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. 2022 May 25;15(6):663. doi: 10.3390/ph15060663

Chemical Profiling of Kaliziri Injection and Quantification of Six Caffeoyl Quinic Acids in Beagle Plasma by LC-MS/MS

Changhua Liu 1,2, Atikanmu Wahefu 1,2, Xueying Lu 1, Rahima Abdulla 1, Jun Dou 1, Haiqing Zhao 1, Haji Akber Aisa 1, Xuelei Xin 1,*, Yongqiang Liu 1,*
Editor: Daniela De Vita
PMCID: PMC9230828  PMID: 35745582

Abstract

Vitiligo is a stubborn multifactorial skin disease with a prevalence of approximately 1% in the global population. Kaliziri, the seeds of Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd., is a well-known traditional Uyghur medicine for the treatment of vitiligo. Kaliziri injections is a Chinese-marketed treatment approved by the China Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of vitiligo. The significant effects of Kaliziri injection have been thoroughly studied. However, chemical components studies and plasma quantification studies are lacking for Kaliziri injection. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with hybrid quadrupole orbitrap mass spectrometry was employed to comprehensively characterize the caffeoyl quinic acid derivatives present in Kaliziri injection. Based on accurate mass measurements, key fragmental ions and comparisons with reference standards, 60 caffeoyl quinic acid derivatives were identified in Kaliziri injections, including caffeoyl quinic acids, coumaroyl caffeoyl quinic acids, dicaffeoyl quinic acids, feruloyl caffeoyl quinic acids, and dicaffeoyl quinic acid hexosides. Moreover, an HPLC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the quantitative analysis of 5-caffeoyl quinic acid, 4-caffeoyl quinic acid, 1,3-dicaffeoyl quinic acid, 3,4-dicaffeoyl quinic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoyl quinic acid and 4,5-dicaffeoyl quinic acid in beagle plasma. The quantitative HPLC-MS/MS method was applied to quantify these six major caffeoyl quinic acids in beagle plasma after the subcutaneous administration of Kaliziri injection. All of the six analytes reached their peak plasma of concentrations within 30 min.

Keywords: Kaliziri injection, caffeoyl quinic acid derivatives, UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS, beagle plasma, tandem mass spectrometry, quantitative analysis

1. Introduction

Vitiligo, caused by the loss of the function of melanocytes and melanin in skin and hair, is an autoimmune disease characterized by the appearance of white spots, with an estimated prevalence of approximately 1% in the global population [1,2]. Clinical and epidemiological investigations have shown that vitiligo is a complex multifactorial disease [3].

Contemporary treatment strategies for vitiligo include phototherapy, local or systemic immunosuppressive agents, and surgical treatment [4]. However, these treatments can only prevent the progression of the disease and promote the re-coloring of depigmented areas, but cannot completely cure vitiligo. Therefore, vitiligo’s recurrence has grave impacts on the physical health, quality of life and social communication of these patients resulting in some psychological disorders, such as the development of an inferiority complex and social isolation [5,6].

The seeds of Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd. (Quchong Banjiuju) are called Kaliziri in traditional Uyghur medicine, and have traditionally been used for the treatment of vitiligo [7]. In a prior phytochemical investigation, we reported the isolation and structure elucidation of sesquiterpene components in petroleum ether extracts of Kaliziri (though by NMR spectroscopy). In particular, the 21 newly identified vernodalidimers are rare elemanolide type dimers [8]. The mechanism of Kaliziri extract against vitiligo has been studied from enzymology, cell, and molecule aspects. The results show that Kaliziri extract can directly activate tyrosinase activity in B16 melanocytes and promote the melanin content and tyrosinase activity of B16 melanocytes; RT-PCR and western blot experiments further revealed that it can promote the upregulation of several genes and proteins closely associated with melanin synthesis in B16 melanoma cells, including MITF, TYR, TRP1, and TRP2. It was also found that it can stimulate melanin production in B16 cells by activating the MAPK and cAMP/PKA signaling pathway [7,9,10,11,12,13,14].

Kaliziri injection (KZI) is a Chinese-marketed treatment approved by the China Food and Drug Administration with an approval number of Z20063652. KZI is a preparation of aqueous Kaliziri extract and is used for the treatment of vitiligo. It is widely used in clinical combined treatment, and the effect is significant. Clinically, 308 nm excimer light combined with KZI is used to treat vitiligo. Compared with a control group, the effective rate of a treatment group was 26.8% higher, demonstrating a significant curative effect and high safety [15]. KZI combined with a vitiligo pill also had a significant effect on vitiligo. After 12 weeks of treatment, the effective rate of a control group was 41.2%, whereas that of a treatment group was 73.5% [16]. In addition, KZI can significantly inhibit the proliferation of T cells and B cells significantly in mice, which is related to the dosage of the injection. At the same time, KZI can activate tyrosinase activity in mice [17].

However, the chemical components of KZI have not yet been investigated. Additionally, the plasma quantification of key components has not been studied. Tandem mass spectrometry can powerfully characterize chemical components in herbs and plants [18,19,20,21,22]. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS) hybridizes the high mass resolution of orbitrap and the excellent selectivity of the quadrupole [23]. Herein, UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS was employed to comprehensively identify caffeoyl quinic acid derivatives present in KZI. Moreover, an HPLC-MS/MS method was developed for the simultaneous quantitative analysis of six caffeoyl quinic acids in beagle plasma after the subcutaneous injection of Kaliziri.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. The Identification of Caffeoyl Quinic Acid Derivatives in KZI by UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS

The UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS total ion chromatogram (TIC) of KZI is shown in Figure 1. Based on the accurate mass measurements, the key fragmental ions and the comparison with reference standards, 60 caffeoyl quinic acid derivatives were identified in KZI. The results are shown in Table 1.

Figure 1.

Figure 1

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The total ion chromatogram of KZI by UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS.

Table 1.

Caffeoyl quinic acid derivative characterization of KZI by UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS.

No. tR (min) Molecular Formula [M-H]− Major and Important MS2 Ions Identification Error (ppm)
1 9.22 C28H38O19 677.19519 515, 353, 341, 191, 179, 173, 161, 135 CQA hexosyl hexoside-a 4.19
2 9.32 C16H18O9 353.08719 191 CQA 1.36
3 10.13 C28H38O19 677.19562 515, 353, 323, 191, 179, 173, 161, 135 CQA hexosyl hexoside-b 4.82
4 11.18 C16H18O9 353.08566 191, 179, 135 3-CQA * −2.90
5 11.51 C28H38O19 677.19537 515, 353, 341, 179, 173, 135 CQA hexosyl hexoside-c 4.46
6 13.28 C16H18O8 337.09326 191, 173, 163, 119 CoQA-a 4.35
7 14.15 C16H18O9 353.08627 191 5-CQA * −1.20
8 14.86 C16H18O9 353.08517 191, 179, 173, 135 4-CQA * −4.30
9 15.47 C23H22O12 489.10510 353, 335, 191, 179, 161, 135, 109 dihydroxybenzoyl CQA-a 4.80
10 15.81 C18H24O10 399.13062 353, 191, 179, 135 CQA ethyl ester-a 5.12
11 16.07 C34H30O16 693.14832 531, 353, 339, 313, 295, 269, 229, 191, 173, 159, 109 Trihydroxycinnamoyl diCQA-a 4.77
12 16.79 C16H18O8 337.09351 191, 173, 163, 119 CoQA-b 5.07
13 17.11 C16H18O8 337.09311 191, 173, 163, 137, 119 CoQA-c 3.90
14 17.54 C18H24O10 399.13055 353, 191, 179, 135 CQA ester-b 4.96
15 17.63 C25H24O12 515.12024 353, 191, 179, 135 1,3-diCQA * 3.56
16 17.73 C18H24O10 399.13043 353, 191, 179, 135 CQA ethyl ester-c 4.66
17 18.32 C17H20O9 367.10413 191, 134 FQA-a 4.81
18 18.42 C17H20O9 367.10413 193, 191, 173, 155, 134 FQA-b 4.81
19 19.19 C34H30O16 693.14783 531, 353, 339, 313, 295, 269, 229, 191, 179, 173, 159, 109 Trihydroxycinnamoyl diCQA-b 4.06
20 19.33 C34H30O16 693.14789 531, 353, 339, 313, 295, 269, 229, 191, 179, 173, 159, 109 Trihydroxycinnamoyl diCQA-c 4.15
21 19.52 C34H30O16 693.14801 531, 353, 339, 295, 269, 229, 191, 179, 173, 159, 135, 109 Trihydroxycinnamoyl diCQA-d 4.33
22 20.39 C25H24O11 499.12573 353, 335, 191, 179, 161, 135 CoCQA-a 4.50
23 20.42 C34H30O16 693.14764 531, 353, 339, 295, 267, 229, 191, 179, 173, 159, 135, 109 Trihydroxycinnamoyl diCQA-e 3.80
24 20.55 C23H22O12 489.10468 353, 335, 327, 309, 191, 179, 173, 161, 153, 135, 109 dihydroxybenzoyl CQA-b 3.93
25 20.61 C34H30O16 693.14752 531, 353, 339, 313, 295, 269, 229, 191, 179, 173, 159, 109 Trihydroxycinnamoyl diCQA-f 3.62
26 21.05 C23H22O12 489.10498 327, 191, 179, 153, 109 dihydroxybenzoyl CQA-c 4.56
27 21.11 C25H24O11 499.12570 337, 191, 163, 119 CoCQA-b 4.44
28 21.43 C31H34O17 677.17371 515, 353, 323, 191, 179, 173, 161, 135 diCQA hexoside-a 3.66
29 21.79 C31H34O17 677.17450 515, 353, 323, 191, 179, 173, 161, 135 diCQA hexoside-b 4.83
30 22.26 C31H34O17 677.17383 515, 353, 323, 191, 179, 173, 161, 135 diCQA hexoside-c 3.84
31 22.85 C23H22O12 489.10477 327, 191, 173, 153, 109 dihydroxybenzoyl CQA-d 4.12
32 23.31 C31H34O17 677.17444 515, 353, 323, 191, 179, 173, 161, 135 diCQA hexoside-d 4.75
33 23.50 C25H24O12 515.11975 353, 335, 191, 179, 173, 135 3,4-diCQA * 2.62
34 24.07 C25H24O12 515.12006 353, 191, 179, 135 3,5-diCQA * 3.21
35 24.76 C27H30O13 561.16260 515, 399, 353, 191, 179, 173, 161, 135 diCQA ethyl ester-a 4.15
36 24.99 C27H30O13 561.16266 515, 399, 353, 191, 179, 173, 161, 135 diCQA ethyl ester-b 4.26
37 25.42 C25H24O12 515.11987 353, 191, 179, 173, 135 4,5-diCQA * 2.85
38 25.51 C27H30O13 561.16193 515, 399, 353, 335, 191, 179, 173, 161, 135 diCQA ethyl ester-c 2.96
39 25.74 C27H30O13 561.16241 515, 399, 353, 335, 191, 179, 173, 161, 135 diCQA ethyl ester-d 3.83
40 25.77 C25H24O11 499.12561 353, 337, 335, 319, 191, 179, 173, 163, 135, 119 CoCQA-c 4.25
41 26.14 C25H24O11 499.12567 353, 337, 319, 191, 179, 173, 163, 119 CoCQA-d 4.37
42 26.31 C26H26O12 529.13617 365, 335, 193, 191, 179, 175, 173, 161, 135, 134 FCQA-a 4.00
43 26.41 C25H24O11 499.12570 337, 191, 173, 163, 119 CoCQA-e 4.44
44 26.41 C27H30O13 561.16266 499, 414, 399, 353, 191, 179, 173, 161, 135 diCQA ethyl ester-e 4.26
45 26.64 C25H24O11 499.12564 353, 337, 191, 179, 173, 135 CoCQA-f 4.31
46 26.81 C26H26O12 529.13617 367, 335, 193, 173, 161, 134 FCQA-b 4.00
47 26.85 C27H30O13 561.16272 515, 441, 399, 353, 191, 179, 173, 135 diCQA ethyl ester-f 4.37
48 27.28 C27H30O13 561.16254 515, 399, 353, 191, 179, 173, 135 diCQA ethyl ester-g 4.04
49 27.41 C26H26O12 529.13599 367, 193, 179, 134 FCQA-c 3.65
50 27.47 C27H30O13 561.16260 515, 399, 353, 191, 179, 173, 161, 135 diCQA ethyl ester-h 4.15
51 27.61 C26H26O12 529.13629 367, 353, 191, 179, 135 FCQA-d 4.23
52 27.61 C27H30O13 561.16278 515, 399, 353, 351, 191, 179, 173, 135 diCQA ethyl ester-i 4.48
53 27.81 C25H24O11 499.12567 337, 191, 173, 163, 119 CoCQA-g 4.37
54 27.98 C25H24O11 499.12576 353, 337, 191, 179, 173, 163, 135 CoCQA-h 4.56
55 28.19 C26H26O12 529.13593 367, 183, 173, 134 FCQA-e 3.54
56 28.38 C26H26O12 529.13562 367, 353, 335, 191, 179, 173, 135 FCQA-f 2.96
57 29.52 C34H30O15 677.15283 515, 353, 335, 191, 179, 173, 161, 135 triCQA 4.04
58 30.02 C35H34O15 693.18433 531, 513, 353, 335, 191, 179, 177, 173, 161, 135, 133 Hydroferuoyl diCQA 4.23
59 30.19 C35H34O15 693.18445 531, 335, 191, 179, 177, 173, 161, 135, 133 Hydroferuoyl diCQA 4.40
60 30.58 C35H34O15 693.18408 531, 353, 191, 179, 173, 135 Hydroferuoyl diCQA 3.87
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* Identified by comparing with reference standard: CQA, caffeoyl quinic acid; CoQA, coumaroyl quinic acid; diCQA, dicaffeoyl quinic acid; FQA, feruloyl quinic acid; FCQA, feruloyl caffeoyl quinic acid; CoCQA, coumaroyl caffeoyl quinic acid; triCQA, tricaffeoyl quinic acid.

The typical fragmental ions of caffeoyl quinic acid derivatives were preliminarily determined by standards using UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS. Typically, fragmental ions at m/z 191 (C7H11O6−) correspond to [quinic acid–H]−, m/z 173 (C7H9O5−) correspond to [quinic acid–H–H2O]−, and m/z 179 (C9H7O4−) corresponding to [caffeic acid–H]−. The fragment pathway of 4,5-dicaffeoyl quinic acid is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2.

Figure 2

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The fragment pathway of 4,5-dicaffeoyl quinic acid.

Compounds 2, 4, 7, and 8 exhibited the [M–H]− ions at m/z 353, with a molecular formula of C16H18O9. In the MS/MS spectra, they revealed diagnostic [quinic acid–H]− ions at m/z 191 [M–H–162]− as well as a diagnostic loss of 162 Da (C9H6O3) for a caffeoyl moiety, suggesting that these compounds were caffeoyl quinic acids (CQAs). From comparisons of the retention time, high-resolution MS data, and MS/MS spectra data with those of authentic standards, compounds 4, 7, and 8 were identified as 3-caffeoyl quinic acid (3-CQA), 5-caffeoyl quinic acid (5-CQA) and 4-caffeoyl quinic acid (4-CQA). Compounds 6, 12 and 13 gave [M–H]− ions at m/z 337, with a molecular formula of C16H18O8. In the MS/MS spectra, their diagnostic [quinic acid–H]− ion at m/z 191 [M–H–162]− as well as diagnostic loss of 146 Da (C9H6O2) for a coumaroyl moiety suggesting that these compounds were coumaroyl quinic acids. Compounds 17 and 18 exhibited [M–H]− ions at m/z 367, with molecular formula of C17H20O9. In the MS/MS spectra, their diagnostic [quinic acid–H]− ion at m/z 191 [M–H–162]− as well as the diagnostic loss of 176 Da (C10H8O3) for a feruloyl moiety suggested that compounds 17 and 18 were feruloyl quinic acids (FQAs). Compounds 10, 14 and 16 exhibited the same [M-H]− ions at m/z 399, with a molecular formula of C18H24O10. Their fragmental ions at m/z 353 ([CQA–H]− and [M–C2H6O–H]−), as well as diagnostic ions at m/z 179 ([caffeic acid–H]−), indicated that these compounds were caffeoyl quinic acid ethyl esters.

Compounds 15, 33, 34 and 37 exhibited same [M–H]− ions at m/z 515, with a molecular formula of C25H24O12. In the MS/MS spectra, they exhibited a diagnostic [CQA–H]− ion at m/z 353 [M–H–162]− and [quinic acid–H]− ion at m/z 191 [M–H–162–162]− suggesting that these compounds were dicaffeoyl quinic acids (diCQAs). From comparison of the retention time, high-resolution MS data, and MS/MS spectra data with those of authentic standards, compounds 15, 33, 34 and 37 were identified as 1,3-dicaffeoyl quinic acid (1,3-diCQA), 3,4-dicaffeoyl quinic acid (3,4-diCQA), 3,5-dicaffeoyl quinic acid (3,5-diCQA) and 4,5-dicaffeoyl quinic acid (4,5-diCQA), respectively. Compounds 22, 27, 40, 41, 43, 45, 53 and 54 exhibited the same [M–H]− ions at m/z 499, with molecular a formula of C25H24O11. Their diagnostic fragmental ions at m/z 353 [CQA–H]− or m/z 337 [CoQA–H]−, diagnostic ions at m/z 179 [caffeic acid–H]− or m/z 163 [coumaric acid–H]− and diagnostic ions at m/z 191 [quinic acid–H]− indicated that these compounds were coumaroyl caffeoyl quinic acids (CoCQAs). Compounds 42, 46, 49, 51, 55 and 56 exhibited the same [M–H]− ions at m/z 529, with a molecular formula of C26H26O12. Their diagnostic fragmental ions at m/z 353 [CQA–H]− or m/z 367 [FQA–H]−, diagnostic ions at m/z 179 [caffeic acid–H]− or m/z 193 [ferulic acid–H]− and diagnostic ions at m/z 191 [quinic acid–H]− indicated that these compounds were feruloyl caffeoyl quinic acids. Compounds 9, 24, 26 and 31 exhibited the same [M–H] − ions at m/z 489, with a molecular formula of C23H23O12. Their diagnostic fragmental ions at m/z 179 [caffeic acid–H]− or m/z 153 [dihydroxybenzoic acid–H]−, diagnostic ions at m/z 353 [CQA–H]− or m/z 327 [dihydroxybenzoyl quinic acid–H]− and diagnostic ions at m/z 191 [quinic acid–H]− indicated that these compounds were dihydroxybenzoyl caffeoyl quinic acids. Compounds 35, 36, 38, 39, 44, 47, 48, 50 and 52 exhibited the same [M–H]− ions at m/z 561, with a molecular formula of C27H30O13. In the MS/MS spectra, they exhibited diagnostic ions at m/z 515 [diCQA–H]−, m/z 353 [CQA–H]−, m/z 191 [quinic acid–H]− and m/z 179 [caffeic acid–H]−, which indicated that they were derivatives of diCQA. Furthermore, the daughter ions at m/z 515 [M–C2H6O–H]−, m/z 399 [M–caffeoyl–H]− and m/z 353 [M–caffeoyl–C2H6O–H]− suggested that compounds 35, 36, 38, 39, 44, 47, 48, 50 and 52 were dicaffeoyl quinic acid ethyl esters. The structures of substituents connect to quinic acid are shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3.

Figure 3

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Selected structures of substituents associated with quinic acid.

Compound 57 exhibited [M–H]− ions at m/z 677, with a molecular formula of C34H30O15. Its diagnostic fragmental ions at m/z 515 ([diCQA–H]−, [M–caffeic acid–H]−), m/z 353 [CQA–H]−, m/z 191 [quinic acid–H]− and m/z 179 [caffeic acid–H]− indicated that compound 57 was tricaffeoyl quinic acid. Compounds 10, 19, 20, 21, 23 and 25 exhibited the same [M–H]− ions at m/z 693, with a molecular formula of C34H30O16, one oxygen more than compound 57. In the MS/MS spectra, their diagnostic ions at m/z 353 [CQA–H]−, m/z 191 [quinic acid–H]− and m/z 179 [caffeic acid–H]− indicated that they were derivatives of CQA. Moreover, their fragmental ions at m/z 531 [M–caffeoyl–H]− and m/z 353 [M–caffeoyl–trihydroxycinnamoyl–H]− suggested that these compounds were trihydroxycinnamoyl-dicaffeoyl quinic acids.

Compounds 28, 29, 30 and 32 exhibited the same [M–H]− ions at m/z 677.17371, with a molecular formula of C31H34O17. In the MS/MS spectra, their diagnostic ions at m/z 353 [CQA–H]−, m/z 191 [quinic acid–H]− and m/z 179 [caffeic acid–H]− indicated that they were derivatives of CQA. Meanwhile, the daughter ions at m/z 515 ([diCQA–H]−, [M–C6H10O5–H]− ) indicated the existence of a hexosyl group and another caffeoyl group. Thus, compounds 28, 29, 30, and 32 were identified as dicaffeoyl quinic acid hexosides. Compounds 1, 3 and 5 exhibited the same [M–H]− ions at m/z 677.19519, with a molecular formula of C28H38O19. In the MS/MS spectra, their diagnostic ions at m/z 353 [CQA–H]−, m/z 191 [quinic acid–H]− and m/z 179 [caffeic acid–H]− indicated they were derivatives of CQA. Moreover, their fragmental ions at m/z 515 [M–C6H10O5–H]− and m/z 353 [M–C6H10O5–C6H10O5–H]− indicated the existence of two hexosyl groups. Compounds 1, 3, and 5 were therefore identified as caffeoyl quinic acid hexosyl hexosides.

2.2. Simultaneous Quantification of 5-CQA, 4-CQA, 1,3-diCQA, 3,4-diCQA, 3,5-diCQA and 4,5-diCQA in Beagle Plasma after the Subcutaneous Injection of KZI

2.2.1. Optimization of HPLC-MS/MS Conditions for Quantitative Analysis

To quantify these six major caffeoyl quinic acids in beagle plasma, an XDB-C18 column using the optimized mobile phase weas employed for sharp peak shapes with high intensity. The ion transition pairs were m/z value 353/191 for 5-CQA and 4-CQA; m/z value 515/353 for 1,3-diCQA, 3,4-diCQA, 3,5-diCQA and 4,5-diCQA; and m/z value 447/285 for astragalin, the internal standard. Optimized parameters are shown in Table 2. The major fragmentation of 5-CQA was the same as that of 4-CQA, and similar for 1,3-diCQA, 3,4-diCQA, 3,5-diCQA and 4,5-diCQA. In order to separate them in the shortest time with a satisfactory chromatographic resolution, the HPLC method was optimized (Section 3.3). The optimal retention times were 7.5, 8.7, 9.8, 14.0, 14.9, and 16.6 min for 5-CQA, 4-CQA, 1,3-diCQA, 3,4-diCQA, 3,5-diCQA and 4,5-diCQA, respectively.

Table 2.

Optimized mass spectrometry conditions for 5-CQA, 4-CQA, 1,3-diCQA, 3,4-diCQA, 3,5-diCQA, and 4,5-diCQA and the internal standard, astragalin.

Analytes Q1 Mass
(Da)		 Q3 Mass
(Da)		 DP
(Volts)		 EP
(Volts)		 CE
(Volts)		 CXP
(Volts)
5-CQA 353 191 65 10 30 15
4-CQA 353 191 65 10 30 15
1,3-diCQA 515 353 85 10 27 15
3,4-diCQA 515 353 85 10 27 15
3,5-diCQA 515 353 85 10 27 15
4,5-diCQA 515 353 85 10 27 15
Internal standard 447 285 100 10 36 10
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2.2.2. Method Validation

Specificity. Specificity was examined using blank beagle plasma and blank beagle plasma with added in 5-CQA, 4-CQA, 1,3-diCQA, 3,4-diCQA, 3,5-diCQA and 4,5-diCQA (each at 100.0 ng/mL) and the internal standard (100.0 ng/mL). No interference was found.

Calibration curves and linearity. Calibration curves were calculated using the peak area ratio of analytes compared with the internal standard. A weighting factor of 1/X2 was used for linearity. The method demonstrated strong linear reliability. The six analytes showed linearity with concentration ranging from 6 to 600 ng/mL in beagle plasma. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) for 5-CQA, 4-CQA, 1,3-diCQA, 3,4-diCQA, 3,5-diCQA and 4,5-diCQA was 6 ng/mL.

Accuracy and precision. The quality control (QC) sample solutions were prepared in beagle plasma for 5-CQA, 4-CQA, 1,3-diCQA, 3,4-diCQA, 3,5-diCQA and 4,5-diCQA, each at 10, 100, and 400 ng/mL. Intra-day accuracy and precision were evaluated in six replicates of QC samples with different concentrations on the same day. Inter-day accuracy and precision were assessed in triplicates of QC samples with different concentrations on three days. Accuracy was calculated by comparing the mean concentration to the theoretical concentration. Precision was interpreted by the relative standard deviation (RSD). The intra-day and inter-day accuracy of six analytes at each concentration were in the range of 85–115%. The intra-day and inter-day precision of six analytes at each concentration were in the RSD range of 0–15%.

Stability. Long-term stability was evaluated in three replicates at different QC concentrations after storage at −80 °C for 20 days. Freeze–thaw stability was assessed in three replicates of different QC concentrations after exposure to three sequential freeze-thaw cycles. For each cycle, samples were frozen for more than 24 h below −80 °C, then transferred to a 4 °C environment for 2 h until completely thawed. Stability in an auto-sampler was evaluated in three replicates at different QC concentrations. Six analytes at each concentration were stable over 12 h in the auto-sampler. They were also stable after three freeze-thaw cycles and after 20 days of storage at −80 °C.

2.2.3. Simultaneous Quantification of 5-CQA, 4-CQA, 1,3-diCQA, 3,4-diCQA, 3,5-diCQA and 4,5-diCQA in Beagle Plasma after the Subcutaneous Injection of KZI

The contents of 5-CQA, 4-CQA, 1,3-diCQA, 3,4-diCQA, 3,5-diCQA and 4,5-diCQA in KZI were determined as shown in Table 3. The quantitative HPLC-MS/MS method was applied to quantify 5-CQA, 4-CQA, 1,3-diCQA, 3,4-diCQA, 3,5-diCQA and 4,5-diCQA in beagle plasma samples. After the subcutaneous injection of KZI, beagle plasma exhibited quantifiable levels for all of the six analytes. As shown in Figure 4: At 0.5 h after the subcutaneous injection of KZI, 5-CQA reached the peak plasma concentration (61.23 ng/mL); 5 h after administration, the level of 5-CQA fell to under the LLOQ. At 0.25 h after the administration of KZI, 4-CQA reached the peak plasma concentration (114.87 ng/mL); 6 h after administration, the level of 4-CQA fell to under the LLOQ. At 0.5 h after administration of KZI, 1,3-diCQA reached the peak plasma concentration (11.20 ng/mL); 2.5 h after administration, the level of 1,3-diCQA fell to under the LLOQ. At 0.25 h after the administration of KZI, 3,4-diCQA reached the peak plasma concentration (30.46 ng/mL); 2.5 h after administration, the level of 3,4-diCQA fell to under the LLOQ. At 0.25 h after administration of KZI, 3,5-diCQA reached the peak plasma concentration (19.49 ng/mL); 2 h after administration, the level of 3,5-diCQA fell to under the LLOQ. At 0.25 h after administration of KZI, 4,5-diCQA reached the peak plasma concentration (22.96 ng/mL); 2.5 h after administration, the level of 4,5-diCQA fell to under the LLOQ.

Table 3.

Contents of 5-CQA, 4-CQA, 1,3-diCQA, 3,4-diCQA, 3,5-diCQA, and 4,5-diCQA in KZI.

Analytes 5-CQA 4-CQA 1,3-diCQA 3,4-diCQA 3,5-diCQA 4,5-diCQA
Contents (μg/mL) 46.2 48.0 9.7 190.0 11.7 17.2
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Figure 4.

Figure 4

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Concentration-time profiles of 5-CQA, 4-CQA, 1,3-diCQA, 3,4-diCQA, 3,5-diCQA, and 4,5-diCQA in beagle plasma after the subcutaneous injection of KZI.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Materials

Reference standards of astragalin were purchased from MUST-Biological (Chengdu, China). 5-caffeoyl quinic acid, 4-caffeoyl quinic acid, 1,3-di-caffeoyl quinic acid, 3,4-di-caffeoyl quinic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoyl quinic acid and 4,5-dicaffeoyl quinic acid were provided by Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry (Urumqi, China). Kaliziri Injections (Batch No. 190407) were purchased from Wuhu Yangyan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., (Wuhu, China). MS-grade methanol, acetonitrile and formic acid were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) and Fisher Scientific (Fair Lawn, NJ, USA).

3.2. UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS Conditions

Qualitative analysis was performed on Q Exactive Orbitrap apparatus coupled with Ultimate 3000 equipment (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). The column was an HSS T3 (1.8 μm, 2.1 × 100 mm, Waters, Ireland). The column oven temperature was 40 °C. The mobile solvents were A (acetonitrile, 0.1% v/v formic acid) and B (water, 0.1% v/v formic acid) a with flow rate of 250 μL/min and in the following gradients: 0.0–2.0 min (0% A), 2.0–25.0 min (0–23% A), 25.0–40.0 min (23–83% A), 40.0–40.1 min (83–100% A), 40.1–45.0 min (100% A). The injected volume was 1 μL. Electrospray ionization (ESI) was employed in positive mode and negative mode. The m/z range was 100–1200 with a resolution of 70,000. Voltage: 3.8 kV; sheath gas flow: 40 arb; auxiliary gas flow: 10 arb; heating temperature: 350 °C; capillary temperature: 350 °C; stepped normalized collision energy: 15, 40 and 65. The data were processed using the Xcalibur 4.2 software (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA).

3.3. Quantitative HPLC-MS/MS Conditions

Quantitative HPLC-MS/MS analyses were performed using a 1200 system coupled with 4000 Q TRAP (Applied Biosystems/MDS Sciex, Framingham, MA, USA). The column was XDB-C18 (1.8 μm, 4.6 × 50 mm, Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA). The mobile solvents were A (acetonitrile, 0.2% v/v formic acid) and B (water, 0.2% v/v formic acid) with a flow rate of 0.6 mL/min and in the following gradients: 0.0–6.0 min (10–12% A), 6.0–6.1 min (12–20% A), 6.1–19.0 min (20–26% A). The injection volume was 10 μL. The MS was in ESI-negative mode with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). IonSpray voltage: −4000 V; nebulizer gas: 45; auxiliary heater gas: 55; curtain gas: 30; turbo gas temperature: 500 °C. The data were acquired with the Analyst 1.6.2 software (Applied Biosystems/MDS Sciex, Framingham, MA, USA) and processed with the MultiQuant 2.1 software (Applied Biosystems/MDS Sciex, Framingham, MA, USA).

3.4. Animal Experiment

Three male beagles were obtained from Xinjiang Medical University. They were fasted for 12 h before administration, but drank water freely. Animals were administrated subcutaneous KZI injection with a dose of 0.2 mL/kg. Blood was collected at 0, 0.05, 0.15, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 10 h from hind limbs veins. Urine and feces were also collected. The collected blood was centrifuged for 15 min to produce plasma samples. The plasma samples were immediately stored at −80 °C.

3.5. Beagle Plasma Standard Solution Preparation

The stock solutions of 5-CQA, 4-CQA, 1,3-diCQA, 3,4-diCQA, 3,5-diCQA, 4,5-diCQA and the internal standard, astragalin, were prepared by dissolving each compound in methanol to concentrations of 2.0 mg/mL and stored at −20 °C. Calibration curve standard sample preparation was as follows: 10 μL appropriately diluted standard solutions (mixtures of 5-CQA, 4-CQA, 1,3-diCQA, 3,4-diCQA, 3,5-diCQA and 4,5-diCQA) was added into blank beagle plasma and vortexed for 10 s to result in samples containing 6–600 ng/mL standard compounds. The quality control (QC) sample solutions were prepared in beagle plasma for 5-CQA, 4-CQA, 1,3-diCQA, 3,4-diCQA, 3,5-diCQA and 4,5-diCQA, each at 10, 100, and 400 ng/mL.

3.6. Treatment of Beagle Plasma Samples

Beagle plasma samples were mixed with 10 μL internal standard solution and vortexed for 10 s. Subsequently, 300 μL acetonitrile was added and the mixture was vortexed for 60 s; then, it was centrifuged for 7 min. The supernatant was collected and nitrogen dried at 40 °C. The dried samples were mixed with 100 μL methanol and sonicated for 60 s, then centrifuged for 7 min. The supernatant was collected and injected for analysis.

4. Conclusions

In this study, UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS was employed to comprehensively characterize the caffeoyl quinic acid derivatives present in KZI. Based on accurate mass measurements, key fragmental ions and comparison with reference standards, 60 caffeoyl quinic acid derivatives were identified in KZI, including caffeoyl quinic acids, coumaroyl caffeoyl quinic acids, dicaffeoyl quinic acids, feruloyl caffeoyl quinic acids, dicaffeoyl quinic acid hexosides, etc. Moreover, an HPLC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the quantitative analysis of 5-CQA, 4-CQA, 1,3-diCQA, 3,4-diCQA, 3,5-diCQA and 4,5-diCQA in beagle plasma. The quantitative HPLC-MS/MS method was applied to quantify these six major caffeoyl quinic acids in beagle plasma after the subcutaneous injection of KZI. All of the six analytes reached their peak plasma concentration within 0.5 h. The 5-CQA and 4-CQA samples were quantifiable until a time point of 5 h. However, 1,3-diCQA, 3,4-diCQA, 3,5-diCQA and 4,5-diCQA fell under there LLOQs within 2.5 h.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, H.A.A. and Y.L.; methodology, Liu, C.L. and A.W.; software, R.A.; validation, Y.L., C.L. and H.A.A.; formal analysis, X.L. and X.X.; investigation, C.L., A.W., J.D. and H.Z.; resources, X.L. and R.A.; data curation, A.W. and Y.L.; writing—original draft preparation, Y.L., X.X. and C.L.; writing—review and editing, Y.L. and H.A.A.; visualization, C.L. and A.W.; supervision, X.X. and Y.L.; project administration, Y.L. and C.L.; funding acquisition, H.A.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Institutional Review Board Statement

The animal study protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Faculty of Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, China (Approval code: IACUC-20200924-29; Date of approval: 24 September 2020).

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Data sharing not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding Statement

This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China under Grant 2020YFE020560.

Footnotes

Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

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Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Data Availability Statement

Data sharing not applicable.

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