Objective
SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy has been shown to increase the risk of severe outcomes with pathologic sequelae in the placenta.1 , 2 Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 in pregnant women has been shown to be safe and effective at preventing COVID-19 infection during pregnancy3 , 4 and offers protection in the form of antibodies to neonates. This study examined the effects of SARS-CoV-2 messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccination on placental pathology, birthweight, and Apgar score.
Study Design
A convenience sample of 431 placentas from women who gave birth to a living singleton between April 18, 2020 and July 31, 2021 at a single New York City hospital and had no history of positive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction testing, was included in this study. Unvaccinated women who did not receive any SARS-CoV-2 vaccine dose before delivery and who were anti-S negative were included. Fully vaccinated women who received at least 2 doses of a SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine (Pfizer-BioNTech, Collegeville, PA; or ModernaTX, Cambridge, MA) at >2 weeks before delivery, were included if they did not have positive anti-N antibodies that are produced in the setting of infection. Anyone with incomplete vaccine administration was excluded.
The placentas and neonatal outcomes from 164 fully vaccinated women were compared with those of 267 unvaccinated women. The placentas were grossed and microscopically reviewed as previously described.2 The timing and types of vaccination, neonatal weights, and Apgar scores were retrospectively abstracted from clinical charts. We studied the incidence of pathologic findings across grouped placentas using the chi-square test of independence for all categorical variables. The continuous variables were compared using the Kruskal–Wallis rank sum test or the Wilcoxon rank sum test.
Statistical analyses were performed using R 3.6.3 (RStudio 1.1.463; RStudio Team, Boston, MA).
This study was approved by the institutional review board at Weill Cornell Medicine.
Results
The vaccinated and unvaccinated groups had similar demographics, including maternal age, gestational age at birth, and mode of delivery (Table ).
Table.
Demographics and placental and neonatal findings from patients vaccinated and unvaccinated against SARS-CoV-2
| Clinical variable | Total n=431 |
Unvaccinated n=267 |
Vaccinated n=164 |
P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal age (mean) | 35.5 (4.7) | 35.1 (4.9) | 36.2 (4.4) | — |
| Gestational age (median) | 39.0 (1.9) | 39.0 (1.9) | 39.0 (1.7) | — |
| Mode of delivery | ||||
| Cesarean delivery | 194 (45%) | 118 (44.2%) | 76 (46.3%) | — |
| Vaginal delivery | 237 (55%) | 149 (55.8%) | 88 (53.7%) | — |
| Preterm birth (<37 wk) | 58 (13.4%) | 43 (16.1%) | 15 (9.1%) | .056 |
| Low placental weighta | 86 (20%) | 55 (20.6%) | 31 (18.9%) | .747 |
| Apgar score 1 min | .271 | |||
| 6 | 8 (1.9%) | 7 (2.6%) | 1 (0.6%) | — |
| 7 | 23 (5.3%) | 17 (6.4%) | 6 (3.7%) | — |
| 8 | 84 (19.5%) | 42 (15.7%) | 42 (25.6%) | — |
| 9 | 290 (67.3%) | 182 (68.2%) | 108 (65.9%) | — |
| Apgar score 5 min | .783 | |||
| 6 | 6 (1.4%) | 4 (1.5%) | 2 (1.2%) | — |
| 7 | 5 (1.2%) | 4 (1.5%) | 1 (0.6%) | — |
| 8 | 27 (6.3%) | 19 (7.1%) | 8 (4.9%) | — |
| 9 | 383 (88.9%) | 231 (86.5%) | 152 (92.7%) | — |
| Small for gestational age birthweightb | 61 (14.2%) | 35 (13.1%) | 26 (15.9%) | .556 |
| Fetal vascular malperfusion | ||||
| Thrombosis of fetal vessels | 32 (7.4%) | 18 (6.7%) | 14 (8.5%) | .616 |
| Intramural fibrin deposition | 29 (6.7%) | 18 (6.7%) | 11 (6.7%) | 1 |
| Avascular villi | 41 (9.5%) | 24 (9%) | 17 (10.4%) | .761 |
| Villous stromal karyorrhexis | 6 (1.4%) | 4 (1.5%) | 2 (1.2%) | 1 |
| Maternal vascular malperfusion | ||||
| Villous infarct | 71 (16.5%) | 45 (16.9%) | 26 (15.9%) | .89 |
| Retroplacental hemorrhage | 5 (1.2%) | 5 (1.9%) | 0 (0%) | .194 |
| Accelerated villous maturation | 38 (8.8%) | 29 (10.9%) | 9 (5.5%) | .083 |
| Increased syncytial knots | 46 (10.7%) | 30 (11.2%) | 16 (9.8%) | .747 |
| Decidual vasculopathy | 17 (3.9%) | 14 (5.2%) | 3 (1.8%) | .13 |
| Villous agglutination | 9 (2.1%) | 5 (1.9%) | 4 (2.4%) | .958 |
| Increased perivillous fibrin | 27 (6.3%) | 14 (5.2%) | 13 (7.9%) | .362 |
| Distal villous hypoplasia | 1 (0.2%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.6%) | .805 |
| Delayed villous maturation | 23 (5.3%) | 16 (6%) | 7 (4.3%) | .581 |
| Intervillous thrombus | 70 (16.2%) | 42 (15.7%) | 28 (17.1%) | .816 |
| Chronic histiocytic intervillositis | 2 (0.5%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (1.2%) | .281 |
| Eosinophilic T-cell vasculitis | 2 (0.5%) | 2 (0.7%) | 0 (0%) | .703 |
| Chronic villitis | 74 (17.2%) | 44 (16.5%) | 30 (18.3%) | .724 |
| Chorangiosis | 16 (3.7%) | 11 (4.1%) | 5 (3%) | .758 |
| Vaccine type | ||||
| Pfizer | — | — | 130 (79.3%) | — |
| Moderna | — | — | 34 (20.7%) | — |
| Gestational age at vaccination (median) | ||||
| Dose 1 | 25.7 | — | 25.7 | — |
| Dose 2 | 29 | — | 29 | — |
| Detectable cord blood antibodies | — | — | 156 (95.1%) | — |
Smithgall. Placental pathology in women vaccinated and unvaccinated against SARS-CoV-2. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2022.
Low placental weight: <10th percentile for gestational age
Small for gestational age birthweight: <10th percentile for gestational age using Fenton curves.
Among the 164 vaccinated women, the average gestational age for receiving dose 1 was 25.7 weeks and that for dose 2 was 29 weeks. Overall 130 women received the Pfizer vaccine, and 34 received the Moderna vaccine.
There was no significant difference in the placental findings, birthweight, or Apgar scores between the vaccinated and unvaccinated groups (Table). 28 of 164 (17.1%) women from the vaccinated group and 70 of 267 (26.2%) women from the unvaccinated group had a comorbidity of preeclampsia, hypertension, or intrauterine growth restriction, and a subanalysis excluding those cases did not alter the findings (data not shown).
A total of 95.1% (100% of all tested) neonates born to vaccinated mothers had detectable anti-S immunoglobulin G in the umbilical cord blood, which was similar to previous findings.5
Conclusion
This secondary analysis builds on the existing body of knowledge demonstrating that SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are safe during pregnancy. Unlike previous studies that have primarily focused on pregnancy and neonatal outcomes, here we specifically examined placental pathology. There was no significant difference in placental findings between the vaccinated and unvaccinated groups, further emphasizing the safety of vaccination during pregnancy.
Footnotes
The authors report no conflict of interest.
This work was supported by a Weill Cornell Medicine COVID-19 research grant, and Bender Foundation, Inc.
References
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