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. 2022 May 27;12(6):488. doi: 10.3390/metabo12060488

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Schematic overview of the four canonical pathways dysregulated in human PCa tumorigenesis. Biofluid samples are extracted and analyzed to reflect changes in metabolites and enzymes for PCa biomarker discovery: Glycolysis (a), TCA cycle (b), de novo lipogenesis (c), and glycogenesis/glycogenolysis (d). Red font = increased metabolites/upregulated enzymes; Orange = decreased metabolites/downregulated enzymes. MCT = monocarboxylate transporter; HK = hexokinase; PGI = phosphoglucose isomerase; PFK = phosphofructokinase; ALD = aldolase; DHAP = dihydroxyacetone phosphate; GA3P = gyceraldehyde-3-phosphate; GA3PD = gyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; PGK = phosphoglycerate kinase; 3PG = 3-phosphoglycerate; PGM = phosphoglyceromutase; ENO = enolase; PK = pyruvate kinase; LDH = lactate dehydrogenase; CS = citrate synthase; OAA = oxaloacetate; UDP = uridine diphosphate; UTP = uridine triphosphate. Figure drawn using BioRender [26].