Abstract
Background
SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses continue to co-circulate, representing two major public health threats from respiratory infections with similar clinical presentations. SARS-CoV-2 and influenza vaccines can also now be co-administered. However, data on antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 and influenza co-infection, and vaccine co-administration remains limited.
Methods
We developed a 41-plex antibody immunity assay that can simultaneously characterize antibody landscapes to SARS-CoV-2/influenza/common human coronaviruses. We analyzed sera from 840 individuals (11-93 years), including sera from reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) confirmed SARS-CoV-2 positive (n = 218) and negative (n = 120) cases, paired sera from SARS-CoV-2 vaccination (n = 29) and infection (n = 11), and paired sera from influenza vaccination (n = 56) and RT-PCR confirmed influenza infection (n = 158) cases. Lastly, we analyzed sera collected from 377 individual that exhibited acute respiratory illness (ARI) in 2020.
Results
This 41-plex assay has high sensitivity and specificity in detecting SARS-CoV-2 infections. It differentiated SARS-CoV-2 vaccination (antibody responses only to spike protein) from infection (antibody responses to both spike and nucleoprotein). No cross-reactive antibodies were detected to SARS-CoV-2 from influenza vaccination and infection, and vice versa, suggesting no interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and influenza antibody responses. However, cross-reactive antibodies were detected between spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and common human coronaviruses that were removed by serum adsorption. Among 377 individual who exhibited ARI in 2020, 129 were influenza positive, none had serological evidence of SARS-CoV-2/influenza co-infections.
Conclusions
Multiplex detection of antibody landscapes can provide in-depth analysis of the antibody protective immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in the context of other respiratory viruses including influenza.
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, influenza, common human coronaviruses, multiplex detection, antibody landscape
Contributor Information
Zhu-Nan Li, Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta GA, USA.
Feng Liu, Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta GA, USA.
Stacie Jefferson, Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta GA, USA.
Lauren Horner, Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta GA, USA.
Paul Carney, Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta GA, USA.
Michael D. L. Johnson, Department of Immunobiology, BIO5 Institute, Valley Fever Center for Excellence, and Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
Jennifer P King, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, Wisconsin, USA.
Emily T Martin, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Richard K Zimmerman, University of Pittsburgh, Schools of Health Sciences, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
Karen Wernli, Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Manjusha Gaglani, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas. USA; Texas A&M University University College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, USA.
Mark Thompson, Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta GA, USA.
Brendan Flannery, Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta GA, USA.
James Stevens, Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta GA, USA.
Terrence Tumpey, Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta GA, USA.
Min Z. Levine, Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta GA, USA
Supplementary Material
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