | AUDIT | |
| Joyner et al. 2019 [49] | USA | 370 | 61.10 | 18.75 (1.03) | 17 | $0–20 | Drinks/weekb | YAACQ | ||
| Kaplan et al. 2017 [50] | USA | 179 | 47.49 | 37.53 (12.69) | 16 | $0–20 | Drinks/week | Binge/month | ||
| Kaplan & Reed 2018 [51] | USA | 721 | 55.30 | 35.50 (10.92) | 11 | $0–10 | Drinks/weekb | Binge/month | ||
| Kiselica & Borders 2013 [52] | USA | 202 | 83.66 | 19.48 (1.42) | 19 | $0–15 | Drinks/weekb | YAACQ | ||
| Lemley et al. 2016 [53] | USA | 80 | 72.50 | 19.50 (18.70–20.64)d | 16 | $0–12 | YAACQ | |||
| Lemley et al. 2017 [54] | USA | 85 | 90.60 | 20.00 (19.50–21.00)d | 24 | $0–30 | Drinks/weekb | |||
| Luciano et al. 2019 [55] | USA | 91 | 36.26 | 26.53 (2.69) | 14 | $0–9 | Drinks/weekb | YAACQ | ||
| Luehring-Jones et al. 2016 [56] | USA | 36 | 61.00 | 19.60 (1.90) | 14 | $0–9 | Drinks/occasiona | Binge/90-days | AUDIT | |
| MacKillop & Murphy 2007 [57] | USA | 54 | 67.00 | 20.00 (1.22) | 14 | $0–9 | Drinks/weekb | Binge/week | RAPI | |
| MacKillop et al. 2010 [58] | USA | 61 | 38.00 | 42.40 (13.10) | 16 | $0–1120 | Drinks/weeka | % HDD | DSM-IV | |
| Martinetti et al. 2019 [59] | USA | 132 | 80.30 | 19.50 (1.42) | 19 | $0–15 | Drinks/weekb | AUDIT | ||
| France | 132 | 75.80 | 21.25 (4.42) | 19 | $0 – 22c | Drinks/weekb | AUDIT | |||
| Merrill & Aston2020 [60] | USA | 95 | 52.00 | 18.67 (0.66) | 14 | $0–9 | Drinks/weekb | BYAACQ | ||
| Meshesha et al. 2020 [61] | USA | 41 | 31.70 | 38.24 (12.69) | 17 | $0–20 | Drinks/occasiona | Binge/month | DSM-5 | |
| Minhas et al. 2020 [62] | Canada | 730 | 47.40 | 21.44 | 30 | $0–40 | YAACQ | |||
| USAe | 602 | 42.70 | 22.63 | 30 | $0–40 | YAACQ | ||||
| Morrell et al. 2020 [63] | USA | 131 | 78.60 | 19.47 (1.67) | 9 | $0–30 | Drinks/weekb | BYAACQ | AUDIT | |
| Morris et al. 2017 [64] | USA | 865 | 59.00 | 32.85 (11.15) | 21 | $0–15 | AUDIT | |||
| Morris et al. 2018 [65] | Canada | 1364 | 54.90 | 35.11 (10.79) | 30 | $0–18c | AUDIT | |||
| Murphy & MacKillop 2006 [8] | USA | 267 | 76.00 | 20.11 (1.47) | 14 | $0–9 | Drinks/weekb | Binge/week | RAPI | |
| Murphy et al. 2009 [66] | USA | 38 | 50.00 | 19.92 (1.68) | 14 | $0–9 | Drinks/weeka | Binge/month | YAAPST | |
| Murphy et al. 2013 [67] | USA | 133 | 49.60 | – | 17 | $0–20 | Drinks/weekb | Binge/month | ||
| Naude et al. 2020 [68] | USA | 185 | 81.00 | 19.96 (3.14) | 13 | $0–9 | AUDIT | |||
| Noyes et al. 2018 [69] | USA | 529 | 46.60 | 33.00 (8.85) | 14 | $0–9 | Drinks/occasionf | DrInC | AUDIT | |
| Patel et al. 2019 [70] | Canada | 926 | 53.90 | 38.20 (13.70) | 30 | $0–28c | Drinks/week | |||
| Ramirez et al. 2016 [71] | USA | 223 | 58.74 | 18.60 (0.70) | 19 | $0–20 | Drinks/weekb | AUDIT | ||
| Ramirez et al. 2020 [72] | USA | 480 | 59.60 | 21.90 (1.73) | 19 | $0–20 | Drinks/weekb | |||
| Rose et al.2018 [13] | UK | 62 | 46.77 | 22.35 (4.24) | 25 | $0 – 18c | Drinks/weeka | AUDIT | ||
| Salzer et al. 2019 [16] | USA | 98 | 50.00 | 32.99 (–) | 51 | $0–20 | Drinks/weekb | |||
| Skidmore et al. 2014 [73] | USA | 207 | 53.00 | 19.50 (1.99) | 17 | $0–20 | Drinks/weekb | YAACQ | ||
| Smith et al. 2010 [74] | USA | 255 | 73.30 | 20.55 (4.30) | 17 | $0–20 | Drinks/weekb | YAACQ | ||
| Strickland et al. 2017 [75] | USA | 139 | 54.70 | 31 (26–39)d | 16 | $0–140 | Drinks/week | Binge/monthg | ||
| Strickland et al. 2019 [17] | USA | 223 | 52.90 | 35.20 (10.50) | 13 | $0–11 | Drinks/week | AUDIT | ||
| Teeters et al. 2014 [76] | USA | 207 | 53.10 | 19.50 (1.99) | 17 | $0–20 | Drinks/weekb | |||
| Teeters & Murphy 2015 [77] | USA | 328 | 75.30 | 20.47 (2.63) | 17 | $0–20 | Drinks/weekb | Binge/month | ||
| Tripp et al. 2015 [78] | USA | 264 | 77.00 | 21.70 (5.00) | 17 | $0–20 | Drinks/weeka | YAACQ | ||
| Tucker et al. 2016 [79] | USA | 191 | 23.56 | 50.09 (11.94) | 18 | $0–20 | Drinks/weeka | DPS | ADS | |
| Wahlstrom et al. 2012 [80] | USA | 120 | 0.00 | 19.88 (1.83) | 14 | $0–9 | RAPI | AUDIT | ||
| Yurasek et al. 2011 [81] | USA | 215 | 72.00 | 20.65 (4.14) | 17 | $0–20 | Drinks/weekb | Binge/fortnight | YAACQ | |
APT = Alcohol Purchase Task; AUDIT = Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test; YAACQ = Young Adult Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire; DSM = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder; RAPI = Rutgers Alcohol Problem Index; HDD = heavy drinking days; BYAACQ = Brief Young Adult Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire; YAAPST = Young Adult Alcohol Problems Screening Test; DrInC = Drinker Inventory of Consequences; DPS = Drinking Problems Scale; ADS = Alcohol Dependence Scale; SD = standard deviation.
a
Time-line follow-back;
b
daily drinking questionnaire;
c
original values converted to US dollars;
d
median (interquartile range);
e
the US sample comes fromthe same set as Acuff’s study [39]. Nonetheless, as associations are reported regarding different alcohol outcomes, both studies were retained in the meta-analysis. Aggregated sample size and weighted sex proportion were calculated using only one of the samples;
f
drinking history questionnaire;
g
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism recommended alcohol questions.