Background:
While demand for plastic surgery continues to rise worldwide, there are no known seasonal differences in plastic surgery volume. This study aimed to evaluate whether Ramadan was associated with a measurable rise in demand for plastic surgery.
Methods:
This was a cross-sectional nationwide survey of plastic surgeons. Surgeon demographics, practice setting, case load, surgical preference during the month of Ramadan, factors associated with surgical volume, and procedures that were in demand during Ramadan were collected from all registered plastic surgeons in the Saudi Commission Health Specialties.
Results:
A total of 120 (73%) of 165 plastic surgeon completed the survey. The male:female ratio was 8:1. A total of 34 (28%) surgeons operated in public- and private-sector practices, and 53% (n = 64) maintained private practice only. When they operate, 60 (50%), 34 (28%), and 10 (8%) operate in the morning, in morning and evening, and in evening only, respectively. Although surgeons reported lower case volumes due to reduced working hours, 57% (n = 68) reported an increase in the proportion of cosmetic surgery. There was more than 80% consensus between surgeons on school vacation and ensuing wedding season as reasons for increased demand for plastic surgery.
Conclusions:
Seasonal demand for cosmetic plastic surgery was virtually unheard of. Although reduced working hours in Ramadan meant lower plastic surgery case volumes, surgeons reported an increase in the demand for cosmetic surgical and nonsurgical procedures during the month of Ramadan. School vacation and post-Ramadan social events were attributed as reasons for this rise.
Takeaways
Question: Is there a season for increase in surgical and nonsurgical cosmetic procedures?
Findings: In the holy month of Ramadan, we found an increased caseload of cosmetic surgery.
Meaning: Proximity to summer and religious holiday after Ramadan and increase of volume of social and wedding events after Ramadan were found to be the main reasons associated with the possible rise in cosmetic procedures and labeling of the month of Ramadan as a cosmetic season.
INTRODUCTION
Plastic surgery has seen a significant rise in demand during the recent years. The United States recorded a 60% rise in plastic surgery procedures in both sexes between 2012 and 2016. A recent report published by the American Society of Plastic Surgeons showed that Americans spent around $16.5 billion on plastic surgery in 2018.1 Worldwide, almost two million cosmetic plastic surgery procedures were performed in 2017.2 The rise of plastic surgery is attributed to the effects of social media, intense marketing, plastic surgeon websites, and popularity of before and after photographs.8–10 The typical plastic surgery patient is the university graduate, employed, 20- to 40-year-old woman. Reasons given for seeking plastic cosmetic surgery were mainly beauty and attaining a youthful look.11
Similar trends in plastic surgery volume were noticed in Saudi Arabia, which ranks number one in the region and among the top 20 countries in plastic surgery volume worldwide.2 Reports released by the Saudi Ministry of Health in 2019 documented a significant increase in the volume of cosmetic procedures in the last 3–5 years.3 Rhinoplasty was reported as the most commonly performed facial plastic surgery procedure, and liposuction was the most common general plastic surgery procedure.4
Reconstructive plastic surgery procedures tend to show seasonal peaks. For instance, burns are more common around Christmas, hand injuries tend to occur more often during long weekends, and necrotizing infections are likelier in winter.5–7 However, there is no published evidence for seasonal peaks in cosmetic surgery volumes. Nevertheless, local anecdotal evidence suggests increased demand for plastic surgery cosmetic procedures around holidays.
Ramadan (the ninth month of the lunar Islamic calendar) is an important holy month in Islam. During this month, Muslims abstain from food and fluids between dawn and sunset. The annual observance of Ramadan is considered an important Islamic practice and one of the five pillars of Islam. It is a month of fasting, reflection, and strengthening of community bonds. More than 1.5 billion Muslims worldwide fast from food and water from dawn to sunset for 29–30 days. Workplaces in Muslim majority countries accommodate this significant change in lifestyle by reducing daytime work hours and/or conducting business after sunset. Ramadan is followed by Eid holiday, a time of celebration and social gathering.
In this study, we aimed to evaluate whether plastic surgery caseload is affected by Ramadan. We explored the effect of seasonality on preference to undergo plastic surgery cosmetic procedures in Saudi Arabia, evaluated possible causes, and identified the procedures that were in demand at this time of the year.
METHODS
This was a cross-sectional electronic survey of plastic surgeons registered with the Saudi Commission for Health Specialties. Data were collected over a period of 2 weeks from August 14 to August 28, 2020. To optimize the scientific rigor of the survey and to lessen any real or perceived bias from the methodology, the authors collaborated with a contract research organization to guide development and administration of the survey.
Questionnaire development for this study was an iterative process that was conducted by the main author and reviewed by two other plastic surgeons and data analysts. The survey instrument included questions targeting participant demographics, practice setting, practice during the month of Ramadan, factors associated with practice increase if present, and list of plastic cosmetic procedures the surgeon observes the increase in (if any). The survey was validated in a small pilot study that included five participants to ensure clarity and flow, and to gauge the time required to complete the questionnaire. Comments by the participants were taken into consideration, and adjustments were made. Internal consistency was assessed using reliability analysis, which showed a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.743 (interpreted as good and acceptable).
Informed consent to participate in the survey was obtained before starting the questionnaire, and confidentiality was guaranteed. Each participant responded once, and responses from the same IP address within a short timeframe were merged to prevent duplication of entries. Ethical approval was obtained through the institutional review board at King Saud University Medical City IRB Project No. E-20-4757.
Data Analysis
Data were analyzed using SPSS 21.0 (IBM Inc, Chicago, IL) statistical software. Descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages) were used to describe the categorical variables. The Fisher exact or Pearson chi-square test was used to observe the association between the categorical variables. A P value of 0.05 or less was used to report the statistical significance of findings.
RESULTS
The overall response rate was 73%, with 120 of the 165 invited plastic surgeons completing the questionnaire. The male:female ratio was 8:1, and two-thirds of surgeons were at least 41 years old (n = 81). A total of 34 (28%) surgeons operated in public- and private-sector practices, and 53% (n = 64) maintained private practice only. Additionally, 80% (n = 96) had more than 5 years of experience after specialist training (Table 1). Regarding case load, about half of surgeons (45%; n = 54) reported that 50% of their cases were cosmetic, whereas one-third of surgeons performed mostly (80% or more of cases) cosmetic surgery.
Table 1.
Distribution of Sociodemographic and Professional Characteristics of Surgeons in the Present Study (n = 120)
| Characteristic | n (%) |
|---|---|
| Age group, y | |
| 31–40 | 39 (32.5) |
| 41–50 | 44 (36.7) |
| >50 | 37 (30.8) |
| Gender, men | 107 (89.2) |
| Years in practice after specialty training | |
| <5 | 24 (20.0) |
| 5–10 | 32 (26.7) |
| 10–15 | 17 (14.1) |
| >15 | 47 (39.2) |
| Region of practice | |
| Central region | 68 (56.7) |
| Western region | 29 (24.2) |
| Eastern region | 12 (10.0) |
| Other | 11 (9.1) |
| Practice setting | |
| Public sector | 57 (47.5) |
| Private sector | 29 (24.2) |
| Both | 34 (28.3) |
| Type of plastic surgery practice | |
| Reconstructive | 98 (81.7) |
| Cosmetic | 18 (15.0) |
| Both | 4 (3.3) |
| Percentage of cosmetic practice | |
| 0–20 | 26 (21.7) |
| 20–40 | 34 (28.3) |
| 40–60 | 20 (16.7) |
| 60–80 | 26 (21.7) |
| 80–100 | 14 (11.7) |
When asked about plastic surgery during the month of Ramadan, 71 surgeons (59%) expressed dislike of performing cosmetic surgery during the month. When they operate, 60 surgeons (50%) operate only during the day, 34 surgeons (28%) operate in morning and evening, whereas 10 (8%) performed cosmetic surgery only in the evening after breaking their fast. Interestingly, 16 surgeons (13%) halted their practice during the month of Ramadan (Table 2).
Table 2.
Distribution of Responses of Assessment among Plastic Surgeons for Performing Surgery during Ramadan
| Assessment Item | n (%) |
|---|---|
| Do you like to perform cosmetic surgery during Ramadan? Yes | 49 (40.8) |
| Operating during the day in Ramadan makes fasting feel shorter, yes | 91 (75.8) |
| There are more cases in Ramadan compared with other months, yes | 33 (27.5) |
| When do you usually perform cosmetic surgery during Ramadan? | 39 (32.5) |
| Morning | 60 (50.0) |
| Evening | 10 (8.4) |
| Both | 34 (28.3) |
| I do not operate | 16 (13.3) |
| Is there increased demand on cosmetic plastic surgery during the month of Ramadan in your practice? | |
| Yes | 48 (40.0) |
| No | 44 (36.7) |
| I do not know | 28 (23.3) |
| What is roughly the percentage increase in cosmetic surgery in your practice during the month of Ramadan in the past 3 to 5 years? | |
| 0–20 | 52 (43.3) |
| 20–40 | 35 (29.2) |
| 40–60 | 17 (14.1) |
| 60–80 | 11 (9.2) |
| 80–100 | 2 (1.7) |
| >100 | 2 (1.7) |
| Which cosmetic procedures did you notice increased demand for? | |
| Surgical procedures | 13 (10.8) |
| Nonsurgical procedures | 47 (39.2) |
| Both | 60 (50) |
During Ramadan, 73% of surgeons (n = 87) observed lower case volumes overall. However, 57% of surgeons (n = 68) reported an increase in the proportion of cosmetic surgery. There was more than 80% consensus between surgeons on school vacation and ensuing wedding season as reasons for increased demand for plastic surgery (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1.
Consensus among surgeons on reasons for increased demand on plastic surgery during Ramadan.
During Ramadan, high demand was reported for liposuction, lipofilling abdominoplasty, and breast surgery by 80%, 55%, 51%, and 46% of surgeons, respectively. For nonsurgical procedures, Botox and filler were reported to be in high demand by 81% and 78% of surgeons, respectively (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2.
Consensus among surgeons on procedures with increased demand during Ramadan.
Surgeons who operate private practices solely or in conjunction with public-sector hospitals were more willing to operate during Ramadan (P value < 0.001).
Practice setting, type of practice, and percentage of cosmetic practice were factors that were significantly associated with willingness to perform cosmetic surgery during Ramadan. Those who operate in the private sector and surgeons with a predominantly cosmetic practice were more willing to operate during the month (Table 3).
Table 3.
Association between Willingness to Perform Surgery during Ramadan and Professional Characteristics of Study Subjects
| Characteristic | Do You Like to Perform Cosmetic Surgery in the Month of Ramadan | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age group, y | Yes (n = 49) | No (n = 71) | χ2 value | P |
| 31–40 | 13 (33.3) | 26 (66.7) | 2.58 | 0.276 |
| 41–50 | 22 (50) | 22 (50) | ||
| >50 | 14 (37.8) | 23 (62.2) | ||
| Gender | ||||
| Men | 5 (38.5) | 8 (61.5) | 0.03 | 0.854 |
| Women | 44 (44.1) | 63 (58.9) | ||
| Years in practice after specialty training | ||||
| <5 | 5 (29.4) | 12 (70.6) | 4.38 | 0.223 |
| 5–10 | 13 (40.6) | 19 (58.4) | ||
| 10–15 | 14 (58.3) | 10 (41.7) | ||
| >15 | 17 (36.2) | 30 (63.8) | ||
| Region of practice | ||||
| Central region | 34 (50) | 34 (50) | 5.27 | 0.153 |
| Western region | 8 (27.6) | 21 (72.4) | ||
| Eastern region | 4 (33.3) | 8 (66.7) | ||
| Other | 9 (52.9) | 8 (47.1) | ||
| Practice setting | ||||
| Public sector | 4 (13.8) | 25 (86.2) | 14.98 | 0.001 |
| Private sector | 21 (61.8) | 13 (38.2) | ||
| Both | 24 (42.1) | 33 (57.9) | ||
| Type of plastic surgery practice | ||||
| Reconstructive | 0 (0) | 4 (100) | 8.12 | 0.017 |
| Cosmetic | 12 (66.7) | 6 (33.3) | ||
| Both | 37 (37.8) | 61 (62.1) | ||
| Percentage of cosmetic practice | ||||
| 0 | 0 (0) | 2 (100) | 8.38 | 0.036 |
| 20–40 | 17 (29.8) | 40 (70.2) | ||
| 60–80 | 22 (47.8) | 24 (52.2) | ||
| 100 | 9 (64.3) | 5 (35.7) | ||
Overall, there was no statistically significant agreement on a specific reason for willingness (or lack thereof) to operate during Ramadan (Table 4).
Table 4.
Association between Willingness to Perform Surgery during Ramadan and Surgeon Perception
| Question to Assess Possible Reasons for Surgery Rise | Willingness to Perform Surgery during Ramadan | χ2 Value | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Do you think that the increase in cosmetic surgery during the month of Ramadan is because of the vacation period? | ||||
| Yes | 41 (41.8) | 57 (58.2) | 0.22 | 0.637 |
| No | 8 (36.4) | 14 (63.6) | ||
| Do you think that the increase in cosmetic surgery during the month of Ramadan is because patients saved enough money toward the end of the year to perform surgery? | ||||
| Yes | 12 (41.4) | 17 (58.6) | 0.005 | 0.945 |
| No | 37 (40.7) | 54 (59.3) | ||
| Do you think that the increase in cosmetic surgery during the month of Ramadan is because of the start of school vacation when people are more concerned about looks and appearance? | ||||
| Yes | 40 (43) | 53 (57) | 0.81 | 0.368 |
| No | 9 (33.3) | 18 (66.7) | ||
| Do you think that the increase in cosmetic surgery during the month of Ramadan is because there are more weddings during the summer and the beginning of the year for which patients want to look better, being brides, grooms, or attendees? | ||||
| Yes | 39 (40.2) | 58 (59.8) | 0.08 | 0.774 |
| No | 10 (43.5) | 13 (56.5) | ||
| Do you think that the increase in cosmetic surgery during the month of Ramadan is because patients are more likely to wear thobes (ankle length baggy robes with long sleeves) during this month, thereby helping them hide cosmetic procedure effects such as drains, binders, swelling, and edema better? | ||||
| Yes | 18 (40) | 27 (60) | 0.02 | 0.886 |
| No | 31 (41.3) | 44 (58.7) | ||
| The month of Ramadan is a social month so children can be left with patients’ families easier during the time of cosmetic procedure performance | ||||
| Yes | 22 (41.5) | 31 (58.5) | 0.018 | 0.893 |
| No | 27 (40.3) | 40 (59.7) | ||
DISCUSSION
In this study, we show that while overall plastic surgery volume is decreased, surgeons agree that the caseload during the month is higher unique and consists mostly of cosmetic surgery. The majority of surgeons attribute this rise in cosmetic surgery to social reasons including the beginning of school holiday and Eid, which marks the end of Ramadan and is one of the two main holidays in the Muslim world. Interestingly, one in every 12 surgeons only operates during the evening, and one in every eight takes the month off. It is worth noting that business hours are reduced to 6 hours during Ramadan.
Many activities, such as sports championship, and social events have special circumstances, exposure and risk, treatment options, injury predilection, and approach. Although several plastic surgical reconstructive procedures were found to have seasonal peaks (burns during Christmas, hand injuries during long weekends and breaks, and necrotizing infections during the winter, for instance),6,7 there is scarce literature on seasonality for undergoing plastic surgery cosmetic procedures. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that found an association between a specific season and a rise in demand for surgical and nonsurgical cosmetic interventions.
During Ramadan in Saudi Arabia, business hours are shortened to 6 hours during the day, and many businesses operate after dusk. These facts explain why 73% of surgeons in this study reported lower case volumes during the month. A cross-sectional survey from Turkey found that nurses working in surgery were more likely to experience fatigue during Ramadan.12 Daytime fatigability is a potential explanation for why 60% of surgeons dislike operating during the day in Ramadan, and why almost half of all surgeons schedule some or all of their cases in the evening. This also potentially explains why 13% of surgeons take Ramadan off. The reduction in plastic surgeon availability may also be a reason for why practicing surgeons observed a rise in demand for cosmetic surgery during Ramadan.
Social functioning is increased after procedures that affect body image. A study by Daldal et al13 found that patients who undergo bariatric surgery early in Ramadan were more social late in the month and during Eid. In the present study, surgeons were in agreement that the reasons patients seek cosmetic surgery in Ramadan are related to their social functions after the month. Summer starts around Ramadan, and Saudi Arabian weddings usually take place during the summer. Some families choose to have their weddings at a tourist destination abroad where the event is regarded as an opportunity for entertainment and leisure. Botox, Filler, liposuction, and lipofilling were among the most common cosmetic procedures that surgeons noticed the upsurge in during Ramadan. These procedures are simple and quick and do not interfere with fasting.
This study found that the male:female ratio of plastic surgeons is 8:1. This is in contrast with the male:female ratio of graduates from medical schools in Saudi Arabia. In 2020, the ratio was 1.3:1, indicating equal opportunities in graduate degrees.14 This gender inequality is not limited to Saudi Arabia but is a worldwide problem. A study in JAMA Surgery by four women surgeons identified several issues that are behind the present status of women in surgery. These include obstacles to career development for women surgeons such as residency/fellowship support, mentorship/sponsorship, leadership, work-life balance, pay equity, and conscious and unconscious biases. We share the opinion of the authors and support enacting measures that cultivate gender equity for women surgeons.15
Limitations of this study include that it was cross sectional and that it relied on surgeons’ input. Unfortunately, there is no plastic surgery registry in Saudi Arabia to date. This issue hinders plastic surgery research in the country, and efforts to develop a nationwide registry are underway. To help surgeons and administrators understand the unique needs of our patient population during Ramadan, this study was designed to rely on surgeons’ input from across the nation and, thereby, guarantee representation of all regions. Also, we would like to add that seasons shift by 11 days every lunar year. Therefore, the season on which Ramadan falls on changes over a 33-year span. Nevertheless, end of school year (summer) vacation is synchronized in Saudi Arabia to start after Ramadan.
CONCLUSIONS
Seasonal demand for cosmetic plastic surgery was virtually unheard of. Although working hours are reduced in Ramadan, a notable rise in demand for surgical and nonsurgical cosmetic procedures was reported by plastic surgeons. Surgical procedures for which this observation was especially evident included liposuction, lipofilling, and abdominoplasty, whereas the nonsurgical intentions that had the highest demand were Botox and filler procedures.
Footnotes
Published online 23 June 2022.
Disclosure: The author has no financial interest to declare in relation to the content of this article. This study is supported by the College of Medicine Research Center Deanship of Scientific Research in King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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