Abstract
Objectives
We aimed to explore whether body mass index (BMI) and albumin were associated with overall survival (OS) in individuals who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) for cancer.
Methods
Three-hundred twenty-nine consecutive patients who underwent PD for cancer were enrolled from January 2020 to December 2020. All clinicopathological information was extracted based on medical records. The survival follow-ups were regularly performed and ended on June 30, 2021. The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and univariate and multivariate Cox proportional-hazards models were used to assess the association of BMI and albumin with OS.
Results
Of the 329 patients, 186 (56.5%) were male, and median age at admission was 65.0 (56.0–71.0) years. There were 258 patients (78.4%) with BMI < 25.0 kg/m2 and 89 patients (27.05%) with albumin < 35.0 g/L respectively. In overall cohort, BMI < 25.0 kg/m2 was associated with OS (adjusted HR = 3.516, 95% CI = 1.076–11.492, P = 0.037). In contrast, albumin < 35.0 g/L did not affect OS. Subgroup analysis showed, in patients with pancreas lesion, BMI < 25.0 kg/m2 had a higher risk for OS compared to BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m2 (adjusted HR = 3.209, 95% CI = 0.985–10.451, P = 0.048), while albumin < 35.0 g/L was not linked to OS. In patients with lesion in ampulla of Vater, duodenum, or common bile duct, there was no significant association of BMI and albumin with OS.
Conclusions
BMI, rather than serum albumin, was associated with OS in patients who underwent PD for cancer.
Supplementary Information
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12957-022-02678-z.
Keywords: Albumin, Body mass index, Pancreaticoduodenectomy, Pancreatic cancer, Periampullary carcinoma, Survival
Introduction
Since the middle of twentieth century, pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) has been considered as a primary treatment strategy for lesion regions located in the head of pancreas and periampullary [1]. Recently, advances in surgical techniques combined with evidence-based perioperative management have improved the safety and reliability of PD procedure, but long-term overall survival (OS) remains unacceptably considerable because of the complexity of surgical procedure and the characteristic of lesion [2, 3]. A large sample study reported that 1-, 3-, 5-, and 10-year mortality rates were 15%, 65%, 85%, and 93%, respectively [3], and even these value may be higher in some Pancreas Center. Identifying the predictors of mortality after PD and assigning corresponding measures can help improve long-term survival outcomes.
Malnutrition occurs frequently in patients before pancreatic surgery, and its prevalence fluctuates from 36 to 88% according to different diagnostic criteria [4]. As an intervenable factor, nutritional status has been used to explore the effects on postoperative short-term and long-term outcomes in patients who underwent major oncologic surgery [5–16]. Despite validated nutritional assessment tools are various (such as weight loss [17], muscle mass [18], Mini Nutrition Assessment (MNA) scores [19], and subjective global assessment (SGA) scores [20]), body mass index (BMI) [21] and albumin [22] are still the most widely utilized due to their easy availability. Although there were several studies investigating the association of BMI and albumin with OS in patients after PD, their findings were under debate and could not represent the characteristic of Chinese population [23–26]. There were two studies investigating the relationships between BMI and OS in patients undergoing PD [23, 24]. A study in USA found that, compared with normal weight patients (BMI < 25 kg/m2), obese patients (BMI > 30 kg/m2) who underwent PD for pancreatic cancer had an improved long-term survival independent of known clinicopathologic factors [23]. However, the authors excluded underweight patients (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2) from normal weight cohort, which limits statistical power because BMI < 18.5 kg/m2 are considered to be a known risk factor for OS in patients who followed major oncologic intra-abdominal surgery [27]. The other study by Chang et al. showed that obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m2) increased risks of postoperative 30-day mortality in patients after PD [24]. However, that study lacked long-term follow-up data. The following two studies explore whether albumin is a prognostic factor of OS in patients undergoing PD [25, 26]. A study by Şeren et al. presented that albumin levels < 25 g/L were an independent risk for OS in periampullary cancer patients who underwent PD [26]. However, they only enrolled 89 participants. The other large sample study demonstrated preoperative albumin < 35 g/L increased risks of mortality in patients undergoing PD [25]. However, that study only enrolled patients with resectable pancreatic tumor anatomy but marginal performance status or reversible comorbidities. As a result, whether preoperative BMI or serum albumin considered as long-term prognostic factors for OS in individuals receiving PD for cancer remains unclear.
Therefore, this large-sample retrospective survey was conducted to collect clinicopathological information and 18-month follow-up data of patients who underwent PD due to malignant lesions in the pancreas, ampulla of Vater, duodenum, or common bile duct, which aimed to address whether preoperative BMI and serum albumin were prognostic factors of long-term OS in patients undergoing PD.
Methods
Study design
From January 2020 to December 2020, a consecutive series of 453 patients who underwent elective PD in Pancreas Center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing, China) were evaluated. Patients were included in this study if they meet the following criteria: (1) aged 18 years and older and (2) pathologically diagnosed as malignant tumor. Exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) patients who had performed other abdominal surgery, (2) patients with liver disease, (3) patients who had missing data of preoperative BMI or albumin, and (4) patients with more than grade 3 of the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification. This study was performed based on the ethical standards of the Helsinki Declaration. Due to the retrospective nature of this study, participants’ informed consent was waived.
Surgical procedures
When performing the PD surgery, it was determined whether to resect the pylorus according to the indication. If the tumor invaded the pylorus or duodenum, the pylorus-resecting PD was conducted, or else, the pylorus-preserving PD was performed. An extended removal was taken into consideration to reach negative margin if the tumors were growth in tissues beyond the standard resection range, involving in portal vein or superior mesenteric vein, transverse mesenteric vessels, whole stomach, and segmental colon. Reconstruction of the digestive tract was carried out by cholangiojejunostomy, pancreaticojejunostomy, and gastrojejunostomy.
Data collection
All data were extracted based on clinical electronic medical record. Following preoperative clinical data, age, gender, BMI, history of smoking and alcohol drinking, coexisting diseases (i.e., diabetes, hypertension, and coronary heart disease), and ASA score were collected. Laboratory parameters involving in serum albumin levels, alanine transaminase (ALT), C-reactive protein (CRP), total bilirubin, carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA-199), and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were measured within 3 days before surgery. Intraoperative data containing operative lasting time, estimated blood loss, the presence of blood transfusion, type of procedures, pathological information, and lesion location were collected. Postoperative data were collected as follows: surgery-related complications, hospital length of stay, postoperative stay length, reoperation, and 90-day readmission. All individuals were followed up until June 30, 2021.
Definition of parameters
BMI was calculated by the weight in kilograms divided by the height in meters squared. All of patients were divided into group 1 and group 2 according to whether BMI < 25 kg/m2 or BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 [28]. And participants were divided into two groups (group I and group II) based on whether the serum albumin levels were lower than 35 g/L [29]. OS was defined as any death from surgery to the end of follow-up. Postoperative complications were graded based on the Clavien–Dindo classification [30]. Major complications were determined by a grade of Clavien–Dindo classification exceeding 2 [31]. Hemorrhage [32], pancreatic fistula (PF) [33], and delayed gastric emptying (DGE) [34] were diagnosed based on the International Study Group of Pancreatic Surgery (ISGPS). Biliary leakage was defined as the following criteria: bile fluid in the abdominal drainage or radiographically confirmed effusion requiring percutaneous drainage and showing elevated bilirubin levels [35]. A diagnosis of chyle leakage was considered if meeting the following criteria: milk-like fluid was drawn from the drainage tube or wound with the triacylglycerol concentration exceeding 110 mg/dL after postoperative 3 days [36]. The diagnosis of intra-abdominal infection was based on confirmed intra-abdominal fluid by ultrasound or computed tomography, while in patients with additional persistent fever and white blood cell elevation, signs of infection by radiological examination or positive bacteria culture from collected fluid [37].
Statistical analysis
Categorical variables were presented as number and proportion, and their differences between groups were analyzed using the method of person chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test. Depending on whether they showed normal distribution or not, continuous variable were described as mean with standard deviation or median with interquartile range, and differences between groups were analyzed by independent t-test or Mann-Whitney U-test. Cumulative OS were calculated through the Kaplan–Meier method, and differences between curves were analyzed using the log-rank test. The effects of clinicopathological factors on OS were evaluated using the univariable Cox proportional-hazards model. Any variable where P < 0.1 in univariable analysis was regarded a candidate for multivariable analysis. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were provided. Statistical analyses were performed using the software package of IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows version 25.0 (SPSS Inc.). P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant (two-tailed test).
Results
Enrolled patients
In this study, 124 individuals were ineligible, including 15 with history of other abdominal operations (such as colectomy or gastrectomy), 7 with comorbidity of liver disease, 2 with missing data of BMI or preoperative albumin, 96 with benign lesions, and 4 with exceeding grade 3 of the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification. Finally, a total of 329 participants undergoing PD were enrolled in this retrospectively cohort study.
Patient characteristics
The baseline characteristics of participants were presented in Table 1. Among 329 patients, 56.5% of them were male, and median age at admission was 65.0 (56.0–71.0) years. Of the 329 participants, 258 patients (78.4%) were with BMI < 25.0 kg/m2, and 89 patients (27.05%) were with serum albumin < 35.0 g/L. There were no significant differences in age, sex, smoking history, alcohol history, ASA class, the presence of diabetes, the presence of hypertension, the presence of coronary heart disease, cancer stage, lesion location, HbA1c, ALT, CRP, CEA, CA-199, total albumin, and total bilirubin between two groups of patients with BMI < 25.0 kg/m2 and BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m2. Patients with albumin < 35.0 g/L had significantly higher age, CRP, CA-199, and total bilirubin than those with albumin ≥ 35.0 g/L. Also, proportion of ASA class, cancer stage, and lesion location was observed significantly in differences between two groups of patients with albumin < 35.0 g/L and albumin ≥ 35.0 g/L. But significant differences were not observed in age, smoking history, alcohol history, the presence of diabetes, HbA1c, the presence of hypertension, the presence of coronary heart disease, ALT, CEA, and BMI between patients with albumin < 35.0 g/L and albumin ≥ 35.0 g/L.
Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants (n = 329)
| Variables | Total (n = 329) | Group 1 (n = 258) | Group 2 (n = 71) | P-value | Group I (n = 89) | Group II (n = 240) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 65.0 (56.0–71.0) | 65.0 (57.0–71.0) | 64.0 (54.0–69.0) | 0.131 | 69.0 (61.5–75.5) | 64.0 (56.0–69.0) | 0.000 |
| Sex (n/%) | 0.297 | 0.356 | |||||
| Male | 186 (56.5) | 142 (55.0) | 44 (62.0) | 54 (60.7) | 132 (55.0) | ||
| Female | 143 (43.5) | 116 (45.0) | 27 (38.0) | 35 (39.3) | 108 (45.0) | ||
| Smoking history (n/%) | 63 (19.1) | 52 (20.2) | 11 (15.5) | 0.377 | 15 (16.9) | 48 (20.0) | 0.519 |
| Alcohol history (n/%) | 40 (12.2) | 33 (12.8) | 7 (9.9) | 0.503 | 31 (12.9) | 9 (10.1) | 0.489 |
| ASA class (n/%) | 0.219 | 0.000 | |||||
| I | 9 (2.7) | 5 (1.9) | 4 (5.6) | 1 (1.1) | 8 (3.3) | ||
| II | 259 (78.7) | 206 (79.8) | 53 (74.6) | 58 (65.2) | 201 (83.8) | ||
| III | 61 (18.5) | 3 (18.2) | 14 (19.7) | 30 (33.7) | 31 (12.9) | ||
| Diabetes (n/%) | 75 (22.8) | 55 (21.3) | 20 (28.2) | 0.223 | 24 (27.0) | 51 (21.3) | 0.272 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.8 (5.3–6.7) | 5.7 (5.3–6.5) | 6.2 (5.4–6.8) | 0.106 | 5.8 (5.2–7.8) | 5.8 (5.3–6.6) | 0.618 |
| Hypertension (n/%) | 115 (35.0) | 87 (33.7) | 28 (39.4) | 0.371 | 31 (34.8) | 84 (35.0) | 0.977 |
| CHD (n/%) | 8 (2.4) | 4 (1.6) | 4 (5.6) | 0.070 | 2 (2.2) | 6 (2.5) | 1.000 |
| ALT (U/L) | 107.8 (31.0–243.6) | 108.3 (28.4–253.5) | 107.3 (38.4–233.2) | 0.723 | 110.5 (48.6–172.0) | 105.2 (22.0–275.6) | 0.833 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 5.8 (2.8–13.8) | 5.7 (2.8–12.9) | 6.8 (2.9–15.3) | 0.574 | 8.4 (5.5–26.1) | 4.8 (2.4–11.8) | 0.000 |
| CEA (ng/ml) | 3.2 (2.2–4.8) | 3.3 (2.2–5.1) | 3.1 (2.1–4.5) | 0.313 | 3.4 (2.5–5.1) | 3.2 (2.1–4.7) | 0.279 |
| CA-199 (U/ml) | 115.6 (35.3–367.0) | 122.1 (34.7–423.4) | 100.5 (39.7–321.4) | 0.601 | 168.9 (42.9–718.5) | 108.6 (31.7–218.3) | 0.022 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.8 (20.8–24.8) | 22.0 (20.3–23.4) | 26.4 (25.6–27.3) | 0.000 | 22.5 (20.5–24.4) | 22.9 (21.0–24.8) | 0.517 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 37.4 (34.5–40.5) | 37.4 (34.4–40.2) | 38.8 (34.5–41.3) | 0.205 | 33.1 (30.7–33.9) | 39.3 (37.0–41.8) | 0.000 |
| TB (mmol/L) | 81.5 (15.0–200.7) | 81.7 (14.8–200.1) | 77.7 (16.3–201.9) | 0.454 | 153.8 (58.9–288.5) | 37.4 (12.8–165.1) | 0.000 |
| Cancer stage (n/%) | 0.141 | 0.009 | |||||
| I | 118 (35.9) | 96 (37.2) | 22 (31.0) | 43 (48.3) | 75 (31.3) | ||
| II | 161 (48.9) | 128 (49.6) | 33 (46.5) | 32 (36.0) | 129 (53.8) | ||
| III | 50 (15.2) | 34 (13.2) | 16 (22.5) | 14 (15.7) | 36 (15.0) | ||
| Location (n/%) | 0.076 | 0.009 | |||||
| Pancreas | 229 (69.6) | 181 (70.2) | 48 (67.6) | 50 (56.2) | 179 (74.6) | ||
| Ampulla of Vater | 27 (8.2) | 22 (8.5) | 5 (7.0) | 12 (13.5) | 15 (6.3) | ||
| Duodenum | 34 (10.3) | 30 (11.6) | 4 (5.6) | 14 (15.7) | 20 (8.3) | ||
| Common bile duct | 39 (11.9) | 25 (9.7) | 14 (19.7) | 13 (14.6) | 26 (10.8) | ||
Group 1, BMI < 25 kg/m2; group 2, BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2; group I, serum albumin < 35 g/L; group II, serum albumin ≥ 35 g/L
ALT alanine transaminase, ASA American Society of Anesthesiologists, BMI body mass index, CA-199 carbohydrate antigen 19-9, CEA carcinoembryonic antigen, CHD coronary heart disease, CRP C-reactive protein, TB total bilirubin
Surgical outcomes
Table 2 showed the surgical outcomes of 329 eligible individuals. The median (interquartile range) of operative time, hospital stay, and postoperative length of stay was 255.0 (210.0–307.8) min, 19.0 (15.0–27.0) days, and 14.0 (10.0–21.0) days, respectively. There were 131 patients (39.8%) with major complications, 52 patients (15.8%) with DGE, 61 patients (18.5%) with PF, 7 patients (2.1%) with biliary leakage, 6 patients (1.8%) with chyle leakage, 16 patients (4.9%) with hemorrhage, 13 patients (4.0%) with wound infection, 41 patients (12.5%) with abdominal infection, 18 patients (5.5%) with readmission within 90 days, and 7 patients (2.1%) with reoperation, respectively. Between two groups of patients with BMI < 25.0 kg/m2 and BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m2, no significant differences were observed in operation time, hospital length of days, postoperative hospital length of days, the presence of major complication, DGE, biliary leakage, chyle leakage, hemorrhage, wound infection, abdominal infection, 90-day readmission, and reoperation, while patients with BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m2 had lower risks of PF compared to those with BMI < 25.0 kg/m2 (26.8% vs. 16.3%, P = 0.044). Between two groups of patients with albumin < 35.0 g/L and albumin ≥ 35.0 g/L, there were no significant differences in operation time, hospital length of days, postoperative hospital length of days, the presence of major complication, DGE, PF, biliary leakage, chyle leakage, wound infection, abdominal infection, 90-day readmission, and reoperation, while patients with albumin < 35.0 g/L had higher risks of hemorrhage than those with albumin ≥ 35.0 g/L (9.0% vs. 3.3%, P = 0.034).
Table 2.
Surgical outcomes of study participants (n = 329)
| Variables | Total (n = 329) | Group 1 (n = 258) | Group 2 (n = 71) | P-value | Group I (n = 89) | Group II (n = 240) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Operation type (n/%) | 0.933 | 0.753 | |||||
| Open | 302 (91.8) | 237 (91.9) | 65 (91.5) | 81 (91.0) | 221 (92.1) | ||
| Laparoscopy | 27 (8.2) | 21 (8.1) | 6 (8.5) | 8 (9.0) | 19 (7.9) | ||
| Surgical type (n/%) | 0.935 | 0.076 | |||||
| PD | 196 (59.6) | 154 (59.7) | 42 (59.2) | 46 (51.7) | 150 (62.5) | ||
| PPPD | 133 (40.4) | 104 (40.3) | 29 (40.8) | 43 (48.3) | 90 (37.5) | ||
| Operation time (min) | 255.0 (210.0–307.8) | 245.0 (207.0–305.5) | 270.0 (240.0–316.0) | 0.028 | 245.0 (212.5–305.0) | 255.0 (210.0–308.0) | 0.686 |
| Estimated blood loss (ml) | 200.0 (200.0–400.0) | 200.0 (200.0–400.0) | 200.0 (150.0–400.0) | 0.667 | 200.0 (162.5–300.0) | 200.0 (200.0–400.0) | 0.118 |
| Transfusion (n/%) | 68 (21.4) | 53 (21.1) | 15 (22.4) | 0.821 | 19 (22.1) | 49 (21.1) | 0.851 |
| Hospital LOS (days) | 19.0 (15.0–27.0) | 18.3 (14.0–27.0) | 20.0 (15.5–29.0) | 0.197 | 20.0 (15.0–28.0) | 19.0 (14.3–27.0) | 0.622 |
| Postoperative LOS (days) | 14.0 (10.0–21.0) | 13.5 (10.0–20.3) | 14.0 (11.0–25.0) | 0.206 | 14.0 (10.0–21.0) | 14.0 (10.0–21.0) | 0.983 |
| Major complication (n/%) | 131 (39.8) | 100 (38.8) | 31 (43.7) | 0.455 | 41 (46.1) | 90 (37.5) | 0.158 |
| DGE (n/%) | 52 (15.8) | 41 (15.9) | 11 (15.5) | 0.935 | 16 (18.0) | 36 (15.0) | 0.511 |
| Pancreatic fistula (n/%) | 61 (18.5) | 42 (16.3) | 19 (26.8) | 0.044 | 16 (18.0) | 45 (18.8) | 0.873 |
| Biliary leakage (n/%) | 7 (2.1) | 5 (1.9) | 2 (2.8) | 0.647 | 8 (3.3) | 8 (3.3) | 8(3.3) |
| Chyle leakage (n/%) | 6 (1.8) | 5 (1.9) | 1 (1.4) | 1.000 | 1 (1.1) | 5 (2.1) | 1.000 |
| Hemorrhage (n/%) | 16 (4.9) | 12 (4.7) | 4 (5.6) | 0.756 | 8 (9.0) | 8 (3.3) | 0.034 |
| Wound infection (n/%) | 13 (4.0) | 12 (4.7) | 1 (1.4) | 0.313 | 4 (4.5) | 9 (3.8) | 0.754 |
| Abdominal infection (n/%) | 41 (12.5) | 31 (12.0) | 10 (14.1) | 0.640 | 11 (12.4) | 30 (12.5) | 0.973 |
| 90-day readmission (n/%) | 18 (5.5) | 13 (5.0) | 5 (7.1) | 0.553 | 7 (7.9) | 11 (4.6) | 0.277 |
| Reoperation (n/%) | 7 (2.1) | 7 (2.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0.353 | 3 (3.4) | 4 (1.7) | 0.393 |
Group 1, BMI < 25 kg/m2; group 2 ≥ 25 kg/m2; group I, serum albumin < 35 g/L; group II, serum albumin ≥ 35 g/L
DGE delayed gastric emptying, LOS length of stay, PD pancreaticoduodenectomy, PPPD pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy
Survival analysis of all cohorts
In overall cohort, univariate analysis showed that BMI < 25.0 kg/m2 was significantly linked to OS (Fig. 1a), while albumin < 35.0 g/L was not (Fig. 1b). Further multivariate analysis presented that BMI < 25.0 kg/m2 (HR = 3.516, 95% CI = 1.076–11.492, P = 0.037) remained independent prognostic factors after adjusting age, CRP, cancer stage, and lesion locations (Table 3).
Fig. 1.
a Kaplan-Meier survival curves for overall cohort according to BMI (< 25.0 kg/m2 vs. ≥ 25.0 kg/m2). (Note: Group 1, BMI < 25 kg/m2; group 2, ≥ 25 kg/m2). b Kaplan-Meier survival curves for overall cohort according to albumin (< 35.0 g/L vs. ≥ 35.0 g/L). (Note: Group I, serum albumin < 35 g/L; group II, serum albumin ≥ 35 g/L)
Table 3.
Univariate and multivariate analysis of factors associated with overall survival (n = 329)
| Variables | Unadjusted HR (95% CI) | P-value | Adjusted HR (95% CI) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (≥ 65 years) (n/%) | 2.610 (1.407–4.841) | 0.002 | 2.452 (1.294–4.647) | 0.006 |
| Male (n/%) | 1.074 (0.613–1.884) | 0.802 | ||
| Smoking history (n/%) | 0.731 (0.343–1.559) | 0.418 | ||
| Drinking history (n/%) | 0.408 (0.127–1.312) | 0.132 | ||
| Diabetes (n/%) | 1.086 (0.568–2.079) | 0.803 | ||
| Hypertension (n/%) | 1.050 (0.589–1.871) | 0.868 | ||
| CHD (n/%) | 0.048 (0.000–240.451) | 0.485 | ||
| ASA class (II) | 1.409 (0.193–10.280) | 0.735 | ||
| ASA class (III) | 2.337 (0.306–17.872) | 0.414 | ||
| BMI < 25.0 kg/m2 | 3.533 (1.271–9.816) | 0.015 | 3.516 (1.076–11.492) | 0.037 |
| CA-199 (U/ml) | 1.000 (1.000–1.001) | 0.202 | ||
| CEA (ng/ml) | 0.965 (0.900–1.034) | 0.309 | ||
| CRP (mg/L) | 1.009 (1.000–1.018) | 0.063 | 1.001 (1.002–1.020) | 0.012 |
| HbA1c (%) | 0.911 (0.713–1.165) | 0.458 | ||
| ALT (U/L) | 1.000 (0.999–1.002) | 0.822 | ||
| TB (μmol/L) | 1.000 (0.999–1.001) | 0.599 | ||
| Albumin < 35 g/L | 0.864 (0.472–1.584) | 0.637 | ||
| Surgical type (n/%) | ||||
| PD (n/%) | 1.135 (0.641–2.009) | 0.664 | ||
| Open operation (n/%) | 1.133 (0.407–3.150) | 0.811 | ||
| Estimated blood loss (ml) | 1.000 (0.999–1.001) | 0.571 | ||
| Transfusion (n/%) | 1.630 (0.899–2.958) | 0.108 | ||
| Cancer stage (n/%) | 0.029 | 0.297 | ||
| Cancer stage (I) | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| Cancer stage (II) | 2.618 (1.287–5.328) | 0.008 | 1.852 (0.848–4.044) | 0.122 |
| Cancer stage (III) | 2.110 (0.832–5.351) | 0.116 | 1.493 (0.510–4.368) | 0.464 |
| Location (n/%) | 0.020 | 0.075 | ||
| Pancreas | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| Ampulla of Vater | 0.182 (0.025–1.318) | 0.092 | 0.229 (0.031–1.697) | 0.149 |
| Duodenum | 0.371 (0.115–1.200) | 0.098 | 0.328 (0.075–1.448) | 0.141 |
| Common bile duct | 0.109 (0.015–0.788) | 0.028 | 0.145 (0.019–1.102) | 0.062 |
ALT alanine transaminase, ASA American Society of Anesthesiologists, BMI body mass index, CA-199 carbohydrate antigen 19-9, CEA carcinoembryonic antigen, CHD coronary heart disease, CI confidence interval, CRP C-reactive protein, HR hazard ratios, PD pancreaticoduodenectomy, TB total bilirubin
Subgroup analysis
Given lesions located in different location may have their own prognostic factors and characteristic, we conducted an additional subgroup analysis according to different lesion location. As shown in Fig. S1a and b, in patients with pancreas cancer, BMI < 25.0 kg/m2 was significantly associated with OS (P = 0.025), while albumin < 35.0 g/L was not (P = 0.086). As depicted in Table S1, multivariable analysis further showed that BMI < 25.0 kg/m2 was an independent risk for OS with adjusted HR of 3.209 (95% CI = 0.985–10.451, P = 0.048). Additionally, there were no significant association of BMI and albumin with OS in patients with lesion in ampulla of Vater (P = 0.634; P = 0.371) (Fig. S2a and b), lesion in duodenum (P = 0.448; P = 0.813) (Fig. S3a and b), and lesion in common bile duct (P = 0.433; P = 0.433) (Fig. S4a and b).
Discussion
This prospective cohort study was designed to explore whether preoperative BMI and serum albumin levels affected OS in patients undergoing PD for pancreatic cancer or periampullary cancer. We mainly demonstrate that preoperative BMI < 25.0 kg/m2 of patients undergoing PD had a decreased long-term OS independent of known clinicopathologic factors (adjusted HR = 3.516, 95% CI = 1.076–11.492, P = 0.037); however, preoperative albumin < 35 g/L was not identified the effects on long-term OS (HR = 0.864, 95% CI = 0.472–1.584, P = 0.637). We further performed subgroup analysis, and findings showed, in patients with pancreas lesion, BMI < 25.0 kg/m2 had significantly higher risks for OS compared to BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m2 (adjusted HR = 3.209, 95% CI = 0.985–10.451, P = 0.048), while preoperative albumin < 35.0 g/L was not linked to OS (adjusted HR = 0.911, 95% CI = 0.450–1.844, P = 0.795). In patients with lesion in ampulla of Vater, duodenum, or common bile duct, there was no significant association of both BMI and albumin with OS.
The impact of BMI on OS in patients undergoing PD for pancreatic cancer has been controversial. On the one hand, a large sample study using a national clinical database found that obese patients (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) undergoing PD for pancreatic cancer had higher risks of postoperative 30-day mortality compared to control (BMI < 30 kg/m2) [24]. However, the authors presented that only 13% of the total number of obese patients were treated and thus had limited statistical power because of this constraint; some statistical analyses and inferences may be constrained. Additionally, in that study, the lack of long-term follow-up data led to an unknown impact of BMI on long-term OS. On the other hand, in consistent with our findings, a study by Tsai et al. stratified 795 patients undergoing PD for pancreatic cancer to obese (BMI > 30 kg/m2), overweight (BMI 25 to 30 kg/m2), and normal weight (BMI < 25 kg/m2) and showed that compared with normal weight, overweight and obese significantly increased by 32% and 28% risks of 5-year cancer-specific mortality respectively [23]. Notably, the authors excluded cases that had BMI ≤ 18.5 kg/m2. And it more strongly demonstrates that BMI < 25 kg/m2 was associated with decreased long-term OS in patients who underwent PD for pancreas cancer. Higher BMI with decreased risks of mortality may be explained by that higher BMI represents more nutritional reserve and enhanced inflammatory response to protect organism from damage [27, 38]. Therefore, supplementing nutrition and reducing inflammation for BMI < 25 kg/m2 of pancreatic cancer patients who are preparing for PD surgery need to be taken into account.
Studies which revealed the effects of BMI on OS in patients with lesion located in ampulla of Vater, duodenum, or common bile duct were fewer. In current study, there were no significant correlation between BMI and long-term OS. However, only 27, 34, and 39 cases with lesion in ampulla of Vater, duodenum, or common bile duct respectively were included in the analysis, and thus, the results may not be robust.
Albumin level is an easily available objective parameter and is also often observed in clinical practice. However, its association with OS in patients who underwent PD for pancreatic cancer remains controversial. In our study, there were no significant differences of OS between patients with albumin < 35 g/L and albumin ≥ 35 g/L. Similarly, a past large sample study found less than 35 g/L of serum albumin level was significantly associated with increased 30-day mortality for “borderline resectable type C” patients (defined as age ≥ 80, poor performance status, weight loss > 10%, pulmonary disease, recent myocardial infarction/angina, stroke history, and/or preoperative sepsis) who underwent PD, while association was not observed after adjusting confounding factors [25]. Unlike these findings, Coppola A et al. suggested that serum albumin levels may indirectly affect survival by affecting the ability of CA-199 to predict lymph node involvement in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma [39]. The inconsistent results may be due to different study populations and serum albumin stratification criteria between the study by Coppola A et al. and ours. For example, the former included only patients with resectable pancreatic cancer with pathological stage less than 3, whereas our study included patients with pancreatic cancer who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy, including patients with pathological stage 3. In addition, this study used 35 g/L as the cutoff value for serum albumin stratification, whereas 32 g/L was used in the study by Coppola A et al.
Studies that explored the effects of serum albumin on OS in patients with lesion located in ampulla of Vater, duodenum, or common bile duct were also limited. We did not observe the serum albumin < 35 g/L was significantly linked to long-term OS in patients with lesion located in ampulla of Vater, duodenum, or common bile duct. On the contrary, a retrospective study which included 79 patients who underwent PD for periampullary cancer considered albumin < 25 g/L as a risk factor for OS [26]. However, in that study, only 9 of total number of patients had albumin levels < 25 g/L, which limited the statistical power [26]. Thus, issues involving in the relationships between preoperative albumin level and OS in patients who underwent PD for periampullary lesions need further studies to address.
There were some limitations to current study. Firstly, this study ended follow-up on June 30, 2021, resulting in less than 1 year of follow-up for patients that received PD surgery after July 2020. Thus, we did not evaluate the effects of BMI and serum albumin on longer-term OS in patients who underwent PD. Additionally, as this was a retrospective study, current analysis was restrained by the data at hand. The number of patients with lesion in ampulla of Vater, duodenum, or common bile duct was less than 40; thus, it was insufficient. Further expanding the sample size to improve statistical performance is necessary.
Conclusion
To sum up, firstly, BMI < 25.0 kg/m2, rather than albumin < 35 g/L, of patients undergoing PD had a decreased long-term OS independent of known clinicopathologic factors. Secondly, BMI < 25.0 kg/m2 of patients undergoing PD for lesion in pancreas but not ampulla of Vater, duodenum, or common bile duct was significantly linked to a reduced long-term OS. Thirdly, albumin < 35 g/L was not identified the effects on long-term OS in patients who underwent PD for lesions in pancreas, ampulla of Vater, duodenum, and common bile duct.
Supplementary Information
Additional file 1: Table S1. Univariate and multivariate analysis of factors associated with overall survival in patients undergoing PD for lesion in pancreas (n =229). Fig. S1. a. Kaplan-Meier survival curves for overall cohort in patients undergoing PD for lesion in pancreas according to BMI (<25.0 Kg/m2 VS. ≥25.0 Kg/m2) (Note: Group 1, BMI<25 Kg/m2; Group 2, ≥25 Kg/m2). b. Kaplan-Meier survival curves for overall cohort in patients undergoing PD for lesion in pancreas according to albumin (<35.0 g/L VS. ≥35.0 g/L) (Note: Group I, serum albumin <35 g/L; Group II, serum albumin ≥35 g/L). Fig. S2. a. Kaplan-Meier survival curves for overall cohort in patients undergoing PD for lesion in ampulla of Vater according to BMI (<25.0 Kg/m2 VS. ≥25.0 Kg/m2) (Note: Group 1, BMI<25 Kg/m2; Group 2, ≥25 Kg/m2). b. Kaplan-Meier survival curves for overall cohort in patients undergoing PD for lesion in ampulla of Vater according to albumin (<35.0 g/L VS. ≥35.0 g/L) (Note: Group I, serum albumin <35 g/L; Group II, serum albumin ≥35 g/L). Fig. S3. a. Kaplan-Meier survival curves for overall cohort in patients undergoing PD for lesion in duodenum according to BMI (<25.0 Kg/m2 VS. ≥25.0 Kg/m2) (Note: Group 1, BMI<25 Kg/m2; Group 2, ≥25 Kg/m2). b. Kaplan-Meier survival curves for overall cohort in patients undergoing PD for lesion in duodenum according to albumin (<35.0 g/L VS. ≥35.0 g/L) (Note: Group I, serum albumin <35 g/L; Group II, serum albumin ≥35 g/L). Fig. S4. a. Kaplan-Meier survival curves for overall cohort in patients undergoing PD for lesion in common bile duct according to BMI (<25.0 Kg/m2 VS. ≥25.0 Kg/m2) (Note: Group 1, BMI<25 Kg/m2; Group 2, ≥25 Kg/m2). b. Kaplan-Meier survival curves for overall cohort in patients undergoing PD for lesion in common bile duct according to albumin (<35.0 g/L VS. ≥35.0 g/L) (Note: Group I, serum albumin <35 g/L; Group II, serum albumin ≥35 g/L).
Acknowledgements
No applicable.
Code availability
The software application or custom code supports the published claims and complies with field standards.
Authors’ contributions
All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by LC, HY, and QS. The first draft of the manuscript was written by LC, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. The authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Funding
This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 81672449).
Availability of data and materials
All data and materials support the published claims and comply with field standards.
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This study was performed based on the ethical standards of the Helsinki Declaration.
Due to the retrospective nature of this study, participants’ informed consent was waived.
Consent for publication
All authors read and approved the final manuscript and gave consent for publication.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Footnotes
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Associated Data
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Supplementary Materials
Additional file 1: Table S1. Univariate and multivariate analysis of factors associated with overall survival in patients undergoing PD for lesion in pancreas (n =229). Fig. S1. a. Kaplan-Meier survival curves for overall cohort in patients undergoing PD for lesion in pancreas according to BMI (<25.0 Kg/m2 VS. ≥25.0 Kg/m2) (Note: Group 1, BMI<25 Kg/m2; Group 2, ≥25 Kg/m2). b. Kaplan-Meier survival curves for overall cohort in patients undergoing PD for lesion in pancreas according to albumin (<35.0 g/L VS. ≥35.0 g/L) (Note: Group I, serum albumin <35 g/L; Group II, serum albumin ≥35 g/L). Fig. S2. a. Kaplan-Meier survival curves for overall cohort in patients undergoing PD for lesion in ampulla of Vater according to BMI (<25.0 Kg/m2 VS. ≥25.0 Kg/m2) (Note: Group 1, BMI<25 Kg/m2; Group 2, ≥25 Kg/m2). b. Kaplan-Meier survival curves for overall cohort in patients undergoing PD for lesion in ampulla of Vater according to albumin (<35.0 g/L VS. ≥35.0 g/L) (Note: Group I, serum albumin <35 g/L; Group II, serum albumin ≥35 g/L). Fig. S3. a. Kaplan-Meier survival curves for overall cohort in patients undergoing PD for lesion in duodenum according to BMI (<25.0 Kg/m2 VS. ≥25.0 Kg/m2) (Note: Group 1, BMI<25 Kg/m2; Group 2, ≥25 Kg/m2). b. Kaplan-Meier survival curves for overall cohort in patients undergoing PD for lesion in duodenum according to albumin (<35.0 g/L VS. ≥35.0 g/L) (Note: Group I, serum albumin <35 g/L; Group II, serum albumin ≥35 g/L). Fig. S4. a. Kaplan-Meier survival curves for overall cohort in patients undergoing PD for lesion in common bile duct according to BMI (<25.0 Kg/m2 VS. ≥25.0 Kg/m2) (Note: Group 1, BMI<25 Kg/m2; Group 2, ≥25 Kg/m2). b. Kaplan-Meier survival curves for overall cohort in patients undergoing PD for lesion in common bile duct according to albumin (<35.0 g/L VS. ≥35.0 g/L) (Note: Group I, serum albumin <35 g/L; Group II, serum albumin ≥35 g/L).
Data Availability Statement
All data and materials support the published claims and comply with field standards.