Fig. 11.

TRPV4 and GFAP expression in the brain tissues of normal and epileptic patients. a, b Compared with that in the normal group (n = 9), TRPV4 was significantly upregulated in astrocytes in the surgical brain specimens of epileptic patients (n = 7). c, d Compared with those in the normal group, GFAP and C3 were increased in the brains of epileptic patients (n = 5). e, f GFAP and C3 in the serum of normal (n = 5) and epileptic patients (n = 10) was measured by ELISA. The data are presented as means ± SEM, **P < 0.01. Unpaired Student’s t test