Abstract
Objective
To explore the diagnostic value of multislice spiral computed tomography (MSCT) scan combined with serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), tumor-specific growth factor (TSGF), and Golgi protein73 (GP73) assays in the diagnosis of primary liver cancer (PLC).
Methods
Totally, 60 patients with PLC admitted to The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University from January 2019 to January 2020 were included in group A, 60 patients with liver cirrhosis were included in group B, and 60 healthy subjects were included in group C. The serum AFP, TSGF, and GP73 levels were determined, and all participants received MSCT scanning. The diagnostic efficacy of MSCT, assays of serum AFP, TSGF, and GP73, and their combined detection was analyzed.
Results
Group A had the highest levels of AFP, TSGF, and GP73, followed by group B, and then group C. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of MSCT for PLC were 80.0%,91.7%, 82.8%, and 90.2%, respectively, while those of combined detection of MSCT plus serum AFP, TSGF, and GP73 for PLC were 100.0%, 93.3%, 88.2%, and 100.0%. The combined detection was associated with significantly a higher detection rate of PLC versus stand-alone detection.
Conclusion
MSCT plus serum AFP, TSGF, and GP73 has a higher detection rate versus stand-alone detection, which shows great potential in the diagnosis of PLC.
1. Introduction
The incidence of primary liver cancer (PLC) accounts for more than 50% of the total prevalence of liver cancer. The early stage of PLC is mostly asymptomatic, and the disease may have progressed to an advanced stage by the time of diagnosis where surgical outcomes are unfavorable [1, 2]. Thus, early diagnosis is crucial for the improvement of the prognosis of patients [3]. At present, diagnosis of PLC is mostly achieved by imaging examination, and multislice spiral computed tomography (MSCT) can clearly display the liver conditions, which is of high clinical application value [4, 5]. It was found that the detection rate of contrast-enhanced CT scans was about 80.0%, but its diagnostic efficiency might be compromised in the detection of small tumors, which requires additional diagnostic means to enhance the diagnostic accuracy [6, 7]. Tumor markers such as alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), tumor-specific growth factor (TSGF), and Golgi protein 73 (GP73) are commonly used for tumor diagnosis. AFP is commonly used for PLC diagnosis but is associated with poor sensitivity and specificity. Recent research has shown that the combined assay of AFP with other tumor markers might potentiate the diagnostic efficiency [8]. TSGF is a polypeptide secreted during the production and proliferation of malignant tumors, and its secretion mechanism is irrelevant to liver injuries caused by benign liver diseases such as liver cysts and cirrhosis [9]. Therefore, the determination of serum TSGF may facilitate the differentiation between PLC and liver cirrhosis. GP73 is a transmembrane protein of the Golgi apparatus and is rarely detected in the liver cells of healthy people. The elevation of its expression indicates cancerous changes of liver cells [10]. The serum levels of GP73 increase with the severity of liver inflammatory responses, but not significantly. The combination of AFP, TSGF, and GP73 contributes to a higher diagnostic efficiency for PLC [11]. Accordingly, this study was conducted to explore the diagnostic value of MSCT plus serum AFP, TSGF, and GP73 levels in PLC.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. General Materials
Totally 60 patients with PLC admitted to The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University from January 2019 to January 2020 were included in group A, 60 patients with liver cirrhosis were included in group B, and 60 healthy subjects were included in group C. There were no significant differences between the three groups in terms of baseline characteristics (P > 0.05), as shown in Table 1.
Table 1.
Comparison of baseline characteristics.
| Group | Group A (n = 60) | Group B (n = 60) | Group C (n = 60) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender (male/female) | 35/25 | 34/26 | 33/27 | >0.05 |
| Age (year) | 53.26 ± 5.11 | 53.24 ± 5.26 | 53.20 ± 5.21 | |
| Income (¥) | >0.05 | |||
| <3000 | 25 | 26 | 27 | |
| ≥3000 | 35 | 34 | 33 | |
| Education level | >0.05 | |||
| High school or below | 20 | 21 | 19 | |
| College or above | 40 | 39 | 41 | |
| Drinking | 28 | 27 | 29 | >0.05 |
| BIM over standard | 4 | 5 | 2 | >0.05 |
2.2. Inclusion Criteria
The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) participants and their family members fully understood the research procedures and signed the informed consent. (2) patients of group A were diagnosed with PLC by surgery or biopsy; (3) patients of group B were confirmed with cirrhosis after the examination.
2.3. Exclusion Criteria
Exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) patients with mental illness that prevented normal communication; (2) with other organic diseases; (3) who were in pregnancy or lactation.
2.4. Methods
This study was approved by the ethics committee of The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University. All the methods were carried out per the Declaration of Helsinki [12].
Detection of serum AFP, TSGF, and GP73 levels: 3 ml of morning fasting venous blood was collected from the patients and centrifuged to obtain the serum. The serum AFP was determined using the electrochemiluminescence method (Cobase 411 electrochemical luminescence device with original auxiliary reagent, Approval No. 3402843 2011), with the range of markers given on the kit as the normal range. The serum TSGF was determined using the colorimetric method (Tai'an City Kangyu Medical Equipment Co. Ltd., Approval No. 2400498). The serum GP73 was determined using the enzyme-linked immunoassay (Beijing Kewei Clinical Diagnostic Reagents Co., Ltd., S20060028). Positive determination of content: serum AFP ≥ 20 ng/mL, TSGF ≥ 70 U/mL, GP73 ≥ 80 ng/mL [13].
MSCT scan: patients were required to lie supine, a 64-row helical CT scanner (Philips, drug safety food machinery into the word no. 3303600 2008) was used for scanning. The scanning parameters were pitch of 1.5, scanning thickness of 0.5 cm, transverse reconstruction thickness of 0.2 cm, current of 160 mA, and voltage of 120 kV. A plain CT scan was performed from the diaphragm to the lower margin of the phalangeal joint. After scanning, 100 mL of iohexol contrast agent was injected at a rate of 2.5–3.0 ml/s, followed by scanning 25 s after injection for the arterial phase and 30 s after injection for the venous phase. The examination results were interpreted independently by two radiologists, and consensus was made after discussion with a third radiologist in the event of discrepancies.
2.5. Observation Criteria
(1) The levels of AFP, TSGF, and GP73 of the participants were analyzed. (2) The diagnostic efficiency of MSCT was analyzed. (3) The diagnostic efficiency of AFP, TSGF, and GP73 was analyzed. (4) The diagnostic efficiency of combined detection was analyzed.
Diagnostic efficacy includes (1) sensitivity: the ratio of positive cases in group A to the total in that group. (2) Specificity: the ratio of (number of negative cases in group B + number of negative cases in group C) to (total number of cases in group B + total number of cases in group C). (3) Positive predictive value: the ratio of the number of positive cases in group A to (number of positive cases in groups A, B, and C). (4) Negative predictive value: the ratio of (number of negative cases in group B + number of negative cases in group C) to (number of negative cases in groups A, B, and C).
2.6. Statistical Analysis
SPSS20.0 was used for data analyses, and GraphPad Prism 7 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, USA) was to plot the graphics. The counting data are analyzed using the chi-square test, and the measurement data are analyzed using the t-test. Statistically significant results were defined as P < 0.05.
3. Results
3.1. Analysis of AFP, TSGF, and GP73 Levels
Group A had the highest levels of AFP, TSGF, and GP73, followed by group B, and then group C (P < 0.001), as shown in Figures 1 and 2.
Figure 1.
Analysis of AFP and GP73 levels (, μg/L). The horizontal axis from left to right was AFP and GP73, and the vertical axis referred to the level of serum tumor markers (μg/L); the black area in the figure was group A the dark gray indicated group B and the light gray area was for group C. The level of AFP was (142.56 ± 12.10) μg/L in group A, (105.26 ± 10.23) μg/L in group B, and (3.89 ± 0.56) μg/L in group C; the level of GP73 was (156.89 ± 20.56) μg/L in group A, (131.20 ± 12.48) μg/L in group B, and (16.58 ± 4.26) μg/L in group C; ∗∗∗P < 0.001.
Figure 2.
Analysis of TSGF level (,U/ml). The horizontal axis from left to right was group A group B and group C, respectively, and the vertical axis indicated TSGF level (U/ml). The level of TSGF was (95.56 ± 6.56) U/ml in group A, (54.11 ± 6.26) U/ml in group B, and (39.89 ± 5.48) U/ml in group C; ∗∗∗P < 0.001.
3.2. Analysis of Diagnostic Efficiency of Multislice Spiral CT Scanning
The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of MSCT were 80.0% (48/60), 91.7% (110/120), 82.8% (48/58), and 90.2% (110/122), respectively, as shown in Table 2.
Table 2.
Analysis of diagnostic efficiency of multislice spiral CT scanning.
| Multislice CT | Pathologic examination | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Positive | Negative | ||
| Positive | 48 | 10 | 58 |
| Negative | 12 | 110 | 122 |
| Total | 60 | 120 | 180 |
3.3. Diagnostic Efficacy of Serum AFP, TSGF, and GP73
The diagnostic efficiency of serum AFP, TSGF, and GP73 is shown in Table 3.
Table 3.
Diagnostic efficacy of serum AFP, TSGF, and GP73.
| Sensitivity (%) | Specificity (%) | Positive predictive value (%) | Negative predictive value (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AFP | 66.7 (40/60) | 70.0 (84/120) | 52.6 (40/76) | 80.8 (84/104) |
| TSGF | 63.3 (38/60) | 75.0 (90/120) | 55.9 (38/68) | 80.4 (90/112) |
| GP73 | 83.3 (50/60) | 81.7 (98/120) | 69.4 (50/72) | 90.7 (98/108) |
The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of MSCT combined with serum AFP, TSGF and GP73 were 100.0% (60/60), 93.3% (112/120), 88.2% (60/68) and 100.0% (112/112), respectively.
3.4. Diagnostic Efficacy of Combined Detection
The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of multislice spiral CT combined with serum AFP, TSGF, and GP73 were 100.0%, 93.3%, 88.2%, and 100.0%, respectively. The combined detection was associated with significantly a higher detection rate of PLC versus stand-alone detection (P < 0.05), as shown in Table 4.
Table 4.
Diagnostic efficiency of combined detection of tumor markers.
| Sensitivity (%) | Specificity (%) | Positive predictive value (%) | Negative predictive value (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AFP + TSGF | 70.0 (42/60) | 75.0 (90/120) | 58.3 (42/72) | 83.3 (90/108) |
| AFP + GP73 | 85.0 (51/60) | 75.0 (90/120) | 63.0 (51/81) | 90.9 (90/99) |
| GP73 + TSGF | 83.3 (50/60) | 78.3 (94/120) | 65.8 (50/76) | 90.4 (94/104) |
| AFP + TSGF + GP73 | 90.0 (54/60) | 80.0 (96/120) | 69.2 (54/78) | 94.1 (96/102) |
| AFP + TSGF + GP73 + MSCT | 100.0 (60/60) | 93.3 (112/120) | 88.2 (60/68) | 100.0 (112/112) |
4. Discussion
Imaging examination and tumor marker detection are the main methods for PLC diagnosis, but their detection efficiency for small tumors was unsatisfactory [14].
AFP is a serum glycogen protein and its level reaches a peak in the fetal period and declines after delivery. However, injuries and cancerous changes in liver cells can upregulate the expression of AFP [15]. Therefore, the detection of serum AFP levels may contribute to better PLC diagnostic efficiency [16]. However, recent studies found that AFP lacked sensitivity in the diagnosis of early PLC with a high false-positive rate, which compromised its clinical value [17, 18]. In the present study, the sensitivity and specificity of AFP detection for PLC were 66.7% and 70.0%, respectively, which were consistent with the previous research results [19].
TSGF is a polypeptide and exists in the peripheral blood at the early stage of tumor generation [20]. Accordingly, its expression levels in the serum are associated with tumor development. GP73 is a transmembrane glycoprotein that belongs to bile duct epithelial cells in normal tissues [21]. It participates in the inflammatory responses in the body and exerts a great impact on the protein stability of patients [22]. The results of the present study showed that the level of GP73 in patients with PLC was significantly higher than that in healthy people, and the sensitivity of GP73 for PLC was 83.3%, indicating a positive role of GP73 in PLC diagnosis.
TSGF is present in the serum of patients with early-stage PLC and can discriminate tumor properties. Both GP73 and AFP are sensitive to PLC, so the combined detection efficiency is superior to that of stand-alone detection. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of TSGF, GP73, and AFP were 90.0 (54/60), 80.0 (96/120), 69.2 (54/78), and 94.1 (96/102), respectively, indicating that the combined detection of tumor markers produced a favorable diagnostic yield.
The main blood supply source of healthy liver tissue is the portal vein, while that of PLC patients is the hepatic artery [23]. With blood circulation, the liver cancer lesions of patients gradually disperse, and the diffusion rate of cancer cells rapidly increases through blood metastasis. Multilayer spiral CT scans can clearly visualize the liver lesions of PLC patients [24]. In the present study, contrast-enhanced scanning was performed to compensate for the insufficiency of the original plain scanning, and the sensitivity and specificity of MSCT were 80.0% and 91.7%, respectively, which confirmed the high diagnostic efficiency of MSCT. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of multislice spiral CT combined with serum AFP, TSGF, and GP73 were 100.0%, 93.3%, 88.2%, and 100.0%, respectively. The combined detection was associated with significantly a higher detection rate of PLC versus stand-alone detection (P < 0.05), which was in line with the research results of Poynard T [25]. The sensitivity of multislice spiral CT scan combined with serum AFP, TSGF, and GP73 detection was 98.3% (118/120), proving that the combined detection could increase the early detection rate of PLC. However, this study still has the following deficiencies. First, this study is a single-center study without a blind method, which is prone to researcher bias. Secondly, this study is a cross-sectional diagnostic study, and the relationship between the dynamic changes in the above indicators and the severity and prognosis of primary liver cancer remains unclear. Future studies are to include more cases with long-term follow-up of relevant markers to systematically reflect changes in these markers during disease onset and progression and to provide a more accurate basis for prognosis prediction.
5. Conclusion
MSCT plus serum AFP, TSGF, and GP73 has a higher detection rate versus stand-alone detection, which shows great potential in the diagnosis of PLC.
Data Availability
All the data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.
Ethical Approval
This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University. All the methods were carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
Consent
The research subjects or their family members have fully recognized research procedures and signed the informed consents.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
All the data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.