Table 5.
Impact of chokeberry on inflammation in intervention studies.
| Number of Participants (n) (Women/Men) |
Characteristics of the GROUP | Type of Chokeberry Product | Dose of Chokeberry Product per Day | Time of Intervention (Weeks) | Changes in Diet | Results | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 44 (11/33) | Myocardial infarction and statin therapy for at least 6 months (mean age 66, BMI 26.5 kg/m2) | Chokeberry flavonoid extract (Aronox, Pieńków, Agropharm, Poland) | 3 × 85 mg | 6 | No changes | hsCRP↓, hsIL-6↓, ox-LDL↓, S-ICAM↓, S-CAM↓, MCP-1↓, F1-isoprostane↓ |
[78] |
|
n = 58 (0/58) |
Mild hypocholesterolemia (TC > 200 mg/dL) without pharmacologicaltreatment (mean age 54.1, BMI 27.7 kg/m2) | Organic chokebery juice (A. M. Lech, Dzieciolowo, Poland) | 250 mL | 18 (12 weeks with drinking chokeberry juice) | No changes | CRP↔ | [103] |
|
n = 47 (32/15) |
MetS (n = 25, age 42–65, BMI 31.05 kg/m2), healthy (n = 22, BMI 24.15 kg/m2) |
Chokeberry extract (Aronox, Agropharm, Pieńków, Poland) | 3 × 100 mg | 8 | No changes | CRP↔ | [77] |
|
n = 70 (42/28) |
Group I: patients with MetS who received chokeberry extract supplements (n = 25, age 50–69, BMI 30.9 kg/m2) Group II: healthy—control group (n = 45, age 55–71, BMI 23 kg/m2) Group III: patients with MetS treated with ACE inhibitors—control group (n = 25, age 50–69, BMI 29.2 kg/m2) |
Chokeberry extract (Aronox, Agropharm, Pieńków, Poland) | 3 × 100 mg | 8 | No changes (inhibition product containing chokeberry) |
CRP↔ | [75] |
|
n = 23 (11/12) |
High normal BP or grade I hypertension: SBP = 130–159 mmHg, DBP = 85–99 mmHg, no regular use of antihypertensive drugs (mean age 47.5, BMI nd) |
Organic chokeberry juice (Conimex Trade d.o.o., Belgrade, Serbia) |
200 mL | 4 | No changes | CRP↔ | [79] |
|
n = 38 (24/14) |
Mildly elevated BP: SBP 130–159 mmHg, DBP 85–99 mmHg (mean age 55.8, BMI < 35 kg/m2) without DM2 |
Cold-pressed 100% chokeberry juice (Kiantama Ltd, Finland) or convection oven-dried chokeberry powder (Finnish Berry Powders Ltd., Finland) |
300 mL chokeberry juice or 3 g dried chokeberry powder | 8 | No changes | IL-10↓, TNFα↓, IL-4-↔, IL-5↔, IL-6↔, IL-7↔, IL-8↔, IL-13↔, GM-CSF↔ |
[76] |
|
n = 35 (23/1) |
DM2 2 and oral antidiabetic drugs therapy for at least 6 months (mean age 56.3, BMI 28.8 kg/m2) |
Chokeberry juice (Nutrica d.o.o., Belgrade, Serbia) | 150 mL (three times daily for 50 mL) | 12 | No changes | WBC↓, LYM↓, CRP↔ |
[100] |
|
n = 22 (13/9) |
Overweight (n = 11, mean age 51.9, BMI 25–30 kg/m2), healthy (n = 11, mean age 41.4, BMI 18–25 kg/m2) | Chokeberry juice (Aronia Alive Agriculture Ltd., Sofia, Bulgaria) | 150 mL (50 mL, three times daily before meals) | 12 | nd | CRP↓ | [104] |
|
n = 30 (11/19) |
Anemia: Hb < 110 g/L, and hemodialysis >3 months, >3 times week (mean age 62.93, BMI 25.82 kg/m2) | Polyphenol-rich standardized chokeberry extract (EU-Chem Company, Belgrade, Serbia) | 30 mL | 4 | nd | CRP↔, leukocytes↔, TNFα↔ |
[177] |
|
n = 144 (74/70) |
MetS according to the AHA guidelines (age 50–60, BMI 30.1–34.4 kg/m2) I. n = 42, fMetS II. n = 42, mMetS III. n = 32, fMetS-DM IV. n = 28, mMetS-DM |
Standarized chokeberry extract(Alixir 400 PROTECT, Pharmanova, Belgrade, Serbia) | 30 mL (prior or during dinner) | 4 | No changes | fMetS: WBC↓, CRP↓, LYM↔ mMetS: WBC↓, CRP↔, LYM↔ fMetS-DM: WBC↔, CRP↔, LYM↔ mMetS-DM: WBC↔, CRP↔, LYM↔ |
[71] |
↑—increase, ↓—decrease, ↔—no changes, ACE—angiotensin-converting enzyme; AHA—American Heart Association; BMI—body mass index; BP—blood pressure; CRP—C-reactive protein; DBP—diastolic blood pressure; DM2– type 2 diabetes mellitus; fMetS—female with metabolic syndrome; fMetS-DM—female with metabolic syndrome and confirmed type 2 diabetes mellitus; GM-CSF—granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; Hb—hemoglobin; hsCRP—high sensitivity C-reactive protein; hsIL-6—high sensitivity interleukin 6; IL—interleukin; LYM—lymphocytes; MCP-1—monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; MetS—metabolic syndrome; mMetS—male with metabolic syndrome; mMetS-DM—male with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus; nd—no data; oxLDL—oxidized low density lipoprotein; SBP—systolic blood pressure; S-ICAM—soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1; S-VCAM—soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, TNFα—tumor necrosis factor-α; WBC—white blood cells.