Table 2.

In vivo studies of ANs and their health improvements in different pathologies such as diabetes, obesity, cancer, neurological, and cariological defects.

	Medical Condition	Source of ANs	Target Group	Treatment Details	Dose of Treatment	Effect	Reference
Diabetes and Obesity	Metabolic syndrome	Fresh bilberries	15 volunteers	8 weeks	400 g	↓IL-6, IL-12 ↓C-reactive protein ↓MMD and CCR2 expression	[186]
	Overweight/obesity	Black soybean extract	63 obese volunteers	8 weeks	2.5 g/day (ANs conc: 12.58 mg/g)	↓LDLc ↓TG ↓Non-HDLc	[187]
	Weight control over time	Blueberries Strawberries Apples Pears	124,086 volunteers	24 years	-	✓0.07–0.10 kg less weight gained every 4 years ✓weight control	[188]
	Overweight/obesity	Commercial red orange juice	11 women	12 weeks	500 mL/day	↓LDL	[189]
	Obesity	Raspberry extract	Male C57BL/6 mice	4 weeks	200 mg/kg food	↓TNFα, IL-6, NF-κB gene expression ↓63.7% less body weight ↑SOD, GSH-PX activity	[190]
	Obesity	Black rice Clack soybean Purple corn	C57BL/6 mice	12 weeks	200 mg/kg food	↓TNFα, IL-6, iNOS, NF-κB gene expression ↓lipid peroxidation ↑peroxide dismutase	[191]
	Obesity	Cherry Mulberry	C57BL/6 mice	8 weeks	200 mg/kg food	↓29.6 and 32.7% less body weight ↓TNFα, IL-6, iNOS, NF-κB gene ↑SOD, GPX activity	[192]
	Metabolic syndrome	Wild blueberries	Obese Zucker rats	8 weeks	8% of diet	↓IL-6, TNF-α, Nf-κB ↓C-reactive protein	[193]
	Diabetes	Cy-3-glucoside	KK-A(y) mice	5 weeks	0.2% of diet	↓RBP4 expression ↓blood glucose ↑Glut4	[194]
	Pre-diabetes	Kamchatka honeysuckle extract	24 Wistar rats	4 weeks	327 mg ANs/g	↑gut α and β glucosidase activity ✓ameliorates abnormal lipid/glucose metabolism	[195]
	Diabetic nephropathy	Purple corn extract	C57BLKS/J-Leprdb mice	8 weeks	10 mg/kg BW	↓VEGF, HIF-1a ↓angiogenesis	[196]
	Pre-diabetes	Black currant extract	Sprague- Dawley rats	-	5 mg/kg BW	↑GLP-1	[197]
Cardiovascular diseases/Obesity	Myocardial infarction (MI)	ANs-rich fruits and vegetables	93,600 women, ages 25–42	18 years	-	↓MI risk	[198]
	Vascular impairments	Blueberry fruits	21 healthy men	1, 2, 4, 6 h after ingestion	319, 637, 766, 1278, and 1791 mg total	↑vascular function	[199]
	Cardiovascular risk	Strawberries	Healthy volunteers	1 month	500 g fruits/day	↓cholesterol ↓triglycerides ↓activated platelets ↑plasma antioxidant capacity	[200]
	Hypercholesterolemia	ANs mixture	150 volunteers	24 weeks	320 mg/day	↓hsCRP ↓sVCAM-1 ↓IL-1β	[201]
Cancer	Chronic B cell lymphocytic leukemia	Bilberry extract	30 patients	24 h	-	✓activation of caspase-3 ✓apoptosis of B CLL cells ↓Bcl-2/Bad pathway	[202]
	Induced melanoma	Dp pure solution	C57BL/6N mice	30 days	10 mg delphinidin/kg	↓melanoma-induced tumor growth	[203]
	UVB-mediated apoptosis	Dp	Female SKH-1 mice	1 and 8 h	1 mg/0.1 DMSO/mouse	↓apoptosis ↓cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers ↓8-OhdG ↓DNA damage	[204]
	UVB-induced inflammation	Cy-3-glucoside	Female SKH-1 mice	24 h	250 and 500 µM	↓COX-2, iNOS, PGE2, NF-κB ↓proinflammatory cytokines ↓p38 MAP kinase signaling	[205]
Neuroprotection	Dementia	Cherry juice	49 older adults (+70 years)	12 weeks	200 mL/day	↑cognition ↑speech fluency ↑short/long memory	[206]
	Cognitive degradation	Freeze-dried blueberries	37 older adults (60–75 years)	90 days	24 g/day	↓verbal errors ↓switch cost on task-switching test	[207]
	Cognition improvement	Freeze-dried wild blueberries	21 children (7–10 years)	1, 3, 6 h	15 or 30 g/day	↑cognitive performance	[208]
	Neuroinflammation mediated cognitive impairment	Korean black soybean	Male Sprague-Dawley rats	7 weeks	100 mg/kg ANs	✓memory improved ✓astrocytes and microglia activation ↓RAGE, BACE-1, Aβ expression	[209]
	Neuroinflammation	Korean black soybean	Male C57BL/6N mice	14 days	24 mg/kg/day	↓p-NF-κB, TNF-α, and IL-1β ↓cell apoptosis	[210]
	Alzheimer dementia	ANs	Male Wistar rats	-	200 mg/kg/day	↑SOD, CAT, GPX ↓ROS	[211]
	Age-related brain deficiency	Chokeberry extract	Male Kunming mice	8 weeks	15 or 30 mg/kg	↓COX2, TGF-β1 and IL-1 ↓DNA degradation	[212]