Table 8.
Impact of chokeberry on liver functions in intervention studies.
| Number of Participants (n) (Women/Men) |
Characteristics of the Group | Type of Chokeberry Product | Dose of Chokeberry Product per Day | Time of Intervention (Weeks) | Changes in Diet | Results | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
n = 23 (11/12) |
High normal BP or grade I hypertension: SBP = 130–159 mmHg, DBP = 85–99 mmHg, no regular use of antihypertensive drugs was declared by 23 patients (mean age 47.5, BMI nd) |
Organic chokeberry juice (Conimex Trade d.o.o., Belgrade, Serbia) |
200 mL | 4 | No changes | AST↔ ALT↔ |
[79] |
|
n = 38 (24/14) |
Mildly elevated BP: SBP 130–159 mmHg, DBP: 85–99 mmHg (mean age 55.8 years, BMI < 35) without DM2 |
Cold-pressed 100% chokeberry juice (Kiantama Ltd, Finland) or convection oven-dried chokeberry powder (Finnish Berry Powders Ltd., Finland) |
300 mL chokeberry juice or 3 g dried chokeberry powder | 8 | No changes | GGTP↔ | [76] |
|
n= 22 (13/9) |
overweight (n = 11, mean age 51.9, BMI 25–30 kg/m2), healthy (n = 11, mean age 41.4, BMI 18–25 kg/m2) | Chokeberry juice (Aronia Alive Agriculture Ltd.,Sofia, Bulgaria) | 150 mL (50 mL, three times daily before meals) | 12 | nd | ALT↔ AST↔ GGTP↓ |
[104] |
|
n = 144 (74/70) |
MetS according to the AHA guidelines (age 50–60, BMI 30.1–34.4 kg/m2) I. n = 42, fMetS II. n = 42, mMetS III. n = 32, fMetS-DM IV. n = 28, mMetS-DM |
standarized chokeberry extract (Alixir 400 PROTECT, Pharmanova, Belgrade, Serbia) | 30 mL (prior or during dinner) | 4 | No changes | fMetS: AST↓, ALT↓, dBIL↔ mMetS: AST↓, ALT↔, dBIL↔ fMetS-DM: AST↓, ALT↔, dBIL↑ mMetS-DM: AST↔, ALT↔, dBIL↑ |
[71] |
↑—increase, ↓—decrease, ↔—no changes, AHA—American Heart Association; ALT—alanine transaminase; AST—aspartate transaminase; BMI—body mass index; BP—blood pressure; dBIL—direct bilirubin; DM2—type 2 diabetes mellitus; fMetS—female with metabolic syndrome; fMetS-DM—female with metabolic syndrome and confirmed type 2 diabetes mellitus; GGTP—gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; MetS—metabolic syndrome; mMetS—male with metabolic syndrome; mMetS-DM—male with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus; nd—no data.