Abstract
Objectives
To assess if state-issued nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) are associated with reduced rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection as measured through anti-nucleocapsid (anti-N) seroprevalence, a proxy for cumulative prior infection that distinguishes seropositivity from vaccination).
Methods
Monthly anti-N seroprevalence during August 1, 2020 – March 30, 2021 was estimated using a nationwide blood donor serosurvey. Using multivariable logistic regression models, we measured the association of seropositivity and state-issued, county-specific NPIs for mask mandates, gathering bans, and bar closures.
Results
Compared with individuals living in a county with all three NPIs in place, the odds of having anti-N antibodies were 2.2 (95% CI: 2.0-2.3) times higher for people living in a county that did not have any of the three NPIs, 1.6 (95% CI: 1.5-1.7) times higher for people living in a county that only had a mask mandate and gathering ban policy, and 1.4 (95% CI: 1.3-1.5) times higher for people living in a county that had only a mask mandate.
Conclusions
Consistent with studies assessing NPIs relative to COVID-19 incidence and mortality, the presence of NPIs were associated with lower SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence indicating lower rates of cumulative infections. Multiple NPIs are likely more effective than single NPIs.
Keywords: novel coronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, seroprevalence, nonpharmaceutical interventions
Contributor Information
Maureen J. Miller, CDC COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Austin Himschoot, Georgia Tech Research Institute, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Natalie Fitch, Georgia Tech Research Institute, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Sucheta Jawalkar, Georgia Tech Research Institute, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Dane Freeman, Georgia Tech Research Institute, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Charity Hilton, Georgia Tech Research Institute, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Kevin Berney, Geospatial Research, Analysis, and Services Program (GRASP), Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Gery P. Guy, Jr., CDC COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Tina J. Benoit, CDC COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Kristie E.N. Clarke, CDC COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Michael P. Busch, Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA.
Jean D. Opsomer, Westat, Inc. Rockville, Maryland, USA.
Susan L. Stramer, Scientific Affairs, American Red Cross, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.
Aron J. Hall, CDC COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Adi V. Gundlapalli, CDC COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Adam MacNeil, CDC COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Russell McCord, CDC COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Gregory Sunshine, CDC COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Mara Howard-Williams, CDC COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Christopher Dunphy, CDC COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Jefferson M. Jones, CDC COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Supplementary Material
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