Table 4. The univariate and multivariate analyses of both groups for the possible risk factors of post-COVID-19 persistent parenchymal lung changes.
Adjusting for age, gender, smoking history, BMI>30, Asthma
ICU: intensive care unit; BiPAP: Bilevel Positive Airway Pressure; HFOV: High-frequency oscillatory ventilation; NLR: neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate; CRP: C-reactive protein; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase.
| Univariate OR | P-value | Multivariate OR | P-value | |
| Age (years) | 1.034 (0.981-1.090) | 0.210 | 1.048 (0.981-1.119) | 0.167 |
| Gender (male) | 2.520 (0.646-9.833) | 0.183 | 3.44 (0.72-16.48) | 0.123 |
| Smoking History | 1.000 (0.210-4.758) | 0.999 | 0.84 (0.13-5.67) | 0.859 |
| Body mass index >30 | 0.808 (0.225-2.909) | 0.744 | 1.36 (0.29-6.36) | 0.697 |
| History of diabetes | 1.24 (0.29-5.36) | 0.500 | 0.82 (0.18-3.83) | 0.804 |
| History of hypertension | 1.237 (0.344-4.454) | 0.744 | 1.052 (0.213-5.195) | 0.951 |
| History of chronic heart disease | 1.000 (0.236-4.238) | 0.999 | 0.935 (0.160-5.459) | 0.940 |
| History of renal impairment | 0.627 (0.092-4.259) | 0.633 | 0.559 (0.053-5.898) | 0.630 |
| History of Asthma | 0.703 (0.134-3.677) | 0.677 | 0.92 (0.13-6.60) | 0.942 |
| History of active malignancy | 3.38 (0.24-186.91) | 0.302 | 1.93 (0.11-32.85) | 0.216 |
| Lymphopenia at admission | 2.979 (0.789-11.248) | 0.107 | 2.719 (0.617-11.982) | 0.186 |
| Admission NLR >3.13 | 6.429 (1.517-27.244) | 0.012 | 5.928 (1.243-28.273) | 0.026 |
| High Trop I during hospitalization | 0.588 (0.086-4.009) | 0.588 | 0.311 (0.037-2.604) | 0.282 |
| ICU admission | 1.950 (0.520-7.312) | 0.322 | 1.232 (0.217-7.009) | 0.814 |
| PCR positivity for more than 14 days | 0.791 (0.206-3.032) | 0.733 | 0.686 (0.141-3.328) | 0.640 |
| Hydroxychloroquine | 1.000 (0.175-5.720) | 0.999 | 0.653 (0.093-4.566) | 0.667 |
| Favipiravir | 2.187 (0.516-9.271) | 0.288 | 2.509 (0.521-12.069) | 0.251 |
| Interferon | 1.000 (0.236-4.238) | 0.999 | 0.884 (0.186-4.208) | 0.877 |
| Lopinavir/ritonavir | 1.422 (0.272-7.438) | 0.677 | 0.902 (0.143-5.669) | 0.912 |
| Ribavirin | 1.000 (0.058-17.249) | 0.999 | 1.125 (0.046-27.285) | 0.942 |
| Systemic steroid | 1.292 (0.317-5.275) | 0.721 | 1.399 (0.289-6.757) | 0.676 |
| Tocilizumab | 2.979 (0.789-11.248) | 0.107 | 2.648 (0.593-11.834) | 0.202 |
| Nasal cannula /Face mask | 3.923 (0.678-22.705) | 0.127 | 2.914 (0.346-24.543) | 0.325 |
| High flow nasal cannula | 1.576 (0.417-5.950) | 0.502 | 1.148 (0.201-6.559) | 0.877 |
| BiPAP | 1.422 (0.272-7.438) | 0.677 | 1.129 (0.190-6.709) | 0.894 |
| Mechanical ventilator | 13.091 (1.436-119.338) | 0.023 | 44.542 (2.498-794.378) | 0.010 |
| HFOV | 2.118 (0.176-25.549) | 0.555 | 2.708 (0.148-49.436) | 0.501 |
| Respiratory bacterial infection | 4.800 (0.483-47.682) | 0.181 | 4.453 (0.377-52.610) | 0.236 |
| Other Systemic infection | 1.000 (0.210-4.758) | 0.999 | 0.877 (0.166-4.630) | 0.877 |
| Systemic steroid after discharge | 4.167 (1.003-17.305) | 0.049 | 3.034 (0.651-14.132) | 0.157 |
| Oxygen supplementation | 2.187 (0.516-9.271) | 0.288 | 1.627 (0.331-7.990) | 0.550 |
| Readmission within 4 weeks of discharge | 2.857 (0.477-17.110) | 0.250 | 1.778 (0.211-14.960) | 0.597 |
| ESR | 1.009 (0.992-1.027) | 0.316 | 1.005 (0.987-1.024) | 0.573 |
| CRP | 1.061 (0.962-1.169) | 0.237 | 1.061 (0.944-1.191) | 0.320 |
| Procalcitonin | 0.767 (0.384-1.532) | 0.452 | 0.833 (0.444-1.560) | 0.567 |
| D-dimer | 1.063 (0.950-1.190) | 0.286 | 1.063 (0.945-1.195) | 0.309 |
| LDH | 1.002 (0.999-1.005) | 0.216 | 1.002 (0.998-1.006) | 0.280 |
| Ferritin | 1.000 (0.999-1.001) | 0.774 | 1.000 (0.999-1.001) | 0.418 |
| Number of ICU days | 1.062 (0.989-1.141) | 0.098 | 1.067 (0.983-1.159) | 0.122 |
| Weeks on systemic steroid | 1.121 (1.007-1.248) | 0.038 | 1.126 (1.001-1.267) | 0.048 |
| Weeks on home oxygen | 1.231 (0.936-1.618) | 0.137 | 1.214 (0.925-1.595) | 0.163 |