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. 2022 Jun 6;10(6):1332. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines10061332

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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IDO1 endothelial expression is minimal in lung controls, where only scattered vessels are positive (a,b): normal lung; (c): organizing pneumonia. In human placenta, diffuse and strong endothelial IDO1 expression is observed in all vessels (d). Diffuse and strong endothelial IDO1 expression in a case of COVID-19 early/mild pneumonia (e). Diffuse and strong endothelial IDO1 expression in a case of post-COVID-19 pneumonia (f). Minimal/absent IDO1 endothelial expres-sion in two autoptic cases of severe COVID-19 (g,h). All cases were retrieved from the archive of Pathology Dept. of the San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy and were immunostained with an-ti-IDO1 rabbit monoclonal antibody (dil.1:100, clone D5J4E, cod 86630, CellSignal, Danvers, MA, USA) with the Benchmark Ultra Instrument (Ventana-Roche). Original magnification in all images: 200×. Matched rabbit isotype control (cod. 3900 CellSignal, Danvers, MA, USA) on the same sections was always negative.