To the Editor
Anaphylaxis is the most severe form of immediate hypersensitivity, requiring fast and appropriate medical management. 1 After a first hypersensitivity phase, a biphasic reaction occurs in 4%–6% of patients 2 without any elicitor re‐exposure. Biphasic reactions are known to be more severe than monophasic anaphylaxis. 3 Therefore, close monitoring is recommended up to 12 h after an anaphylactic reaction. Identification of patients at risk for a biphasic reaction is important to improve patients care.
In a population of adult patients (n = 237) referred for anaphylaxis (according to the 2020 World Allergy Organization criteria) 1 to our reference center for allergy in a tertiary‐care university hospital, from January 2017 to May 2020, we retrospectively compared patients with a monophasic anaphylaxis or a biphasic anaphylaxis. Patients with a diagnosis of mast cell disease were excluded. Among the 237 patients, 13 patients had a biphasic reaction (5.5%). Characteristics of monophasic and biphasic patients are listed in Table 1. The mean delay between the first and second reaction was 8 h (range 1–48). The odds of a biphasic reaction was increased with asthma (n = 6/13, 46.1%; vs. 38/224, 16.9%; odds ratio = 4 [95% CI 1.05–14.81], p = 0.02) and loss of consciousness during anaphylaxis (n = 13/13, 100% of biphasic patients vs. 132/224, 58.9% of monophasic patients, p = 0.008), as compared with monophasic anaphylaxis (Table 1). Basal tryptase levels were significantly higher with biphasic than monophasic anaphylaxis (median: 6.1 µg/l, vs. 4.2 µg/l respectively, p = 0.009) (Table 1). For asthma patients, basal tryptase level was significantly higher for those with biphasic than monophasic anaphylaxis (median: 5.3 µg/l, n = 6 vs. 3.7 µg/l, n = 38, p = 0.015).
TABLE 1.
Clinical characteristics, features and elicitors for monophasic and biphasic anaphylaxis
| Monophasic anaphylaxis n = 224 | Biphasic anaphylaxis n = 13 | p‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Basal tryptase, median (SD) μg/L | 4,2 (3,1) | 6,1 (5,4) | p = 0.009 |
| Demography and clinical characteristics | |||
| Men | 87 (38.8%) | 5 (38.5%) | p = 1 |
| Age, mean (SD) | 49.2 (16.7) | 49.8 (17.4) | p = 1 |
| Asthma | 38 (16.9%) | 6 (46.1%) | p = 0.021 a |
| Inhaled steroids | 19/38 (50%) | 2/6 (33%) | p = 0.26 |
| Allergic rhino‐conjunctivitis | 77 (34.4%) | 7 (53.8%) | p = 0.24 |
| Contact eczema | 41 (18.3%) | 3 (23.1%) | p = 0.72 |
| Chronic urticaria | 5 (2.2%) | 0 | p = 1 |
| Atopic dermatitis | 16 (7.1%) | 1 (7.7%) | p = 1 |
| History of hymenoptera hypersensitivity | 4 (1.8%) | 0 | p = 1 |
| History of drug hypersensitivity | 13 (5.8%) | 0 | p = 1 |
| History of food hypersensitivity | 34 (15.2%) | 3 (23.1%) | p = 0.44 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 73 (32.6%) | 4 (30.8%) | p = 1 |
| Diabetes | 14 (6.2%) | 1 (7.7%) | p = 0.58 |
| Dysthyroidism | 18 (8.0%) | 1 (7.7%) | p = 1 |
| Renal failure | 1 (0.4%) | 0 | p = 1 |
| Smoking | 85 (37.9%) | 7 (53.8%) | p = 0.26 |
| Beta‐blocker treatment | 26 (11.6%) | 0 | p = 0.37 |
| PPI treatment | 44 (19.6%) | 2 (15.4%) | p = 1 |
| Anaphylaxis symptoms and treatment | |||
| Severity grade II | 112 (50%) | 6 (46.1%) | p = 1 |
| Severity grade III + IV | 112 (50%) | 7 (53.8%) | p = 1 |
| Skin signs | 182 (81.2%) | 11 (84.6%) | p = 1 |
| Respiratory signs | 118 (52.7%) | 7 (53.8%) | p = 0.98 |
| Digestive signs | 39 (17.4%) | 5 (38.5%) | p = 0.14 |
| Loss of consciousness | 132 (58.9%) | 13 (100%) | p = 0.008 b |
| Epinephrine treatment engaged | 99 (44.2%) | 9 (69.2%) | p = 0.39 |
| Elicitors | |||
| Antibiotics | 34 (15.2%) | 2 (15.4%) | p = 1 |
| Neuro‐muscular blocking agents | 57 (25.4%) | 4 (30.8%) | P = 0.74 |
| Iodinated contrast media | 11 (4.9%) | 0 | p = 1 |
| NSAIDs/aspirin | 15 (6.7%) | 0 | p = 1 |
| Paracetamol | 1 (0.4%) | 0 | p = 1 |
| Others drugs | 1 (0.4%) | 0 | p = 1 |
| Hymenoptera venom | 50 (22.3%) | 6 (46.2%) | p = 0.39 |
| Food | 3 (1.3%) | 1 (7.6%) | p = 0.22 |
| Unknown elicitor | 52 (23.2%) | 0 | p = 0.08 |
OR = 4 CI [1,05; 14,81].
OR = Infini [CI95].
This is the first study to suggest that basal tryptase level was higher with biphasic than monophasic anaphylaxis and we know that higher tryptase level is associated with severity of anaphylaxis. 1 , 4 This association needs to be confirmed in futures studies to conclude that higher basal tryptase could be a risk factor for severe anaphylaxis like biphasic reactions. The increased proportion of asthma patients in the biphasic group might be an explanation. The association between severe anaphylaxis and biphasic reactions was recently investigated in a large cohort (8736 patients with monophasic and 435 with biphasic anaphylaxis). 3 In this study, Kraft et al. found no significant difference in mean basal tryptase level between monophasic and biphasic anaphylaxis. However, the authors included patients with systemic mastocytosis in their analysis, which could perhaps mask a difference in basal tryptase level and explain the discrepancy with our results. We found the loss of consciousness was more frequent in patients with a biphasic anaphylaxis, suggesting a more severe reaction. Gastrointestinal symptoms, skin symptoms, cardiac symptoms, respiratory arrest, and chronic urticaria were associated with the occurrence of biphasic reaction in the Kraft et al. study. 3 While we did not find such associations, possibly due to the limited number of biphasic patients in our study, we show for the first time a link between asthma comorbidity and biphasic anaphylaxis. The proportion of asthma patients in our cohort is similar to what is observed in other cohorts (18.5% in the current series vs. 22.5% in a large anaphylaxis registry). 5 Asthma is known to increase the severity of anaphylaxis 1 and severe asthma was recently found associated with elevated basal tryptase level (independently of type 2 inflammation). 6
In conclusion, a diagnosis of asthma and loss of consciousness during the first phase of anaphylaxis could be associated with a biphasic reaction. These results advocate for prolonged monitoring of these patients during their care. Higher basal tryptase was linked to biphasic reactions. This finding could help anticipate biphasic reactions for patients with a history of immediate hypersensitivity and better understand the mechanisms of such reactions in future studies.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that they do not have conflict of interests related to the contents of this article.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Terence Langlois: Conceptualization (Lead); Data curation (Lead); Formal analysis (Lead); Investigation (Lead); Methodology (Lead); Project administration (Equal); Resources (Equal); Supervision (Equal); Validation (Equal); Visualization (Lead); Writing – original draft (Lead); Writing – review & editing (Equal). Pascale Nicaise‐Roland: Investigation (Equal); Methodology (Equal); Resources (Equal); Supervision (Equal); Visualization (Equal); Writing – original draft (Supporting); Writing – review & editing (Supporting). Camille Taillé: Investigation (Equal); Methodology (Equal); Project administration (Equal); Resources (Equal); Supervision (Lead); Validation (Lead); Visualization (Equal); Writing – original draft (Equal); Writing – review & editing (Equal). Patrick Natta: Investigation (Equal); Resources (Equal); Validation (Equal); Visualization (Supporting); Writing – original draft (Supporting). Bruno Crestani: Investigation (Equal); Methodology (Equal); Project administration (Equal); Resources (Equal); Supervision (Equal); Validation (Lead); Visualization (Equal); Writing – original draft (Equal); Writing – review & editing (Equal). Sylvie Chollet‐Martin: Investigation (Equal); Methodology (Equal); Resources (Equal); Supervision (Equal); Validation (Equal); Visualization (Equal); Writing – original draft (Supporting); Writing – review & editing (Supporting). Luc de Chaisemartin: Conceptualization (Supporting); Data curation (Supporting); Formal analysis (Supporting); Investigation (Equal); Methodology (Equal); Project administration (Supporting); Resources (Equal); Supervision (Equal); Validation (Equal); Visualization (Equal); Writing – original draft (Lead); Writing – review & editing (Equal). Catherine Neukirch: Conceptualization (Lead); Data curation (Equal); Formal analysis (Equal); Investigation (Lead); Methodology (Lead); Project administration (Lead); Resources (Lead); Software (Supporting); Supervision (Lead); Validation (Lead); Visualization (Lead); Writing – original draft (Lead); Writing – review & editing (Lead).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to thank Laura Smales for her English language support.
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy or ethical restrictions.
REFERENCES
- 1. Cardona V, Ansotegui IJ, Ebisawa M, et al. World allergy organization anaphylaxis guidance 2020. World Allergy Organ J. 2020;13(10):100472. 10.1016/j.waojou.2020.100472 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2. Pourmand A, Robinson C, Syed W, Mazer‐Amirshahi M. Biphasic anaphylaxis: a review of the literature and implications for emergency management. Am J Emerg Med. 2018;36(8):1480–1485. 10.1016/j.ajem.2018.05.009 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3. Kraft M, Scherer Hofmeier K, Ruëff F, et al. Risk factors and characteristics of biphasic anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020;8(10):3388–3395:e6. 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.07.036 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4. Aniceto V, Dias MM, Melo JML, et al. Serum baseline tryptase level as a marker for the severity of anaphylaxis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2019;179(3):201–208. 10.1159/000497235 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5. Poziomkowska‐Gęsicka I, Kostrzewska M, Kurek M. Comorbidities and cofactors of anaphylaxis in patients with moderate to severe anaphylaxis. Analysis of data from the anaphylaxis registry for west pomerania province, Poland. Int J Environ Res Publ Health. 2021;18(1):E333. 10.3390/ijerph18010333 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6. Maun HR, Jackman JK, Choy DF, et al. An allosteric anti‐tryptase antibody for the treatment of mast cell‐mediated severe asthma. Cell. 2019;179(2):417–431:e19. 10.1016/j.cell.2019.09.009 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy or ethical restrictions.