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. 2022 Jun 9;27(12):3724. doi: 10.3390/molecules27123724

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Schematic mechanisms of oxidative stress in PAH. Abbreviations: PDE, phosphodiesterase-5, PKG-Iα, protein kinase G-Iα, CyPA, cyclophilin A, VPO1, vascular peroxidase1, KLF4, Kruppel-like factor 4, ADMA, asymmetric dimethyl arginine, BMP, bone morphogenic protein, BRCA1, breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility protein 1, TOPBP1, topoisomerase DNA II-binding protein 1, PARP1, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1, PIM1, provirus integration site, EYA-3, eyes absent homolog-3, CHK-1, checkpoint kinase 1, POLG1, mitochondrial DNA polymerase γ, OG1, 8-oxoguanine glycosylase, FGF2, fibroblast growth factor 2, PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor, PGC-1α, peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor-γ-coactivator-1, GDF-15, growth differentiation factor-15.