Abstract
BACKGROUND
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors, including infliximab and adalimumab, are effective medical treatments for perianal fistulising Crohn’s disease (CD), but not all patients achieve fistula healing.
AIM
To determine the correlation between perianal fistula healing and closure with infliximab and adalimumab trough levels.
METHODS
In this multicentre retrospective study conducted across four tertiary inflammatory bowel disease centres in Australia, we identified CD patients with perianal fistulae on maintenance infliximab or adalimumab who had a trough level within twelve weeks of clinical assessment. Data collected included demographics, serum infliximab and adalimumab trough levels (mg/L) within 12 wk before or after their most recent clinical assessment and concomitant medical or surgical therapy. The primary outcome was fistula healing, defined as cessation in fistula drainage. The secondary outcome was fistula closure, defined as healing and closure of all external fistula openings. Differences between patients who did or did not achieve fistula healing were compared using the chi-square test, t test or Mann-Whitney U test.
RESULTS
One hundred and fourteen patients (66 infliximab, 48 adalimumab) were included. Forty-eight (72.7%) patients on maintenance infliximab achieved fistula healing and 18 (27.3%) achieved fistula closure. Thirty-seven (77%) patients on maintenance adalimumab achieved fistula healing and 17 (35.4%) achieved fistula closure. Patients who achieved fistula healing had significantly higher infliximab and adalimumab trough levels than patients who did not [infliximab: 6.4 (3.8-9.5) vs 3.0 (0.3-6.2) mg/L, P = 0.003; adalimumab: 9.2 (6.5-12.0) vs 5.4 (2.5-8.3) mg/L, P = 0.004]. For patients on infliximab, fistula healing was associated with lower rates of detectable anti-infliximab antibodies and younger age. For patients on adalimumab, fistula healing was associated with higher rates of combination therapy with an immunomodulator. Serum trough levels for patients with and without fistula closure were not significantly different for infliximab [6.9 (4.3-10.2) vs 5.5 (2.5-8.3) mg/L, P = 0.105] or adalimumab [10.0 (6.6-12.0) vs 7.8 (4.2-10.0) mg/L, P = 0.083].
CONCLUSION
Higher maintenance infliximab and adalimumab trough levels are associated with perianal fistula healing in CD.
Keywords: Crohn’s disease, Perianal disorders, Biologics, Inflammatory bowel disease
Core Tip: This multicentre retrospective study demonstrated a significant association between both infliximab and adalimumab trough levels with fistula healing, with higher levels associated with increased healing rates. Higher tertiles of both infliximab and adalimumab levels were associated with a higher proportion of patients achieving fistula healing. Fistula healing, defined as cessation of fistula drainage, is a clinically relevant endpoint that impacts on patient quality of life. Our results support dose-escalation of both infliximab and adalimumab in non-responders, targeting higher levels to achieve fistula healing prior to changing biologic therapy. Importantly, this study is the largest study to date assessing the relationship between adalimumab trough levels and clinical fistula healing.
INTRODUCTION
Perianal fistulising disease is a common manifestation occurring in up to 30% of patients with Crohn’s disease (CD). The development of abnormal tracts between the bowel and perineum can cause perianal drainage, pain, bleeding, abscess formation, sepsis and faecal incontinence[1,2]. Perianal CD is associated with significant morbidity and decreased quality of life, negatively impacting physical, emotional, sexual and social wellbeing[1-3] and is an independent predictor for decreased productivity in patients with CD[4,5]. Given that the incidence of perianal fistulising CD is highest in the third and fourth decades of life, this places significant burden on patients, society, the economy and the health care system[6].
Treatment for perianal fistulising CD requires a multidisciplinary approach involving medical management with immunosuppressants and antibiotics, as well as surgical management with sepsis control, seton insertion and sometimes diversion or resection. Anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) alpha agents, including infliximab[7,8] and adalimumab[9,10], are the most effective medical therapies available for inducing and maintaining remission of fistulas. Unfortunately, up to 60% of patients treated with maintenance infliximab lose response within one year[7,8]. Accumulating evidence suggests that this loss of response is partly due to subtherapeutic anti-TNF trough levels. Retrospective studies and post-hoc analyses of prospective data have identified that higher infliximab trough levels are associated with fistula healing and closure compared to what is observed for mucosal healing in luminal disease, with emerging data suggesting similar results for adalimumab[11-14]. Quantitative assays for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) permit individualisation of infliximab and adalimumab dosing[15,16], however there are very few studies on perianal fistulising CD and the optimal target levels for perianal fistulising CD remain unclear. Our study aims to assess the association between serum trough infliximab and adalimumab levels and perianal fistula healing and closure and identify optimal target levels.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study design and patient population
This was a multicentre retrospective cross-sectional study of patients with perianal fistulising CD at four tertiary inflammatory bowel disease centres across Australia between January 2014 and June 2020. All patients qualified for infliximab or adalimumab under the Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme criteria[17] which constitutes the following: (1) A confirmed diagnosis of CD using clinical, radiological, histological and/or endoscopic criteria; and (2) At least one active externally draining complex perianal fistula. We included patients on maintenance infliximab or adalimumab with a documented perianal examination who had a serum infliximab or adalimumab trough level collected within 12 wk before or after their most recent clinical assessment. Infliximab and adalimumab trough levels as well as antibodies to infliximab and adalimumab were measured using a drug sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Grifols Promonitor for adalimumab; LISA-Tracker and Grifols Promonitor for infliximab). Infliximab and adalimumab trough levels were measured both in a proactive manner and reactive manner in patients failing treatment across the study sites. Patients who had been changed from infliximab to adalimumab or vice versa and had relevant data were included in both the infliximab and adalimumab groups.
All patients had received standard infliximab or adalimumab induction dosing (infliximab 5 mg/kg intravenously at weeks 0, 2, and 6; adalimumab subcutaneously 160 mg at week 0, 80 mg at week 2) followed by maintenance therapy. The current dose of anti-TNF therapy was recorded and patients with or without dose-escalated maintenance therapy were included. Patients who had a diversion ostomy, rectovaginal fistula or no documented perianal examination were excluded.
Demographic data
Data was retrospectively collected from a clinical database that was updated prospectively during routine clinical practice. Patient demographics collected included age, gender, weight, body mass index, smoking status and CD phenotype classified according to the Montreal Classification[18]. The location of CD was identified as ileal, ileocolonic, colonic, upper gastrointestinal involvement or no luminal disease. The presence or absence of fistulising and stricturing disease was noted, in particular the presence of anal strictures. Biochemical markers of disease activity including C-reactive protein (CRP) and albumin were also recorded.
Current management
Prior history of surgical management of perianal disease or fistula was recorded and categorised as examination under anaesthesia and curettage, examination under anaesthesia and seton insertion or fistulotomy. The duration from the last surgical procedure to the follow up visit was recorded. Concomitant medical therapy at the time of follow up was assessed, including corticosteroid use, 5-aminosalicylates and immunomodulators. The doses of infliximab and adalimumab were recorded and stratified according to dose and interval between doses. For patients on dose-escalated anti-TNF therapy, the duration between last dose escalation and follow up was recorded.
Primary and secondary outcomes
The primary outcome was fistula healing, which was defined as cessation of fistula drainage, with or without a seton in situ[7]. The secondary outcome was fistula closure, which was defined as healing and closure of all external fistula openings[7].
Statistical analysis
Statistical review of this study was performed by a biostatistician from the Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research. Descriptive statistics were used to assess the baseline characteristics of both the infliximab and adalimumab cohorts. Categorical variables were expressed as percentages and compared using the chi-square test. Continuous variables were expressed using mean ± SD for normally distributed variables and median and interquartile range (IQR) for non-normally distributed variables. The means were compared using the t test for normally distributed variables and the mean ranks compared using the Mann-Whitney U test for non-normally distributed variables. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to assess the sensitivity and specificity of infliximab and adalimumab levels at different cut-off points for predicting fistula healing. All reported P values were 2-sided, with P < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Multivariate analysis using logistic regression with forwards selection was used to analyse variables that predicted fistula healing. Variables which were statistically significant in the univariate analysis were included in the multivariate analysis model. Ethics approval was obtained from the South Western Sydney Local Health District (Human Research Ethics Committee LNR/18/LPOOL/404; Local Project Number: HE18/261).
RESULTS
Out of 454 patients screened, 114 patients (66 infliximab, 48 adalimumab) on maintenance infliximab or adalimumab for perianal CD had a trough level collected within 12 wk of clinical assessment. Five patients had been changed from infliximab to adalimumab or vice versa and were included in both the infliximab and adalimumab groups. Seventy-five (66%) patients were on combination therapy (43 azathioprine, 16 6-mercaptopurine, 16 methotrexate). Nineteen patients (28.8%) on maintenance infliximab were on dose escalated infliximab therapy (5, 7.5, 10, 15 or 20 mg/kg every 6 or 8 wk). For these patients, the median duration between last infliximab dose adjustment and follow up was 60.0 wk (IQR = 44.5-81.0). Eleven (22.9%) patients on maintenance adalimumab were on dose escalated adalimumab therapy (40 mg weekly). For these patients, the median duration between last adalimumab dose adjustment and follow up was 39.0 wk (IQR = 24.0-86.0). Fifty-nine (89.3%) patients on infliximab had prior surgical management of their fistula, with a median duration of 93.0 wk (IQR = 45.5-284.5) between their last surgical procedure and their most recent follow up visit. Thirty-seven (77.1%) patients on adalimumab had prior surgical management of their fistula, with a median duration of 83.0 wk (IQR = 28.75-223.0) between their last surgical procedure and their most recent follow up visit. Patient demographics and disease characteristics of the population are summarised in Table 1.
Table 1.
Patient demographics and disease characteristics
|
|
Infliximab (n = 66)
|
Adalimumab (n = 48)
|
| Median age, yr (IQR) | 36.0 (28.8-43.3) | 34.5 (29.0-51.8) |
| A1, n (%) | 2 (3.0) | 7 (14.6) |
| A2, n (%) | 52 (78.8) | 26 (54.2) |
| A3, n (%) | 9 (13.6) | 13 (27.1) |
| Female gender, n (%) | 28 (42.4) | 14 (29.2) |
| Mean weight, kg (SD) | 80.9 (18.7) | 82.1 (21.4) |
| Mean BMI, kg/m2 (SD) | 28.1 (4.8) | 28.5 (5.5) |
| Median age at diagnosis of Crohn’s disease (IQR) | 26.0 (21.0-34.0) | 24.0 (19.0-41.3) |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 12 (18.2) | 5 (10.4) |
| Disease location | ||
| Ileal, n (%) | 16 (24.2) | 17 (35.4) |
| Colonic, n (%) | 26 (39.4) | 7 (14.6) |
| Ileocolonic, n (%) | 15 (22.7) | 18 (37.5) |
| No luminal disease, n (%) | 4 (6.1) | 2 (4.2) |
| Upper gastrointestinal involvement, n (%) | 4 (6.1) | 2 (4.2) |
| Stricturing, n (%) | 10 (15.2) | 11 (22.9) |
| Penetrating, n (%) | 7 (10.6) | 17 (35.4) |
| Median duration on anti-TNF agent, wk (IQR) | 144.0 (80.0-280.0) | 180.0 (107.3-309.8) |
| Anti-TNF dosing, n (%) | ||
| IFX, 5 mg/kg/8 wk | 47 | - |
| IFX, 7.5 mg/kg/8 wk | 1 | - |
| IFX, 10 mg/kg/8 wk | 12 | - |
| IFX, 15 mg/kg/8 wk | 1 | - |
| IFX, 20 mg/kg/8 wk | 1 | - |
| IFX, 5 mg/kg/6 wk | 3 | - |
| IFX, 10 mg/kg/6 wk | 1 | - |
| ADA, 40 mg fortnightly | - | 37 |
| ADA, 40 mg weekly | - | 11 |
| Concurrent steroids, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.1) |
| Concurrent aminosalicylates, n (%) | 4 (6.1) | 5 (10.4) |
| Combination with immunomodulator, n (%) | 46 (69.7) | 29 (60.4) |
| Methotrexate, n (%) | 8 (12.1) | 8 (16.7) |
| 6-mercaptopurine, n (%) | 9 (13.6) | 7 (14.6) |
| Azathioprine, n (%) | 29 (43.9) | 14 (29.2) |
| Concurrent allopurinol, n (%) | 10 (15.2) | 4 (8.3) |
| Mean albumin, g/L (SD) | 39.9 (4.9) | 40.2 (4.7) |
| Median CRP, mg/L (IQR) | 1.4 (0.7-5.5) | 2.3 (1.2-5.2) |
ADA: Adalimumab; BMI: Body mass index; CRP: C-reactive protein; IFX: Infliximab; IQR: Interquartile range; SD: Standard deviation; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor.
Association between fistula healing and closure with infliximab trough levels
Forty-eight (72.7%) patients on maintenance infliximab achieved fistula healing. Table 2 summarises the differences between patients on infliximab with and without fistula healing. Patients who achieved fistula healing had higher infliximab trough levels [6.4 (3.8-9.5) vs 3.0 (0.3-6.2) mg/L, P = 0.003], lower rates of detectable anti-infliximab antibodies (4.3% vs 33.3%, P = 0.004) and a younger age (33.0 vs 43.5 years old; P = 0.003) compared to patients who did not achieve fistula healing. The presence of detectable anti-infliximab antibodies was associated with lower infliximab trough levels (P = 0.02). The CRP and albumin levels were not significantly different between patients with and without fistula healing. The rates of combination therapy with an immunomodulator were not significantly different between patients who achieved fistula healing and those who did not (P = 0.522).
Table 2.
Differences between patients on infliximab with and without fistula healing
|
|
Patients with fistula healing (n = 48)
|
Patients without fistula healing (n = 18)
|
P
value
|
| Median age, yr (IQR) | 33.0 (28.0-38.0) | 43.5 (34.3-57.3) | 0.005 |
| Female gender, n (%) | 20 (41.7) | 8 (44.4) | 0.839 |
| Mean weight, kg (SD) | 82.2 (19.4) | 76.5 (15.7) | 0.378 |
| Mean BMI, kg/m2 (SD) | 28.5 (5.0) | 26.7 (3.8) | 0.318 |
| Median age at diagnosis of Crohn’s disease (IQR) | 26.0 (20.75-30.5) | 30.0 (24.0-43.0) | 0.121 |
| A1, n (%) | 1 (2.1) | 1 (5.6) | - |
| A2, n (%) | 41 (85.4) | 11 (61.1) | - |
| A3, n (%) | 4 (8.3) | 5 (27.8) | - |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 8 (16.7) | 4 (22.2) | 0.696 |
| Location | |||
| Ileal, n (%) | 14 (29.2) | 2 (11.1) | - |
| Colonic, n (%) | 19 (39.6) | 7 (38.9) | - |
| Ileocolonic, n (%) | 11 (22.9) | 4 (22.2) | - |
| No luminal disease, n (%) | 2 (4.2) | 2 (11.1) | - |
| Upper gastrointestinal involvement, n (%) | 3 (6.3) | 1 (5.6) | - |
| Stricturing, n (%) | 7 (14.6) | 3 (16.7) | 0.822 |
| Penetrating, n (%) | 5 (10.4) | 2 (11.1) | 0.927 |
| Median duration on anti-TNF agent, wk (IQR) | 153.0 (86.0-285.0) | 95.5 (40.25-322.75) | 0.387 |
| Dose escalated anti-TNF therapy, n (%) | 15 (31.3) | 4 (22.2) | - |
| Concurrent steroids, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (5.6) | - |
| Concurrent aminosalicylates, n (%) | 4 (8.3) | 1 (5.6) | 0.219 |
| Combination with immunomodulator, n (%) | 35 (72.9) | 11 (61.1) | 0.522 |
| Methotrexate, n (%) | 6 (12.5) | 2 (11.1) | 0.937 |
| 6-mercaptopurine, n (%) | 6 (12.5) | 3 (16.7) | 0.597 |
| Azathioprine, n (%) | 23 (47.9) | 6 (33.3) | 0.368 |
| Concurrent allopurinol, n (%) | 9 (18.8) | 1 (5.6) | 0.197 |
| Mean albumin, g/L (SD) | 40.3 (4.7) | 40.7 (4.6) | 0.590 |
| Median CRP, mg/L (IQR) | 2.1 (1.0-4.5) | 5.5 (1.1-8.7) | 0.094 |
| Median trough level, mg/L (IQR) | 6.4 (3.8-9.5) | 3.0 (0.3-6.2) | 0.003 |
| Detectable antibody, n (%) | 3 (4.3) | 6 (33.3) | 0.004 |
ADA: Adalimumab; BMI: Body mass index; CRP: C-reactive protein; IFX: Infliximab; IQR: Interquartile range; SD: Standard deviation; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor.
ROC curve analysis identified a positive correlation between infliximab trough levels and healing [area under the curve (AUC) = 0.74, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.60-0.88, P = 0.003; Figure 1A] with an infliximab trough level of 6.10 mg/L that maximised the sensitivity and specificity of predicting fistula healing [sensitivity 58%, specificity 78%, odds ratio (OR) = 4.9, P = 0.013]. Upon tertile analysis, higher tertiles of infliximab levels were associated with a higher proportion of patients achieving fistula healing with 54.5% healing rate for tertile 1 compared to 90.1% for tertile 3 (Figure 2A; P = 0.026). Out of the patients who achieved fistula healing on infliximab, 90% and 95% of the patients who achieved fistula healing were healed with an infliximab trough level of 12.7 and 14.4 mg/L respectively. Given that a drug-sensitive infliximab assay was used where anti-infliximab antibody titres were only performed if infliximab concentrations were < 2.0 mg/L, anti-infliximab antibodies were not included in the multivariate analysis. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, age was associated with healing (P = 0.026) but adequate infliximab levels ≥ 6.10 mg/L were not (P = 0.097). Within our cohort, 18 (27.3%) of patients on infliximab achieved fistula closure. The infliximab trough level for patients with and without fistula closure was not significantly different [6.9 (4.3-10.2) vs 5.5 (2.5-8.3) mg/L, P = 0.105].
Figure 1.
Correlation between serum trough level of infliximab, adalimumab and fistula healing. A: Infliximab; B: Adalimumab.
Figure 2.
Tertile analysis of infliximab and adalimumab trough levels for patients with fistula healing and fistula closure. A: Infliximab; B: Adalimumab.
Association between fistula healing and closure with adalimumab trough levels
Thirty-seven (77%) patients on maintenance adalimumab achieved fistula healing. Table 3 summarises the differences in patients on adalimumab with and without fistula healing. Patients who achieved fistula healing had higher adalimumab trough levels compared to those who did not [9.2 (6.5-12.0) vs 5.4 (2.5-8.3) mg/L, P = 0.004]. Patients who achieved fistula healing had higher rates of combination therapy with an immunomodulator than those who did not (P = 0.048). The CRP and albumin levels were not significantly different in patients with and without fistula healing. ROC curve analysis identified a positive correlation between adalimumab trough levels and healing (AUC = 0.79, 95%CI: 0.66-0.93, P = 0.004) with an adalimumab trough level of 7.05 mg/L that maximised the sensitivity and specificity of infliximab levels in predicting fistula healing (sensitivity 70%; specificity 73%; OR = 6.3; P = 0.016; Figure 1B). Upon tertile analysis, higher tertiles of adalimumab levels were associated with a higher proportion of patients achieving fistula healing, with 62.5% healing rate for tertile 1 compared to 100% for tertile 3 (Figure 2B; P = 0.034). Out of the patients who achieved fistula healing on adalimumab, 90% and 95% of the patients who achieved fistula healing were healed with an adalimumab trough level of 12.0 and 18.0 mg/L respectively. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, adequate adalimumab trough levels ≥ 7.05 mg/L (P = 0.008) and concurrent immunomodulator therapy (P = 0.026) both remained associated with healing. Within our cohort, 17 (35.4%) of patients on adalimumab achieved fistula closure. The adalimumab trough level for patients with and without fistula closure was not significantly different [10.0 (6.6-12.0) vs 7.8 (4.2-10.0) mg/L, P = 0.083].
Table 3.
Differences in patients on adalimumab with and without fistula healing
|
|
Patients with fistula healing (n = 37)
|
Patients without fistula healing (n = 11)
|
P
value
|
| Median age, yr (IQR) | 33.0 (28.5-52.0) | 44.9 (33.0-52.0) | 0.254 |
| Female gender, n (%) | 10 (27.0) | 4 (36.4) | 0.550 |
| Mean weight, kg (SD) | 82.5 (22.3) | 79.7 (16.7) | 0.812 |
| Mean BMI, kg/m2 (SD) | 29.2 (5.9) | 25.5 (2.7) | 0.241 |
| Median age at diagnosis of Crohn’s disease (IQR) | 24.0 (18.0-42.0) | 30.0 (19.0-41.0) | 0.570 |
| A1, n (%) | 6 (16.2) | 1 (9.1) | - |
| A2, n (%) | 19 (51.4) | 7 (63.6) | - |
| A3, n (%) | 10 (27.0) | 3 (27.3) | - |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 5 (13.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0.198 |
| Location | |||
| Ileal, n (%) | 12 (32.4) | 5 (45.5) | - |
| Colonic, n (%) | 5 (13.5) | 2 (18.2) | - |
| Ileocolonic, n (%) | 15 (40.5) | 3 (27.3) | - |
| No luminal disease, n (%) | 2 (5.4) | 0 (0.0) | - |
| Upper gastrointestinal involvement, n (%) | 2 (5.4) | 1 (9.1) | - |
| Stricturing, n (%) | 9 (24.3) | 2 (18.2) | 0.644 |
| Penetrating, n (%) | 14 (37.8) | 3 (27.3) | 0.481 |
| Median duration on anti-TNF agent, wk (IQR) | 194.5 (124.3-311.3) | 122.5 (79.8-319.3) | 0.318 |
| Dose escalated anti-TNF therapy, n (%) | 10 (27.0) | 1 (9.1) | - |
| Concurrent steroids, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | - |
| Concurrent aminosalicylates, n (%) | 4 (10.8) | 1 (9.1) | 0.849 |
| Combination with immunomodulator, n (%) | 25 (67.6) | 4 (36.4) | 0.048 |
| Methotrexate, n (%) | 7 (18.9) | 1 (9.1) | 0.424 |
| 6-mercaptopurine, n (%) | 6 (16.2) | 1 (9.1) | 0.537 |
| Azathioprine, n (%) | 12 (32.4) | 2 (18.2) | 0.336 |
| Concurrent allopurinol, n (%) | 4 (10.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0.248 |
| Mean albumin, g/L (SD) | 40.5 (4.5) | 40.0 (5.7) | 0.608 |
| Median CRP, mg/L (IQR) | 2.1 (1.0-4.5) | 5.4 (1.7-9.3) | 0.070 |
| Median trough level (IQR) | 9.2 (6.5-12.0) | 5.4 (2.5-8.3) | 0.004 |
| Detectable antibody, n (%) | 1 (2.7) | 1 (9.1) | 0.352 |
ADA: Adalimumab; BMI: Body mass index; CRP: C-reactive protein; IFX: Infliximab; IQR: Interquartile range; SD: Standard deviation; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor.
DISCUSSION
Fistulising perianal CD is a highly morbid condition for which treatment outcomes remain suboptimal in many patients. While there is limited data on the role of newer biologic agents such as ustekinumab in perianal CD[19], anti-TNF agents remain the treatment of choice. Our study showed a significant association between both infliximab and adalimumab trough levels and fistula healing, with higher levels associated with increased healing rates. We demonstrated that higher tertiles of both infliximab and adalimumab levels were associated with a higher proportion of patients achieving fistula healing. Notably, when plotting the cumulative percentage of healed patients against infliximab level, we found that 50% of the patients who achieve healing will heal with a level of 6.4 mg/L, 90% of the patients who achieve healing will heal with a level of 12.7 mg/L and 95% of the patients who achieve healing will heal with a level of 14.4 mg/L. Similarly, for patients on adalimumab, 50% of the patients who achieve healing will heal with a level of 9.2 mg/L, and 90% and 95% of patients who achieved fistula healing were healed with levels of 12.0 and 18.0 mg/L respectively. Our results support dose-escalation of both infliximab and adalimumab in non-responders, targeting higher levels to achieve fistula healing prior to changing biologic therapy. Importantly, this study is the largest study to date assessing the relationship between adalimumab trough levels and clinical fistula healing. This data adds to the growing body of evidence that fistula healing improves with higher anti-TNF trough levels, and that higher levels may be required for perianal fistula healing than for mucosal healing in luminal CD[12-14,20].
This study did not show an association between infliximab and adalimumab trough levels and fistula closure. Not all previous studies have assessed fistula closure, but some have found that patients with fistula closure had significantly higher maintenance infliximab and adalimumab trough levels[13,14]. Our results may have been limited by inadequate power due to relatively small numbers of patients who achieved fistula closure in our cohort. We had a high fistula healing rate in this study, with 72.7% and 77% of patients on maintenance infliximab and adalimumab achieving fistula healing respectively. This finding was possibly due to high rates of combination therapy with an immunomodulator (69.7% and 60.4% in the infliximab and adalimumab groups respectively).
Randomised controlled trials have shown that infliximab is effective at both inducing and maintaining fistula healing[7,8]. Our study found that fistula healing was associated with higher infliximab trough levels. This finding is supported by a post-hoc analysis of ACCENT II which found that higher infliximab trough levels during induction were associated with a complete absence of draining fistulas at week 14[12], as well as similar findings in other studies assessing induction and maintenance infliximab therapy[11,13]. In the future, there may be a role for the infliximab biosimilar CT-P13 in order to achieve these high infliximab levels required for perianal fistula healing; with recent randomised controlled trials demonstrating higher trough levels from subcutaneous administration of CT-P13 compared to intravenous administration[21]. Interestingly, our study found that fistula healing was associated with younger age in both univariate and multivariate analyses. Whilst patient factors including albumin and body weight have previously been shown to affect infliximab trough levels[22], the influence of age is unclear. This finding may be due to the relatively younger age at diagnosis of CD for patients with fistula healing or longer duration of infliximab therapy. Five patients in this study had been changed from infliximab to adalimumab or vice versa and were included in both groups, however the anti-TNF level and anti-TNF antibody levels at the time of changing treatment were not collected. Reassuringly, previous studies have demonstrated that the presence of infliximab antibodies does not decrease future response rates to adalimumab and vice versa[23].
Adalimumab has also been shown to be effective in both inducing[9] and maintaining fistula healing[24]. Our study found that fistula healing was associated with higher adalimumab trough levels. Whilst there is limited data on the association between adalimumab trough levels and fistula healing, our findings are consistent with two smaller retrospective studies that showed that patients with fistula healing had higher adalimumab trough levels compared to those without fistula healing[14,20]. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, adalimumab trough levels ≥ 7.05 mg/L and concurrent immunomodulator therapy both remained significantly associated with healing. This reflects how concomitant immunosuppressive therapy can be used to decrease the immunogenic response and therefore improve fistula healing rates[25].
This study has several limitations. Assessment of fistula healing was based on clinical assessment, which may not be as accurate as an objective assessment such as with magnetic resonance imaging of the pelvis. A recent study has demonstrated that higher anti-TNF trough levels are associated with improved rates of radiological healing in perianal fistulising CD[26]. However, the absence of drainage remains a clinically relevant endpoint that impacts on patient quality of life. In order to provide an objective marker of response, biochemical markers of disease activity including CRP and albumin were analysed and found not to correlate with fistula healing. Data was retrospectively collected, so in order to address this we only included patients with documented perianal exams and definitions for fistula healing and closure that were in line with previous randomised controlled trials[8]. We found that fistula healing is associated with higher infliximab and adalimumab trough levels, however further randomised controlled trials are required to assess whether dose escalation to higher levels improves healing and the optimal method for dose escalation. Whilst reactive TDM with dose escalation at the time of loss of response is effective, it remains unknown whether proactive TDM with subsequent dose modification improves outcomes. Notably, all previous studies on proactive TDM have focused on luminal disease with no prospective studies evaluating proactive TDM in perianal fistulising CD.
CONCLUSION
Our study showed that higher infliximab and adalimumab trough levels are associated with perianal CD fistula healing, with higher rates of healing in higher tertiles of infliximab and adalimumab levels. However, no association with fistula closure was observed. Further prospective studies are required to confirm target infliximab and adalimumab trough levels and determine the optimal dose escalation method to achieve these target levels.
ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS
Research background
Anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF)-alpha agents, including infliximab and adalimumab, are effective medical treatments for perianal fistulising Crohn’s disease (CD), but not all patients achieve fistula healing with up to 60% of patients treated with maintenance infliximab lose response within one year.
Research motivation
Accumulating evidence suggests that this loss of response is partly due to sub-therapeutic anti-TNF trough levels. Retrospective studies and post-hoc analyses of prospective data have identified that higher infliximab trough levels are associated with fistula healing and closure compared to what is observed for mucosal healing in luminal disease, with emerging data suggesting similar results for adalimumab. Quantitative assays for therapeutic drug monitoring permits individualisation of infliximab and adalimumab dosing, however there are very few studies on perianal fistulising CD and the optimal target levels for perianal fistulising CD remains unclear.
Research objectives
This study aims to assess the association between serum trough infliximab and adalimumab levels and perianal fistula healing and closure and identify optimal target levels.
Research methods
In this multi-centre retrospective study conducted across four tertiary inflammatory bowel disease centres in Australia, we identified CD patients with perianal fistulae on maintenance infliximab or adalimumab who had a trough level within twelve weeks of clinical assessment. The primary outcome was fistula healing, defined as cessation in fistula drainage. The secondary outcome was fistula closure, defined as healing and closure of all external fistula openings. Differences between patients who did or did not achieve fistula healing were compared using the Chi-square test, t-test or Mann-Whitney U test.
Research results
Out of a total of 114 patients (66 infliximab, 48 adalimumab), 48 (72.7%) patients and 37 (77%) patients on maintenance infliximab and adalimumab respectively achieved fistula healing. Patients who achieved fistula healing had significantly higher infliximab and adalimumab trough levels compared to patients who did not [infliximab: 6.4 (3.8-9.5) vs 3.0 (0.3-6.2) mg/L, P = 0.003; adalimumab: 9.2 (6.5-12.0) vs 5.4 (2.5-8.3) mg/L, P = 0.004]. Serum trough levels for patients with and without fistula closure were not significantly different for infliximab [6.9 (4.3-10.2) vs 5.5 (2.5-8.3) mg/L, P = 0.105] or adalimumab [10.0 (6.6-12.0) vs 7.8 (4.2-10.0) mg/L, P = 0.083].
Research conclusions
Higher maintenance infliximab and adalimumab trough levels are associated with perianal fistula healing in CD.
Research perspectives
Our study showed that higher infliximab and adalimumab trough levels are associated with perianal CD fistula healing, with higher rates of healing in higher tertiles of infliximab and adalimumab levels, but no association with fistula closure was observed. Further prospective studies are required to confirm target infliximab and adalimumab trough levels and determine the optimal dose escalation method to achieve these target levels.
Footnotes
Institutional review board statement: Ethics approval was obtained from the South Western Sydney Local Health District (Human Research Ethics Committee LNR/18/LPOOL/404; Local Project Number: HE18/261).
Informed consent statement: According to the Ethics Board Approval for this retrospective cross-sectional study, individual patient consent was not required to obtained.
Conflict-of-interest statement: Gu B has nothing to disclose. Williams AJ has received honoraria from Takeda, Janssen and Abbvie and honoraria and grant support from Ferring. Ng W received grants from Janssen and Pfizer, during the conduct of the study; grants and personal and speaker fees from Abbvie, Takeda, Grants from Ferring and Shire. Corte C has received unrestricted educational grants from Ferring, Janssen, Shire and GESA. Corte C has received honoraria from Janssen, Ferring, Astra-Zeneca, Abbvie and Shire. Travel support and conference registration from Takeda, Shire, Janssen and Nycomed. Advisory board fees from Celgene and Gilead. Ghaly S has received educational grants from Janssen, Ferring, Pfizer and Takeda. Honoraria from Janssen, Ferring, Takeda, AbbVie, Shire. Advisory board fees from Pfizer, AbbVie, Gilead, Ferring and MSD. Paramsothy S is a consultant for Finch Therapeutics and has received speaker fees from Ferring, Janssen and Takeda. Connor S has received honoraria, speaker fees, educational support and/or grant funding from Abbvie, Aspen, BMS, Celgene, Celltrion, Chiesi, DrFalk, Ferring, Fresenius Kabi, Gilead, Janssen, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Takeda, Vifor, Agency for Clinical Innovation, Gastroenterological Society of Australia, Medical Research Future Fund and The Leona M and Harry B Helmsley Charitable Trust. This research project did not receive any grant funding.
Provenance and peer review: Unsolicited article; Externally peer reviewed
Peer-review model: Single blind
Peer-review started: September 14, 2021
First decision: November 7, 2021
Article in press: May 5, 2022
Specialty type: Gastroenterology and hepatology
Country/Territory of origin: Australia
Peer-review report’s scientific quality classification
Grade A (Excellent): A
Grade B (Very good): B, B
Grade C (Good): 0
Grade D (Fair): 0
Grade E (Poor): 0
P-Reviewer: Leal RF, Brazil; Triantafillidis J, Greece; Velikova TV, Bulgaria S-Editor: Wang JJ L-Editor: A P-Editor: Wang JJ
Contributor Information
Bonita Gu, South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2170, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney 2170, New South Wales, Australia; AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney 2050, New South Wales, Australia. bonita.gu@health.nsw.gov.au.
Kavya Venkatesh, Department of Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle 2308, New South Wales, Australia.
Astrid-Jane Williams, South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2170, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney 2170, New South Wales, Australia.
Watson Ng, South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2170, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney 2170, New South Wales, Australia.
Crispin Corte, AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney 2050, New South Wales, Australia; Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, New South Wales, Australia.
Ali Gholamrezaei, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney 2170, New South Wales, Australia; Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Sydney 2170, New South Wales, Australia.
Simon Ghaly, Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent’s Hospital Sydney, Sydney 2010, New South Wales, Australia; St Vincent’s Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2010, New South Wales, Australia.
Wei Xuan, South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2170, New South Wales, Australia; Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Sydney 2170, New South Wales, Australia.
Sudarshan Paramsothy, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney 2139, New South Wales, Australia; Concord Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney 2139, New South Wales, Australia.
Susan Connor, South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2170, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney 2170, New South Wales, Australia; Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Sydney 2170, New South Wales, Australia.
Data sharing statement
According to the Ethics Board Approval for this retrospective cross-sectional study, individual patient consent was not required to obtained.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
According to the Ethics Board Approval for this retrospective cross-sectional study, individual patient consent was not required to obtained.