Abstract
Simple Summary
We aimed to clarify the clinical outcomes of patients with pelvic and retroperitoneal bone and soft tissue sarcoma. The 3-year overall survival (OS), local control (LC) rate, and progression-free survival (PFS) were 71.7%, 79.1%, and 48.6%, respectively. The most influential poor prognostic factor for OS was distant metastasis, and for PFS, this was higher age (≥60 years). Larger primary tumor size (≥10 cm) was the only poor prognostic factor for LC. In the histological analysis, osteosarcoma showed significantly worse OS and PFS than other sarcomas in the pelvis and retroperitoneum.
Abstract
This study aimed to retrospectively analyze the clinical outcomes of patients with pelvic and retroperitoneal bone and soft tissue sarcoma (BSTS). Overall, 187 patients with BSTS in the pelvis and retroperitoneal region treated at 19 specialized sarcoma centers in Japan were included. The prognostic factors related to overall survival (OS), local control (LC), and progression-free survival (PFS) were evaluated. The 3-year OS and LC rates in the 187 patients were 71.7% and 79.1%, respectively. The 3-year PFS in 166 patients without any distant metastases at the time of primary tumor diagnosis was 48.6%. Osteosarcoma showed significantly worse OS and PFS than other sarcomas of the pelvis and retroperitoneum. In the univariate analyses, larger primary tumor size, soft tissue tumor, distant metastasis at the time of primary tumor diagnosis, P2 location, chemotherapy, and osteosarcoma were poor prognostic factors correlated with OS. Larger primary tumor size, higher age, soft tissue tumor, chemotherapy, and osteosarcoma were poor prognostic factors correlated with PFS in patients without any metastasis at the initial presentation. Larger primary tumor size was the only poor prognostic factor correlation with LC. This study has clarified the epidemiology and prognosis of patients with pelvic and retroperitoneal BSTS in Japan.
Keywords: pelvis, retroperitoneum, bone and soft tissue sarcoma, prognosis, prognostic factors
1. Introduction
Bone and soft tissue sarcomas (BSTSs) are uncommon and heterogeneous cancers of mesenchymal origin, representing approximately 1% of all cancers in the adult population [1]. BSTSs occur at various anatomical sites and have a wide variety of histological subtypes. The most common site of BSTSs is the extremities, and pelvic occurrences of malignant bone tumors have been reported to be only 16% [2]. Moreover, sarcomas in the retroperitoneal region have been reported to be rare tumors, accounting for approximately 15% of all soft tissue sarcomas [3]. The standard treatment for BSTSs is surgical resection. However, pelvic and retroperitoneal tumors are often difficult to resect surgically due to anatomical complexity [4]. Therefore, the prognosis of patients with pelvic and retroperitoneal BSTS has been reported to be poor compared to tumors in the extremities [5,6]. However, to the best of our knowledge, there are no reports on the prognosis and prognostic factors of patients with pelvic and retroperitoneal BSTS.
Therefore, we aimed to conduct a retrospective, multicenter study to evaluate the clinical outcomes of patients with pelvic and retroperitoneal BSTS in Japan.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Patients
This was the first retrospective, multicenter study involving 19 specialized sarcoma centers in Japan. This study was approved by the Ethics Review Board of each institution. Informed consent was obtained in the form of an opt-out, and patients who rejected participation in the present study were excluded. We identified 218 patients with pelvic and retroperitoneal BSTS who were diagnosed in each institution between January 2012 and December 2016. Thirty-one patients with inadequate clinical records were excluded; the remaining 187 patients were included in the present study, and their medical records were retrospectively analyzed. Data extracted from each patient’s medical record included: age at primary tumor diagnosis, sex, primary tumor size in the greatest diameter, primary tumor location, primary tumor type (bone or soft tissue), histological subtype of the primary tumor, staging, follow-up period, detailed treatment information, presence of distant metastasis at the time of primary tumor diagnosis (M0 or M1), local recurrence, distant metastasis, and status at the last follow-up. The location of bone tumors was determined according to the Enneking classification [7]. The location of soft tissue tumors was also determined using a modified classification for soft tissue tumor based on the Enneking classification. Staging was classified according to the Enneking surgical staging system [8]. Overall survival (OS) and local control (LC) were defined as the duration between the date of the initial treatment and death, and regrowth or recurrence at or near primary tumor location, respectively. Progression-free survival (PFS) was defined as the duration between the date of the initial treatment and local recurrence or distant metastasis at any sites. With regard to PFS, we analyzed 166 patients without any distant metastases at the time of primary tumor diagnosis (M0). Clinical parameters with prognostic effects were analyzed, and univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify factors associated with the clinical outcomes.
2.2. Statistical Analyses
OS, LC, and PFS curves were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method, and the log-rank test was used to assess the differences in survival [9]. Differences and correlations were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05, and variables with a p < 0.05 from the univariate analysis were included in the multivariate analysis, using a Cox proportional hazards model. All statistical analyses were performed with EZR version 1.53 (Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama, Japan), a graphical user interface for R (The R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria) [10].
3. Results
3.1. Patients
The present study included 114 males and 73 females, with a median age of 58 years (range 8–88 years) at the time of primary tumor diagnosis. The median primary tumor size in the greatest diameter was 10 cm (range 3–31 cm). The median follow-up period was 48 months (range of 1–106 months). The location of primary tumors based on the Enneking classification is shown in Table 1 [7]. Tumors located in region P2 that involved the acetabulum, a reportedly difficult-to-treat surgical site [11], were found in 52 patients (27.8%). Bone tumors accounted for 147 patients (78.6%) and soft tissue tumors for 40 patients (21.4%). One hundred and sixty-six patients (88.8%) were enrolled in M0, and 21 patients (11.2%) were enrolled in M1. The number patients in each stage, according to the Enneking surgical staging system, was 7 patients in ⅠA, 19 patients in ⅠB, 20 patients in ⅡA, 120 patients in ⅡB, and 21 patients in Ⅲ. Distant metastasis had occurred in 71 patients out of 161 M0 patients (42.8%) during the follow-up period. Ten out of one hundred and forty-seven patients (6.8%) with bone tumors and eleven out of forty patients (27.5%) with soft tissue tumors were enrolled in M1. Distant metastasis at the time of primary tumor diagnosis was significantly more frequent in patients with soft tissue tumors than in patients with bone tumors (p < 0.001).
Table 1.
Primary tumor locations.
| Locations | N (%) |
|---|---|
| P1 | 47 (25.1) |
| P1, 2 | 23 (12.3) |
| P1, 4 | 11 (5.9) |
| P1, 2, 3 | 4 (2.1) |
| P1, 2, 4 | 4 (2.1) |
| P1, 3, 4 | 1 (0.5) |
| P1, 2, 3, 4 | 3 (1.6) |
| P2 | 3 (1.6) |
| P2, 3 | 14 (7.5) |
| P2, 4 | 1 (0.5) |
| P3 | 14 (7.5) |
| P4 | 62 (33.2) |
| Total | 187 (100) |
P1: ilium; P2: acetabulum; P3: ischium; P4: sacrum.
The histological subtypes of the primary tumors are listed in Table 2. The most common subtype of primary tumor was chordoma, which presented in 54 patients (28.9%), followed by chondrosarcoma (34 patients, 18.2%), osteosarcoma (32 patients, 17.1%), liposarcoma (15 patients, 8.0%), undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma/malignant fibrous histiocytoma (14 patients, 7.5%), and Ewing sarcoma (11 patients, 5.9%).
Table 2.
Histological subtypes of primary tumors.
| Tissue | Histological Subtypes | N (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Bone | Chordoma | 54 (28.9) |
| Chondrosarcoma | 34 (18.2) | |
| Osteosarcoma | 32 (17.1) | |
| Ewing sarcoma | 11 (5.9) | |
| UPS/MFH | 7 (3.7) | |
| Others | 9 (4.8) | |
| Soft tissue | Liposarcoma | 15 (8.0) |
| UPS/MFH | 7 (3.7) | |
| MPNST | 6 (3.2) | |
| Leiomyosarcoma | 4 (2.1) | |
| Others | 8 (4.3) | |
| Total | 187 (100) |
UPS/MFH: undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma/malignant fibrous histiocytoma; MPNST: malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor.
Treatments for the primary tumor are listed in Table 3. Of the 95 patients who underwent surgical treatment for the primary lesion, 54 patients underwent surgery alone, 29 underwent surgery and chemotherapy, 6 underwent surgery and radiotherapy, and another 6 underwent surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Of the 73 patients who underwent curative radiotherapy for the primary lesion, 49 underwent radiotherapy alone, and 24 underwent radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The curative radiotherapy was conducted using carbon ions (62 patients), protons (7 patients), or photons (4 patients). Treatments for the primary tumor in patients without curative surgery or radiotherapy were chemotherapy alone in seven patients, chemotherapy and palliative radiotherapy in eight patients, and palliative radiotherapy alone in three patients. One patient did not receive any treatments. In total, 74 patients (39.6%) were treated with chemotherapy, and 55 patients of the 166 M0 patients (33.1%) and 19 patients of 21 M1 patients (90.5%) received chemotherapy. By histological subtypes, chemotherapy was administered in 26 patients of the 32 osteosarcoma patients (81.3%) and 48 of the 155 patients with tumors other than osteosarcoma (31.0%). The administration of chemotherapy was significantly more frequent in M1 and osteosarcoma patients compared to those in M0 and patients with tumors other than osteosarcoma (p < 0.001).
Table 3.
(a) Treatments for primary tumor. (b) Treatment details of surgery and curative radiotherapy.
| (a) | ||
| Treatment | N (%) | |
| Surgery | 95 (50.8) | |
| Surgery alone | 54 | |
| Surgery + Chemotherapy | 29 | |
| Surgery + Palliative Radiotherapy | 6 | |
| Surgery + Chemotherapy + Palliative Radiotherapy | 6 | |
| Curative Radiotherapy | 73 (39.0) | |
| Curative Radiotherapy alone | 49 | |
| Curative Radiotherapy + Chemotherapy | 24 | |
| Chemotherapy | 15 (8.0) | |
| Chemotherapy alone | 7 | |
| Chemotherapy + Palliative Radiotherapy | 8 | |
| Palliative Radiotherapy | 3 (1.6) | |
| Best Supportive Care | 1 (0.5) | |
| Total | 187 (100) | |
| (b) | ||
| Treatment | N | |
| Surgery | 95 | |
| Wide resection | 70 | |
| Marginal resection | 13 | |
| Intra-tumoral resection | 4 | |
| Amputation | 7 | |
| Unknown | 1 | |
| Curative Radiotherapy | 73 | |
| Carbon ion | 62 | |
| Protons | 7 | |
| Photons | 4 | |
3.2. Survival and Local Control
Of the 187 patients, the 3-year OS and LC rates were 71.7% (95% confidence interval (CI) 64.6–77.7%), and 79.1% (95% CI 71.9–84.7%), respectively (Figure 1a,b). Of the 166 M0 patients, the 3-year PFS was 48.6% (95% CI 40.8–56.0%) (Figure 1c). In addition, of the 166 M0 patients, local recurrence occurred in 37 patients (22.3%) at a mean of 19 months (range of 0–76 months) and distant metastasis occurred in 71 patients (42.8%) at a mean of 14.5 months (range of 0–78 months) after the initial treatment. In the histological analyses, the 3-year OS rates for chordoma, chondrosarcoma, and osteosarcoma were 93.9% (95% CI 82.3–98.0%), 85.2% (95% CI 68.0–93.6%), and 49.1% (95% CI 30.8–65.1%), respectively (Figure 2a). The 3-year LC rates for chordoma, chondrosarcoma, and osteosarcoma were 80.7% (95% CI 67.1–89.1%), 90.2% (95% CI 72.5–96.7%), and 70.1% (95% CI 46.2–84.9%), respectively (Figure 2b). Regarding LC rates, no significant difference among the three histological subtypes was observed. The 3-year PFS rates for chordoma, chondrosarcoma, and osteosarcoma were 56.1% (95% CI 41.7–68.3%), 73.9% (95% CI 54.5–86.0%), and 24.1% (95% CI 10.7–40.5%), respectively (Figure 2c). Osteosarcoma had significantly worse OS and PFS compared to chordoma (p < 0.001) and chondrosarcoma (p < 0.001), respectively.
Figure 1.
(a) Overall survival in 187 patients with pelvic and retroperitoneal bone and soft tissue sarcoma; (b) local-control rates in 187 patients with pelvic and retroperitoneal bone and soft tissue sarcoma; (c) progression-free survival in 166 M0 patients with pelvic and retroperitoneal bone and soft tissue sarcoma.
Figure 2.
(a) The comparison of overall survival among the patients with chordoma, chondrosarcoma, and osteosarcoma; (b) the comparison of local control rates among the patients with chordoma, chondrosarcoma, and osteosarcoma; (c) the comparison of progression-free survival among the patients with chordoma, chondrosarcoma, and osteosarcoma.
The prognostic factors found via univariate and multivariate analyses are shown in Table 4 and Table 5. The logrank test revealed that a larger primary tumor size of 10 cm or more; soft tissue tumors; M1; P2 location; chemotherapy; osteosarcoma; and staging in ⅡA, ⅡB, and Ⅲ were significantly associated with a worse OS. Only a larger primary tumor size of 10 cm or more was detected as a significantly correlated factor with worse LC using univariate analysis. In addition, a larger primary tumor size (≥10 cm); higher age (≥60 years); soft tissue tumor; chemotherapy; osteosarcoma; and staging in ⅡA, ⅡB, and Ⅲ were significantly associated with a worse PFS in M0 patients. The Cox proportional hazards models revealed that a larger primary tumor size (≥10 cm), soft tissue tumor, M1, and osteosarcoma were significantly associated with worse OS; higher age (≥60 years), soft tissue tumor, and osteosarcoma were significantly associated with worse PFS in M0 patients. M1 was the most influential poor prognostic factor for OS among the 187 patients, while higher age (≥60 years) was the most influential poor prognostic factor for PFS among the 166 M0 patients.
Table 4.
Univariate and multivariate analyses for OS and LC.
| OS | LC | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Uni | Multi | Uni | ||||
| Characteristics (N) | 3y (%) | p | p | HR | 3y (%) | p |
| (95% CI) | ||||||
| Age (years) | ||||||
| ≥60 (86) | 68.1 | 0.182 | 81.3 | 0.679 | ||
| <60 (101) | 74.8 | 77.7 | ||||
| Sex | ||||||
| Male (114) | 68.7 | 0.267 | 76.9 | 0.253 | ||
| Female (73) | 76.4 | 82.5 | ||||
| Tumor size (cm) | ||||||
| ≥10 (96) | 58.5 | <0.001 | 0.021 | 0.515 | 70.5 | 0.009 |
| <10 (91) | 85.5 | (0.293–0.907) | 86.8 | |||
| Tumor location | ||||||
| With P2 (52) | 57.0 | 0.009 | 0.091 | 80.8 | 0.752 | |
| Without P2 (135) | 77.4 | 78.9 | ||||
| Tumor type | ||||||
| Bone (147) | 76.5 | 0.008 | 0.048 | 1.943 | 81.2 | 0.253 |
| Soft tissue (40) | 53.9 | (1.005–3.756) | 71.4 | |||
| Metastasis | ||||||
| M0 (166) | 78.0 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 5.365 | 78.5 | 0.412 |
| M1 (21) | 17.9 | (2.556–11.26) | 91.7 | |||
| Chemotherapy | ||||||
| Yes (74) | 56.4 | <0.001 | 0.298 | 76.1 | 0.389 | |
| No (113) | 81.8 | 81.1 | ||||
| Histological subtypes | ||||||
| Osteosarcoma (32) | 49.1 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 4.000 | 70.1 | 0.273 |
| Others (155) | 76.4 | (1.955–8.182) | 80.7 | |||
| Staging | ||||||
| IA, IB (26) | 91.5 | 80.4 | 0.806 | |||
| IIA, IIB, III (161) | 68.5 | 0.004 | 0.089 | 79.2 | ||
OS: overall survival; LC: local control; HR: hazard ratio; CI: confidence interval. Bold number indicates p value smaller than 0.05.
Table 5.
Univariate and multivariate analyses for PFS in M0 patients.
| PFS | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Uni | Multi | |||
| Characteristics (N) | 3y (%) | p | p | HR |
| (95% CI) | ||||
| Age (years) | ||||
| ≥60 (79) | 41.5 | 0.046 | 0.002 | 0.527 |
| <60 (87) | 55.0 | (0.351–0.790) | ||
| Sex | ||||
| Male (99) | 43.4 | 0.243 | ||
| Female (67) | 56.4 | |||
| Tumor size (cm) | ||||
| ≥10 (78) | 35.9 | 0.003 | 0.051 | |
| <10 (88) | 59.8 | |||
| Tumor location | ||||
| With P2 (43) | 44.1 | 0.091 | ||
| Without P2 (123) | 50.3 | |||
| Tumor type | ||||
| Bone (137) | 52.3 | 0.018 | 0.004 | 2.118 |
| Soft tissue (29) | 31.0 | (1.277–3.513) | ||
| Chemotherapy | ||||
| Yes (55) | 30.9 | <0.001 | 0.124 | |
| No (111) | 57.4 | |||
| Histological subtypes | ||||
| Osteosarcoma (29) | 24.1 | <0.001 | 0.006 | 2.170 |
| Others (137) | 53.8 | (1.246–3.780) | ||
| Staging | ||||
| IA, IB (26) | 69.2 | |||
| IIA, IIB (140) | 44.8 | 0.014 | 0.064 | |
PFS: progression-free survival, HR: hazard ratio, CI: confidence interval. Bold number indicates p value smaller than 0.05.
4. Discussion
In the present study, we retrospectively analyzed the clinical outcomes and associated factors of the prognosis of patients with pelvic and retroperitoneal BSTSs. The multicenter profiles of the characteristics of 187 patients with pelvic and retroperitoneal BSTS were clarified. Furthermore, we provided an overview of the prognosis and significant factors affecting OS, LC, and PFS. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first multicenter study on BSTS arising in the pelvis and retroperitoneum in Japan that contains detailed data on epidemiology and treatment options.
BSTSs are very rare tumors, representing approximately 1% of all cancers in the adult population [1]. The most common site where BSTSs occur is the extremities, and BSTSs in the pelvis and retroperitoneum are less common. Approximately 16% of all malignant bone tumors and 15% of all soft tissue sarcomas have been reported to occur in the pelvis or retroperitoneum [2,3]. Thus, due to the small number of patients, there are no coherent reports on patients with pelvic and retroperitoneal BSTS.
The standard treatment for BSTS is surgical resection. Except of a few histological subtypes, most BSTSs are resistant to radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. Since April 2016, carbon ion radiotherapy has been available for unresectable/inoperable BSTS in Japan. Following that, proton beam therapy has also been available since April 2018, and in recent years, clinically favorable results for particle beam therapy (carbon ion and proton beam) with regard to unresectable/inoperable BSTSs have been reported [12,13,14,15,16,17], especially for chordomas [12,18,19,20]. However, the long-term outcome of particle beam therapy for BSTS is unclear; therefore, the standard treatment for BSTS, except for chordoma, is still surgical resection. Surgery for BSTSs in the pelvis and retroperitoneum are often difficult due to anatomical complexity [4]. Even if complete tumor resection is possible, the reconstruction of skin or the hip joint may be required after tumor resection, resulting in a long operation time and high incidence of postoperative complications [4,21,22]. Therefore, patients with pelvic BSTS are reported to have a worse prognosis compared to the those with BSTS in the extremities [5]. In our study, the 3-year OS of patients with pelvic and retroperitoneal BSTS was 71.7%. In a report on 3826 patients with soft tissue sarcomas in Japan, the 2-year and 5-year disease-specific survival rates were reported to be 86.8% and 77.5%, respectively [6]. In comparison to the findings from our study, this suggests that the prognosis of patients with pelvic and retroperitoneal BSTS is poorer. Gronchi et al., in a review of 1007 retroperitoneal sarcoma patients, reported a 5-year OS of 67%, similar to our study [23]. In terms of histology, osteosarcoma had a significantly worse prognosis in the present study. Bielack et al., in a review of 1702 osteosarcoma patients, reported a 5-year OS of 28.9% for patients with pelvic osteosarcoma; this is significantly worse compared to that of patients with extremity osteosarcoma (67.3%) [24]. Other studies have reported 5-year survival rates for pelvic osteosarcoma of 18–34% [25,26,27]. Consistent with these reports, osteosarcoma was shown to have a poorer prognosis among the bone sarcomas.
In the present study, multivariate analyses revealed that a larger primary tumor size of 10 cm or more, soft tissue tumors, M1, and osteosarcoma were significantly associated with a worse OS. Moreover, higher age (≥60 years), soft tissue tumor, chemotherapy, and osteosarcoma were significantly associated with a worse PFS in M0 patients. In general, M1 [28,29], larger primary tumor size [30,31,32,33,34], higher age [33,34], and high-grade [28,29,30,31,32,33,34] have been reported as the poor prognostic factors of BSTS. Similarly, the present study identified these prognostic factors in pelvic and retroperitoneal BSTS. In addition, we revealed that soft tissue tumors and chemotherapy were poor prognostic factors. As far as we have examined, we found no article that has compared the prognosis between patients with bone and soft tissue sarcoma, or any comparison between these patients with and without chemotherapy. In the present study, chordoma and chondrosarcoma accounted for 88 patients of the 147 bone tumors (59.9%), and they had a better prognosis than the other histological subtypes. In contrast, most soft tissue sarcomas in the current study were of relatively high-grade histological subtypes. In addition, chemotherapy is usually administered to patients with high-grade tumors who have poor prognoses, except for patients with a low-grade and/or slowly-growing tumors, such as chordoma and chondrosarcoma, which are generally resistant to chemotherapy [35,36]. These factors may influence the current findings with respect to soft-tissue tumors and chemotherapy that were explored as independent factors associated with OS and/or PFS in univariate or multivariate analyses.
The present study has several limitations. First, due to its retrospective design, we cannot exclude the possibility of selection bias. Second, the follow-up period was relatively short (median of 48 months). Therefore, we hope to continue the observation of these patients and to report on their follow-ups in future studies. Finally, particle beam therapy has represented a definitive treatment for unresectable/inoperable BSTS in Japan recently. Further studies are needed to clarify the prognosis and prognostic factors depending on treatment methods.
5. Conclusions
The current study clarified that the prognosis of patients with pelvic and retroperitoneal BSTS is poor. This study may be useful in predicting appropriate prognoses and planning treatments for patients with pelvic and retroperitoneal BSTS.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, T.T. (Toshiyuki Takemori), T.K. and T.A.; data curation, T.T. (Toshiyuki Takemori), T.K. and T.A.; formal analysis, T.T. (Toshiyuki Takemori); methodology, T.T. (Toshiyuki Takemori), T.K. and T.A.; software, T.T. (Toshiyuki Takemori); validation, T.T. (Toshiyuki Takemori), T.K. and T.A.; investigation, T.T. (Toshiyuki Takemori), H.H., N.F., S.F., I.F., T.F. (Takuya Fujimoto), M.M., K.K., S.Y., T.M., M.S., J.S., K.H., H.K. (Hiroyuki Kawashima), T.T. (Tomoaki Torigoe), T.N. (Tomoki Nakamura), H.K. (Hiroya Kondo), T.W., M.W., M.K., S.T. (Satoshi Tsukushi), A.N., H.O., S.T. (Shunichi Toki), S.N., H.K. (Hiroshi Kobayashi), I.W. and T.N. (Takahiro Niikura); resources, T.T. (Toshiyuki Takemori), H.H., N.F., S.F., I.F., T.F. (Takuya Fujimoto), M.M., K.K., S.Y., T.M., M.S., J.S., K.H., H.K. (Hiroyuki Kawashima), T.T. (Tomoaki Torigoe), T.N. (Tomoki Nakamura), H.K. (Hiroya Kondo), T.W., M.W., M.K., S.T. (Satoshi Tsukushi)., A.N., H.O., S.T. (Shunichi Toki), S.N., H.K. (Hiroshi Kobayashi), I.W. and T.N. (Takahiro Niikura); writing—original draft preparation, T.T. (Toshiyuki Takemori) and T.K.; writing—review and editing, Y.D., R.S., T.F. (Takumi Fukumoto), R.K. and T.A.; visualization, T.T. (Toshiyuki Takemori); project administration, T.T. (Toshiyuki Takemori), T.K. and T.A.; funding acquisition, R.K.; supervision, T.K., R.K. and T.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Institutional Review Board Statement
The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Kobe University Hospital (672-2) on 13 May 2020.
Informed Consent Statement
Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.
Data Availability Statement
No new data were created or analyzed in this study. Data sharing is not applicable to this article.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Funding Statement
This research received no external funding.
Footnotes
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
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Data Availability Statement
No new data were created or analyzed in this study. Data sharing is not applicable to this article.