Table 1.

Summary of the studies demonstrating the dysbiosis of skin microbiota in AD.

Year	Subjects, Numbers	Methods	Results (Alternations of Skin Microbiota)	Reference
2012	11 Infants with AD and 12 healthy controls	16S rRNA gene sequencing	AD infants: ↓S. salivarius and ↑S. aureus	[40]
2012	12 Children with AD and 11 healthy controls	16S rRNA gene sequencing	AD lesion: ↑S. aureus and ↑S. epidermidis	[31]
2013	13 AD patients and 49 healthy controls	16S rRNA gene sequencing	AD patients: ↑S. aureus, ↓-diversity	[44]
2015	21 AD infants and 17 healthy controls	Real-time PCR analysis of skin scratches	AD infants: ↑S. aureus	[45]
2016	128 AD patients (59 young children at 2–12 years, 13 teenagers at 13–17 years, and 56 adults at 18–62 years of age), 68 age-matched healthy controls (13 young children, 10 teenagers, 45 adults)	16S rRNA gene sequencing	Children with AD: ↑Streptococcus, ↑Granulicatelle, ↑Gemella, ↑Rothia, ↑Haemophilus Adults with AD: ↑Propionibacterium, ↑Corynebacterium, ↑Staphylococcus, ↑Lactobacillus, ↑Finegoldia, ↑Anaerococcus	[46]
2016	Three male first cousins aged 50–53 years	16S rRNA gene sequencing	AD patients: ↑S. aureus	[47]
2017	10 AD infants, 10 age-matched healthy controls	16S rRNA gene sequencing	AD infants: ↑Staphylococcus	[29]
2017	49 AD patients and 30 non-AD subjects	16S rRNA gene sequencing	AD patients: ↓S. epidermidis, ↓S. hominis	[30]
2017	27 AD patients and 6 healthy controls	High-throughput pyrosequencing	AD patients: ↑Staphylococcus, ↑Pseudomonas, and ↑Streptococcus, ↓Alcaligenaceae (f), ↓Sediminibacterium, and ↓Lactococcus	[48]
2018	10 AD patients and 10 healthy controls	16S rRNA gene sequencing	AD patients: ↑S. aureus, ↓-diversity	[38]
2019	91 AD patients, 134 psoriasis patients, and 126 healthy controls	16S rRNA gene sequencing	AD patients: ↑S. aureus, ↓S. epidermidis and ↓Corynebacterium	[49]
2019	172 AD patients and 120 healthy controls	16S rRNA gene sequencing	AD patients: ↑Staphylococcus	[50]
2020	11 AD patients	16S rRNA gene sequencing	AD skin lesions: ↑S. aureus, ↓C. pseudogenitalium	[51]
2020	67 AD patients and 28 healthy controls	16S rRNA gene sequencing	AD skin lesion: ↑Staphylococcus (S. aureus and S. epidermidis), ↓Corynebacterium, ↓Micrococcus, ↓Cutibacterium and ↓Streptococcus	[52]
2020	7 AD patients and 10 healthy controls	16S rRNA gene sequencing, and Staphylococcus specific SLST sequencing	AD patients: ↑Staphylococcus, ↓Propionibacterium	[53]
2021	28 AD patients and 14 healthy controls	16S rRNA gene sequencing	AD patients: ↑S. aureus, ↓S. capitis and ↓Micrococcus sp.	[54]

Legend: SLST, single-locus sequencing typing.