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Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery logoLink to Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery
. 2022 Jun;36(6):703–707. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.202202056

悬空膝关节对内侧开放楔形胫骨高位截骨术后胫骨平台后倾角的影响

Effect of knee suspension on posterior tibial slope after medial opening-wedge high tibial osteotomy

Jun LI 1, Shuai LIANG 1, Yunfeng YAO 1, Hao LÜ 1, Juehua JING 1,*
PMCID: PMC9240849  PMID: 35712927

Abstract

Objective

To investigate the effect of knee suspension during titanium plate fixation on postoperative posterior tibial slope (PTS) in knee osteoarthritis (KOA) with medial opening-wedge high tibial osteotomy (OWHTO).

Methods

The clinical data of 47 patients with KOA treated by OWHTO between January 2019 and December 2020 was retrospectively analyzed. In 24 cases, the knee joint was suspended when titanium plate was fixed (research group), and in 23 cases, the knee joint was naturally straightened when titanium plate was fixed (control group). There was no significant difference in gender, age, side, body mass index, disease duration, preoperative visual analogue scale (VAS) score, American Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) score, Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) score, Lysholm score, and preoperative PTS between the two groups (P>0.05). PTS were measured at 1 day after operation and last follow-up, and were compared with that before operation. Before operation and at last follow-up, VAS score was used to evaluate the knee pain, HSS score, WOMAC score, and Lysholm score were used to evaluate the knee function.

Results

The patients in both groups were followed up 13-24 months, with an average of 19.9 months. There was no complication such as incision infection, screw fracture, and deep venous thrombosis of lower limbs in two groups. At last follow-up, the VAS score, HSS score, WOMAC score, and Lysholm score in two groups were significantly improved when compared with those before operation (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference between the two groups in the each score difference of before and after operation (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in PTS at each time point before and after operation in the research group (P>0.05), but PTS in the control group significantly increased at 1 day after operation and last follow-up (P<0.05). PTS of the research group at 1 day after operation and last follow-up were significantly lower than those of the control group (P<0.05).

Conclusion

OWHTO can effectively relieve knee pain and improve knee function in KOA, and the increase of postoperative PTS can be effectively avoided by suspending knee joint.

Keywords: Knee osteoarthritis, high tibial osteotomy, posterior tibial slope, suspended knee joint


随着我国老年人口数量和比例增加,以及中老年人群生活和活动方式的改变,膝关节骨关节炎(knee osteoarthritis,KOA)发病率不断升高,对社会和人们生活造成了严重影响。KOA多见内侧关节软骨磨损,关节间隙变窄,使得下肢力线内移,身体负荷集中于内侧,最终造成膝关节严重磨损,产生持续性疼痛[1]。胫骨高位截骨术(high tibial osteotomy,HTO)是一种通过纠正下肢力线来延缓KOA发展的一种方法,能够促进关节修复,符合新型“KOA阶梯治疗”理念[2-3];并且很大程度保留了膝关节功能和患者本体感觉,提高患者满意度[4],是年轻KOA患者或有保膝意愿者的首选手术方式。

内侧开放楔形 HTO(medial opening-wedge HTO,OWHTO)是HTO中较为常见、应用最广泛的术式,相比于外侧闭合楔形HTO,其截骨角度更准确,可降低神经损伤风险,但是易出现胫骨平台后倾角(posterior tibial slope,PTS)增加[1],进而使膝关节胫骨前移增大,增加前交叉韧带和半月板的应力,影响关节力学,甚至导致其损伤,影响手术效果[5-7]。为解决此棘手问题,研究者们报道了多种方法,认为使胫骨后方截骨开口间隙大于前方是防止PTS增加的关键[8-12]。还有研究表明,OWHTO 联合调整PTS治疗KOA,可以显著提高KOA患者术后膝关节屈曲角度[13]。我们发现在OWHTO术中固定钛板时,为防止术后PTS增加,不同术者采取的膝关节摆放位置不一致,部分术者通过垫高脚跟使膝关节悬空,部分不垫高脚跟而使膝关节自然伸直,目前对于OWHTO术中是否垫高脚跟尚缺乏统一标准。现回顾分析2019年1月—2020年12月,我们采用OWHTO治疗的KOA患者临床资料,分别于钛板固定时悬空膝关节或使膝关节自然伸直,通过比较两种方式的疗效,探讨悬空膝关节对OWHTO术后功能和PTS的影响。报告如下。

1. 临床资料

1.1. 患者选择标准

纳入标准:① 明确诊断为内侧间室KOA,行OWHTO治疗;② 术侧膝关节主要韧带无损伤;③ 患者年龄≥18岁;④ 术后随访时间>1年。排除标准:① 随访期间内固定钛板断裂或螺钉松动;② 随访期间发生铰链骨折;③ 术后发生感染。2019年1月—2020年12月共47例患者符合选择标准纳入研究,其中24例钛板固定时垫高脚跟使膝关节悬空(研究组),23例钛板固定时不垫高脚跟使膝关节自然伸直(对照组)。

1.2. 一般资料

研究组:男5例,女19例;年龄47~68岁,平均54.6岁。左膝11例,右膝13例。身体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)20.80~29.14 kg/m2,平均24.91 kg/m2。病程2~10年,平均5.2年。对照组:男4例,女19例;年龄43~66岁,平均56.3岁。左膝12例,右膝11例。BMI为23.12~31.22 kg/m2,平均24.76 kg/m2。病程2~9年,平均5.1年。

两组患者性别、年龄、侧别、BMI、病程以及术前疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)、美国特种外科医院(HSS)评分、西安大略与麦克马斯特大学骨关节炎指数评分(WOMAC)、Lysholm评分、PTS等一般资料比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。见表12

表 1.

Comparison of pre- and post-operative PTS between the two groups ( Inline graphic , °)

两组患者手术前后PTS比较( Inline graphic ,°)

组别
Group
例数
n
术前
Preoperative
术后1 d
Postoperative
at 1 day
末次随访
Last
follow-up
研究组
Research group
24 7.77±1.52 7.75±1.45 7.88±1.48
对照组
Control group
23 8.30±1.02 9.43±0.96 9.70±0.97
统计值
Statistic
时间效应F=4.486,P=0.013
交互效应F=3.661,P=0.028
组别效应F=39.955,P<0.001

表 2.

Comparison of pre- and post-operative clinical indexes between the two groups ( Inline graphic )

两组患者手术前后各临床指标比较( Inline graphic

组别
Group
例数
n
VAS评分
VAS score
HSS评分
HSS score
术前
Preoperative
末次随访
Last follow-up
差值
Difference
统计值
Statistic
术前
Preoperative
末次随访
Last follow-up
差值
Difference
统计值
Statistic
研究组
Research group
24 3.6±1.0 0.8±0.5 2.8±0.9 t=15.140
P=0.000
56.5±8.6 86.7±3.4 30.2±8.6 t=−17.113
P=0.000
对照组
Control group
23 3.6±0.9 0.9±0.7 2.7±0.8 t=15.725
P=0.000
56.8±8.3 86.4±3.9 29.7±7.2 t=−19.745
P=0.000
统计值
Statistic
t=0.219
P=0.827
t=0.541
P=0.591
t=−0.098
P=0.923
t=0.221
P=0.826
组别
Group
例数
n
WOMAC评分
WOMAC score
Lysholm评分
Lysholm score
术前
Preoperative
末次随访
Last follow-up
差值
Difference
统计值
Statistic
术前
Preoperative
末次随访
Last follow-up
差值
Difference
统计值
Statistic
研究组
Research group
24 82.9±8.1 22.1±5.5 60.8±8.3 t=36.093
P=0.000
58.0±7.1 86.6±4.4 28.6±6.9 t=−20.208
P=0.000
对照组
Control group
23 83.9±7.9 22.0±5.3 61.9±8.7 t=33.960
P=0.000
58.3±8.2 86.4±4.4 28.0±8.2 t=−16.414
P=0.000
统计值
Statistic
t=−0.443
P=0.660
t=−0.452
P=0.654
t=−0.156
P=0.877
t=0.263
P=0.794

1.3. 手术方法

术前行双下肢全长X线片检查并准确测量胫骨近端内侧角和股骨远端外侧角,确定其内翻畸形是因胫骨导致。根据经典Miniaci法进行充分术前设计,规划的理想下肢负重线比率为60%,计算需要矫正的角度和撑开距离。

全身麻醉下患者取仰卧位,使用Lobenhoffer手术技术行开放楔形双平面HTO[14]。于胫骨结节内下方取纵切口,长约5 cm;从胫骨近端松解浅层内侧副韧带和部分鹅足,充分暴露胫骨后缘和髌韧带胫骨结节附着点。于显露后的骨面上设计横向截骨线,胫骨结节内侧边缘设计纵向截骨线,2条截骨线之间的目标角度为110°;从横向截骨线朝腓骨头打入2枚克氏针,反复透视,直至克氏针位置满意后测深,沿克氏针截骨后打入楔形骨刀,反复透视直至位置满意;取出骨刀后,将撑开器放置于胫骨横向截骨线后半部分,缓缓撑开横向截骨线至术前设计角度,撑开器锁住,再次透视确认下肢负重线比率。使用TomoFix 钛板(强生公司,美国)固定,研究组在固定钛板时伸直膝关节,使用无菌布球垫高脚跟,使膝关节悬空;对照组在固定钛板时不垫高脚跟,自然伸直放置于手术台上,使膝关节处于自然伸直位。使用克氏针临时固定钛板,透视见钛板位置满意后,依次打入螺钉,再次透视进行确认。大量生理盐水冲洗患肢切口,严密止血后放置引流管,逐层缝合切口,敷料包扎。

1.4. 术后处理与疗效评价指标

在无明显禁忌证前提下,全部患者术后接受预防感染和抗凝等治疗;术后当天指导患者开始股四头肌锻炼和踝泵运动,积极预防下肢深静脉血栓形成;术后第1天开始部分负重行走。

术后1 d和末次随访时行患侧膝关节正侧位X线片检查,测量PTS并与术前比较。术前及末次随访时采用VAS评分评估患者膝关节疼痛情况,HSS膝关节评分、WOMAC评分和Lysholm评分评估患者膝关节功能情况。

1.5. 统计学方法

采用SPSS20.0统计软件进行分析。计量资料行正态性检验,符合正态分布的数据以均数±标准差表示,组间VAS评分、HSS评分、WOMAC评分和Lysholm评分比较采用独立样本t检验,组内手术前后比较采用配对t检验;不符合正态分布的数据以MQ1Q3)表示,组间比较采用Wilcoxon秩和检验。两组手术前后PTS比较采用重复测量方差分析,若不满足球形检验,采用Greenhouse-Geisser法进行校正,同一组别不同时间点比较采用Bonferroni 法,同一时间点不同组别间比较采用多因素方差分析。计数资料以率表示,组间比较采用χ2检验。检验水准α=0.05。

2. 结果

两组患者均获随访,随访时间13~24个月,平均19.9个月。两组患者均未出现切口感染、螺钉断裂、下肢深静脉血栓形成等并发症。研究组患者手术前后各时间点PTS差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),对照组术后1 d及末次随访时PTS较术前明显增加(P<0.05)。术后1 d及末次随访时研究组患者PTS均显著小于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见图1表1。末次随访时,两组患者VAS评分、HSS评分、WOMAC评分和Lysholm评分均较术前显著改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);但两组间各评分手术前后差值比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表2

图 1.

图 1

Comparison of pre- and post-operative PTS between the two groups

两组患者手术前后PTS比较

3. 讨论

PTS是胫骨纵轴的垂线与胫骨内侧平台切线之间的夹角,它可以保持膝关节交叉韧带的张力,使股骨髁能在屈伸活动中正常滑动和滚动,从而促进膝关节屈曲运动[15-16]。PTS大小与人种、性别或测量方法均有关,其改变势必会影响膝关节生物力学,故在膝关节治疗时应将其纳入评估范围。PTS每增加1°,膝关节伸直角度会损失1.45°,当PTS进一步增加时,膝关节内压力分布也会发生变化,这可能是患者术后出现疼痛或改善功能失败的重要原因[7]。Shelburne等[17]的研究发现,PTS每增加1°,行走时前交叉韧带的受力增加16 N,胫骨剪切力也随着PTS的增加而增加。有研究报道,OWHTO术后PTS增加的主要原因是手术操作,而不是植入物的影响[18-19],我们研究观点与其一致。大量研究证实PTS增大会增加膝关节前交叉韧带张力,加速退化,从而导致关节韧带损伤[17-20]。也有研究认为PTS增大常伴随髌腱挛缩,再次行膝关节置换时难度增加[21]。因此,防止HTO术后PTS增大具有重要意义。

为防止OWHTO后PTS增大,需要在手术时进行充分胫骨后方截骨,并让后方开口间隙大于前方。然而胫骨后方的屈肌群非常发达,限制了胫骨后方间隙的撑开,该问题一直未被重视。在OWHTO术中固定钛板时通过垫高同侧脚跟使膝关节悬空,我们猜想此膝关节位置通过自身重力作用缩小胫骨前方撑开间隙,使得后方开口间隙大于前方。本研究结果显示,对照组患者术后PTS较术前明显增加,而研究组患者手术前后PTS无显著变化,且术后PTS显著小于对照组。这种操作简便易行,且对手术进度几乎没有影响,能有效预防术后PTS的增加。

与术前相比,两组患者末次随访时的VAS评分均显著降低,说明OWHTO明显缓解了膝关节疼痛,减轻了患者痛苦。更重要的是,末次随访时两组HSS评分、WOMAC评分和Lysholm评分均较术前显著改善,说明患者术后膝关节功能得到了明显改善,但两组间比较差异无统计学意义。上述结果提示OWHTO治疗KOA在功能恢复和疼痛缓解上均有显著疗效,虽然在钛板固定时膝关节自然伸直增加了OWHTO术后PTS,但并未影响术后功能恢复和疼痛缓解,这可能与患者术前PTS较小有关,且术后PTS虽然有所增加,但尚在代偿范围内,如果PTS进一步增加可能会对术后功能恢复和疼痛缓解产生不利影响。

综上述,OWHTO治疗KOA能有效缓解膝关节疼痛和改善膝关节功能,且钛板固定时通过悬空膝关节可以有效避免术后PTS的增加。但本研究还存在一些不足,由于患者个体差异,下肢长度以及患肢质量对于术后PTS均有一定影响;同时,本研究未考虑到矫正角度的影响,且研究样本量较小,随访时间偏短,本研究结论有待进一步研究。

利益冲突 在课题研究和文章撰写过程中不存在利益冲突,经费支持没有影响文章观点和对研究数据客观结果的统计分析及其报道

伦理声明 研究方案经安徽医科大学第二附属医院医学伦理委员会批准(YX2022-010)

作者贡献声明 李军:研究设计、文章撰写;姚运峰、吕浩:研究实施;梁帅:数据收集整理及统计分析;荆珏华:行政及经费支持,对文章的知识性内容作批评性审阅

Funding Statement

国家自然科学基金青年项目(81702656);安徽省重点研究与开发计划项目(201904b11020032);安徽医科大学基础与临床合作研究提升计划(2020xkjT040);安徽医科大学第二附属医院临床研究培育计划项目(2020LCZD20)

National Natural Science Foundation of China (81702656); Key Research and Development Project of Anhui Province (201904b11020032); Basic and Clinical Cooperative Research Promotion Plan of Anhui Medical University (2020xkjT040); Clinical Research Cultivation Program of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University (2020LCZD20)

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Articles from Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery are provided here courtesy of Sichuan University

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