Table 7.
Impact of chokeberry on blood clotting in intervention studies.
| Number of Participants (n) (Women/Men) |
Characteristics of the Group | Type of Chokeberry Product | Dose of Chokeberry Product per Day | Time of Intervention (Weeks) | Changes in Diet | Results | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
n = 58 (0/58) |
Mild hypocholesterolemia (TC > 200 mg/dL) without pharmacological treatment (mean age 54.1, BMI 27.7 kg/m2) | Organic chokebery juice (A. M. Lech, Dzieciolowo, Poland) | 250 mL | 18 (12 weeks with drinking chokeberry juice) | No changes | fibrinogen↓ | [103] |
|
n = 47 (32/15) |
MetS (n = 25, age 42–65, BMI 31.05 kg/m2), healthy (n = 22, BMI 24.15 kg/m2) |
Chokeberry extract (Agropharm, Pieńków, Poland) | 3 × 100 mg | 8 | No changes | fibrinogen↑ | [77] |
|
n = 52 (31/21) |
MetS (n = 38, age 42–65, BMI 31.1 kg/m2), healthy (n = 14, age 42–65, BMI 24.4 kg/m2) |
Chokeberry extract (Agropharm, Pieńków, Poland) |
3 × 100 mg | 8 | Low-fat diet | platelet aggregation↔, fibrinolysis↔, clot preparation ↔ |
[74] |
|
n = 38 (24/14) |
Mildly elevated BP: SBP 130–159 mmHg, DBP 85–99 mmHg (mean age 55.8, BMI < 35 kg/m2) without DM2 |
Cold-pressed 100% chokeberry juice (KiantamaLtd, Finland) or convection oven-dried chokeberry powder (Finnish Berry Powders Ltd., Finland) |
300 mL of chokeberry juice or 3 g of dried chokeberry powder | 8 | No changes | CEPI-CT↔, CADP-CT↔, PLT↔ |
[76] |
|
n = 144 patients (74/70) |
MetS according to the AHA guidelines (age 50–60, BMI 30.1–34.4 kg/m2) I. n = 42, fMetS II. n = 42, mMetS III. n = 32, fMetS-DM IV. n = 28, mMetS-DM |
Standarized chokeberry extract (Alixir 400 PROTECT, Pharmanova, Belgrade, Serbia) | 30 mL (prior or during dinner) | 4 | No changes | fMetS, mMetS: PLT↔ fMetS-DM, mMetS-DM: PLT↑ |
[71] |
↑—increase, ↓—decrease, ↔—no changes, AHA—American Heart Association; BMI—body mass index; BP—blood pressure; CADP-CT—collagen and adenosine diphosphate closure time; CEPI-C—collagen and epinephrine closure time; DM2—type 2 diabetes mellitus; fMetS—female with metabolic syndrome; fMetS-DM—female with metabolic Syndrome and confirmed type 2 diabetes mellitus; MetS—metabolic syndrome; mMetS—male with metabolic syndrome; mMetS-DM—male with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus; PLT—platelet count.