Figure 1.

Mechanisms in terms of apoptosis and autophagy induction by the active ingredients of edible and medicinal fungi. Reduced fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes leads to the induction of autophagy by Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides through MAPK/ERK pathway. Grifola frondosa polysaccharides-incubated breast cancer cells exhibit an increased level of Bax, caspase-3, caspase-8, and a decreased expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. β-(1→3)-D-glucan with short branches inhibits the growth and induces the apoptosis of HCC cell line H22 by increasing caspase-3/9 levels and decreasing VEGF and CD31 levels.