1Department of Economics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007 USA
2Sol Price School of Public Policy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007 USA
3National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
4Department of Economics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO USA
5Department of Economics, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT USA
6Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN USA
7Pandemic Prevention Institute, Rockefeller Foundation, New York, NY USA
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