Abstract
Purpose
The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine is safe and effective for preventing HPV-related diseases. However, HPV vaccination rates in Japan are low because the “Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare” had stopped recommending vaccination. We assessed healthcare workers’ (HCWs) current recommendations regarding the HPV vaccine and how the provision of information about HPV vaccination affected their recommendations.
Materials and Methods
A survey was conducted among nurses and physicians in Nara prefecture from March 2021 to July 2021. The questionnaire asked about their understanding, recommendations, and opinions regarding HPV vaccination. Before answering the last two questions (optional), the HCWs read evidence-based information quantifying the risks and benefits of HPV vaccination.
Results
A total of 441 HCWs completed the questionnaire. Only 19% of HCWs always recommended HPV vaccination for girls aged 12–16 years. The evidence-based information significantly improved the percentage of HCWs who would “always recommend” vaccination.
Conclusion
This study showed that the proportion of HCWs who recommend HPV vaccination to adolescent girls remains low in Japan. However, we found that evidence-based information describing the causal relationship between adverse events and vaccination, quantifying the risks and benefits, noting the importance of HCW communications with families, and reporting the recommendations of national societies, might increase HCWs’ recommendations for HPV vaccination.
Keywords: Human papillomavirus, Healthcare workers, Survey, Vaccines, Vaccine acceptance
Introduction
The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine is safe and effective for preventing HPV-related diseases, including cervical cancer, head and neck cancer, anogenital cancer, and genital warts [1,2]. Although HPV infection causes a significant burden [3], the vaccine coverage rate has been low in Japan (0.8% in 2018) due to concerns about adverse events reported by the media. Subsequently, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) withdrew its recommendation for HPV vaccination, although it was still included in the national immunization program for girls aged 12–16 years [3,4]. Direct communications from healthcare workers (HCWs) are the most critical factor for recovering the acceptance of HPV vaccination in the Japanese population [5]. However, only 16% of physicians in Japan vaccinated adolescent girls in 2015 and 2016 [6]. Furthermore, physicians were less likely to recommend the HPV vaccine than other adolescent vaccines [7]. Therefore, it is crucial to provide HCWs with evidence-based information about the HPV vaccine so that they can educate adolescent patients and their families. Our objective was to assess the current recommendations about HPV vaccination provided by HCWs and evaluate whether the provision of evidence-based information about the HPV vaccine affects their recommendations.
Materials and Methods
A survey of nurses and physicians was conducted from March 24, 2021, to July 31, 2021, in Nara prefecture, Japan. The questionnaire was distributed via email (listservs) or by hard copy given directly to participants (convenience sample). There were ten questions regarding the HCWs’ understanding, recommendations, and opinions about HPV vaccination. The last two questions (which were optional) asked HCWs to read two information sheets: A, from the MHLW (https://www.mhlw.go.jp/content/000679265.pdf), and B, from the Department of Pediatrics, Nara Medical University (https://www.naramed-u.ac.jp/~ped/pdf/cervical_cancer_vaccine.pdf) [8,9]. Both A and B provided information about the benefits (prevention of HPV-related diseases) and risks (adverse events) of HPV vaccination as well as the epidemiology of cervical cancer and HPV infection. While information sheet A descriptively explained the benefits and risks, information sheet B focused on studies reporting the causality between adverse events and vaccination [2], quantifying the risks and benefits (the benefit of HPV vaccination is much higher than the risk of an adverse event) [10], HCWs’ communications with family members [5], and the recommendations of national academic associations.
Chi-square tests or Fisher’s exact tests were conducted to evaluate differences in HCW recommendations by occupation and specialty. McNemar’s test was performed to compare HCWs’ recommendation of HPV vaccination after reading information sheets A and B using Stata Statistical Software ver. 14.0 (Stata Corp., College Station, TX, USA). This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Nara Medical University, Japan, with exemption of written consent (approval no. 2939).
Results
A total of 441 HCWs completed the questionnaire, of which 32% were physicians and 68% were nurses (Table 1). Of the response categories for HCWs recommendations regarding HPV vaccination for girls aged 12–16 years, 19% always recommended vaccination, 38% only recommended vaccination if the girls and their families requested it, 40% neither recommended nor discouraged vaccination (or were not sure), and 2% discouraged vaccination (Fig. 1). Their recommendations could be changed by an active recommendation of the HPV vaccine from the MHLW (61%), more safety reports in the media (35%), further recommendations from other healthcare workers (26%), and additional scientific evidence about the risks and benefits of HPV vaccination (34%). While 40% of HCWs recommended sex-neutral routine vaccination (for both males and females), 20% supported female-only routine vaccination, and 21% had no clear recommendation (neither recommended nor discouraged, or had no idea). Regarding the MHLW’s recommendation of the HPV vaccine, 47% answered that the MHLW should actively recommend routine vaccination, and 32% had no idea. Among HCWs who read information sheets A and B, 36% and 49% always recommended vaccination, 39% and 33% recommended vaccination only if the girls and their families requested it, 25% and 18% neither recommended nor discouraged vaccination (or were not sure), and 0% and 0% discouraged HPV vaccination, respectively. The rate of HCWs who answered “always recommend HPV vaccination” was higher after reading information sheet A compared to before reading either of the information sheets (p<0.001: Q9 versus Q1). However, the rate of “always recommend” significantly improved after reading information sheet B compared with information sheet A (p<0.001: Q10 versus Q9) (Table 2).
Table 1. The demographic background of the healthcare workers.
| Characteristic | No. (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| Age (yr) | ||
| < 30 | 106 (25) | |
| 30–39 | 106 (25) | |
| 40–49 | 130 (31) | |
| 50–59 | 62 (15) | |
| ≥60 | 16 (4) | |
| Occupation | ||
| Physician | 132 (32) | |
| Nurse | 286 (68) | |
| Specialty | ||
| Pediatrics | 89 (21) | |
| Obstetrics and gynecology | 87 (21) | |
| Internal medicine | 98 (23) | |
| Others | 146 (35) | |
| Healthcare facility | ||
| University hospital | 270 (65) | |
| Community hospital | 128 (31) | |
| Clinic | 18 (4) | |
Fig. 1. (A–J) Questions and answers about human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination recommendations. MHLW, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare.
Table 2. Influence of information A and B on actively recommending the HPV vaccine.
| The rate of HCWs who answered “always recommend the HPV vaccination” | Value |
|---|---|
| After reading information sheet A (Q9) (%) | 36 |
| Before reading either of the information sheets (Q1) (%) | 19 |
| p-value | < 0.001 |
| After reading information sheet B (Q10) (%) | 49 |
| After reading information sheet A (Q9) (%) | 36 |
| p-value | < 0.001 |
Values are presented as % or p-value.
HPV, human papillomavirus; HCW, healthcare worker.
Fig. 2 shows that physicians were more likely to recommend HPV vaccination in their current practice than nurses (Q1, p<0.001: active recommendation was 35% among physicians versus 11% among nurses). HCWs from obstetrics and gynecology were more likely to actively recommend HPV vaccination than HCWs from other specialties (p=0.045: 26% in obstetrics and gynecology versus 17% in other specialties) (Table 3). Sex-neutral vaccination was recommended by 64% of physicians and 26% of nurses (Q3, p<0.001). HCWs from obstetrics and gynecology recommended sex-neutral vaccination more than HCWs from other specialties (p<0.001: 65% in obstetrics and gynecology versus 32% in other specialties) (Table 4).
Fig. 2. Current explanation (Q1) (A) and sex-neutral vaccination (Q3) (B) by healthcare worker (HCW) occupation and specialty. OBGYN, obstetrics and gynecology; HPV, human papillomavirus.
Table 3. Gaps in consciousness toward the HPV vaccine between physicians and nurses, and among clinical departments.
| The rate of HCWs who answered “always recommend the HPV vaccination” | Value |
|---|---|
| Physicians (%) | 35 |
| Nurses (%) | 11 |
| p-value | < 0.001 |
| Obstetrics and gynecology (%) | 26 |
| Other specialties (%) | 17 |
| p-value | 0.045 |
Values are presented as % or p-value.
HPV, human papillomavirus; HCW, healthcare worker.
Table 4. Gaps in the rate of HCWs who recommend sex-neutral routine vaccination between physicians and nurses, and among clinical departments.
| The rate of HCWs who answered “recommend sex-neutral routine vaccination” | Value |
|---|---|
| Physicians | 64 |
| Nurses | 26 |
| p-value | < 0.001 |
| Obstetrics and gynecology | 65 |
| Other specialties | 32 |
| p-value | < 0.001 |
Values are presented as % or p-value.
HPV, human papillomavirus; HCW, healthcare worker.
Discussion
This study highlights the current HPV vaccination recommendations from HCWs in Japan. Unfortunately, only 19% of HCWs always recommended HPV vaccination for girls aged 12–16 years old, with a large difference between physicians (35%) and nurses (11%). In light of such a difference in awareness between physicians and nurses, it is not surprising that there is an even greater difference between physicians and the general public. Compared to information sheet A, which descriptively explained the risks and benefits of HPV vaccination, information sheet B, which summarized studies of the causality between adverse events and vaccination, quantified the risks and benefits, outlined the importance of HCWs’ communications with family members, and provided the recommendations of national academic associations, significantly improved the proportion of HCWs recommending HPV vaccination. In addition, there were significantly fewer HCWs neither recommending nor discouraging vaccination (or were not sure) after reading information sheet B compared with after reading information sheet A or before reading any information. Overall, the additional details in information sheet B likely contributed to improving HCWs’ recommendation of HPV vaccination. A previous study providing information about HPV vaccination to parents showed that explaining how the benefits of the HPV vaccine outweigh the risks improved parental intentions to vaccinate their children [5]. Similarly, our study showed that informing HCWs also improved their vaccination recommendations.
In this study, a crucial factor for HCWs considering recommending HPV vaccination was an active recommendation from the MHLW. Another study conducted in a different jurisdiction in Japan reported that 90% of physicians agreed to restart HPV vaccination for adolescents with the government’s recommendation [7]. The 9-valent HPV vaccination, which has been approved for use in Japan, is expected to have a greater benefit with a compatible safety profile than the quadrivalent vaccine [11]. Given that national and international safety data are available and that risk and benefit analysis studies have been conducted [1,2,3,4,9,10,12], and finally in April 2022 the government resumed active recommendations, the next step toward improving HPV vaccination rates is to resume the active recommendation from the MHLW.
In addition, about 40% of HCWs in this study supported sex-neutral routine vaccination in Japan, while about 20% recommended that routine vaccination should be offered only to females. Some countries have initiated sex-neutral HPV vaccination programs [13]. Furthermore, several studies suggest that sex-neutral HPV vaccination is safe and beneficial, especially where the vaccine coverage rate for females is low [14,15]. The observation that HCWs from obstetrics and gynecology recommended a sex-neutral vaccination scheme more than other specialties may be because of their awareness of the negative impacts of HPV-related diseases (not only cervical cancer but also anogenital cancers and genital warts) and that HPV transmission from males can be prevented by vaccination. Given that Japan recently approved the HPV vaccination for males, a sex-neutral HPV vaccination scheme could also be considered.
There are a few limitations of this study. First, the study was conducted using a convenience sample. As such, selection bias is a possibility as we could not evaluate the survey’s response rate. Since a university hospital led the study, it included physicians and nurses but did not include many other HCWs in clinics. However, the distribution of this study sample’s demographic information, such as age and specialty, suggests the results may apply to the general HCW population who regularly see adolescent patients in Japan.
In conclusion, this study showed that the rate of HCWs who recommend HPV vaccination for adolescent girls remains low in Japan. However, the provision of evidence-based information, including details about the causality between adverse events and vaccination, quantifying the risks and benefits of the HPV vaccine, highlighting the importance of HCW’s communications with family members, and providing the recommendations of national academic associations, could increase the proportion of HCWs recommending HPV vaccination. An active recommendation of HPV vaccination from the MHLW and introducing a sex-neutral routine vaccination scheme were supported by a proportion of HCWs for improving HPV vaccination rates.
Footnotes
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
We gratefully acknowledge Tomoko Hashiguchi (Department of Nursing, Nara Medical University) who efforted to disseminate our research, and we also acknowledge all healthcare workers who kindly participated in this study.
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