Table 7.
Between-group differences of multivariable linear regression models assessing 6-month changes in hepatic function markers related to avocado 1 allotment, per intention-to-treat and per protocol adherence analyses 2, stratified by prediabetes status 3.
| Presence of Prediabetes | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean between-Group Difference 4 (95% CI) | ||||||||
| Model 1 5 | R-Squared | Model 2 6 | R-Squared | Model 3 7 | R-Squared | Model 4 8 | R-Squared | |
| hsCRP, mg/L | ||||||||
| Intention-to-treat 9 | −0.4 (−2.1 to 1.2) | 0.26 | −0.5 (−2.3 to 1.2) | 0.26 | −0.3 (−2.1 to 1.5) | 0.29 | −0.5 (−2.3 to 1.4) | 0.31 |
| Protocol adherence 10 | −0.5 (−2.3 to 1.4) | 0.26 | −0.6 (−2.6 to 1.4) | 0.27 | −0.4 (−2.4 to 1.7) | 0.30 | −0.6 (−2.7 to 1.6) | 0.32 |
| GGT, IU/L | ||||||||
| Intention-to-treat 9 | 5.4 (−6.7 to 17.5) | 0.81 | 5.3 (−7.7 to 18.2) | 0.81 | 4.4 (−9.1 to 17.9) | 0.82 | 4.4 (−9.1 to 17.9) | 0.82 |
| Protocol adherence 10 | 8.5 (−3.1 to 20.1) | 0.87 | 8.4 (−4.1 to 20.8) | 0.87 | 7.3 (−5.7 to 20.2) | 0.88 | 6.1 (−7.5 to 19.7) | 0.88 |
| AST, IU/L | ||||||||
| Intention-to-treat 9 | 3.9 (−3.2 to 10.9) | 0.37 | 4.9 (−2.6 to 12.3) | 0.39 | 5.0 (−2.8 to 12.8) | 0.39 | 4.5 (−3.6 to 12.7) | 0.40 |
| Protocol adherence 10 | 3.8 (−4.3 to 11.9) | 0.39 | 4.9 (−3.6 to 13.4) | 0.41 | 5.1 (−3.9 to 14.0) | 0.41 | 4.3 (−5.1 to 13.7) | 0.42 |
| ALT, IU/L | ||||||||
| Intention-to-treat 9 | 5.5 (−6.1 to 17.1) | 0.36 | 6.5 (−5.8 to 18.8) | 0.37 | 6.9 (−6.0 to 19.9) | 0.37 | 6.9 (−6.7 to 20.4) | 0.37 |
| Protocol adherence 10 | 5.9 (−7.3 to 19.1) | 0.38 | 7.1 (−6.9 to 21.1) | 0.39 | 7.6 (−7.2 to 22.4) | 0.39 | 7.2 (−8.5 to 22.9) | 0.40 |
| Alkaline phosphatase, IU/L | ||||||||
| Intention-to-treat 9 | 1.8 (−6.2 to 9.9) | 0.38 | 2.6 (−5.9 to 11.1) | 0.39 | 2.9 (−6.0 to 11.9) | 0.39 | 3.9 (−5.4 to 13.1) | 0.42 |
| Protocol adherence 10 | 1.7 (−7.5 to 10.8) | 0.40 | 2.5 (−7.3 to 12.2) | 0.41 | 2.8 (−7.5 to 13.1) | 0.41 | 3.9 (−6.8 to 14.6) | 0.43 |
| NAFLD fibrosis score | ||||||||
| Intention-to-treat 9 | 0.0 (−0.4 to 0.3) | 0.22 | −0.1 (−0.4 to 0.3) | 0.22 | −0.1 (−0.5 to 0.4) | 0.22 | 0.0 (−0.5 to 0.4) | 0.22 |
| Protocol adherence 10 | −0.2 (−0.6 to 0.2) | 0.28 | −0.2 (−0.6 to 0.3) | 0.28 | −0.2 (−0.6 to 0.3) | 0.28 | −0.2 (−0.7 to 0.3) | 0.28 |
| Absence of Prediabetes | ||||||||
| Mean between-Group Difference 4 (95% CI) | ||||||||
| Model 1 5 | R-Squared | Model 2 6 | R-Squared | Model 3 7 | R-Squared | Model 4 8 | R-Squared | |
| hsCRP, mg/L | ||||||||
| Intention-to-treat 9 | 0.0 (−0.7 to 0.7) | 0.28 | 0.0 (−0.9 to 0.8) | 0.09 | 0.0 (−0.9 to 0.8) | 0.12 | −0.1 (−1.0 to 0.8) | 0.12 |
| Protocol adherence 10 | 0.0 (−0.8 to 0.8) | 0.28 | 0.0 (−0.8 to 0.8) | 0.30 | 0.0 (−0.8 to 0.8) | 0.30 | 0.0 (−1.0 to 0.9) | 0.30 |
| GGT, IU/L | ||||||||
| Intention-to-treat 9 | −3.8 (−9.8 to 2.3) | 0.15 | −3.9 (−9.8 to 2.0) | 0.22 | −4.5 (−10.3 to 1.2) | 0.29 | −4.5 (−11.0 to 1.9) | 0.29 |
| Protocol adherence 10 | −3.9 (−10.4 to 2.7) | 0.15 | −4.0 (−10.4 to 2.4) | 0.22 | −4.5 (−10.8 to 1.7) | 0.29 | −4.4 (−11.5 to 2.6) | 0.29 |
| AST, IU/L | ||||||||
| Intention-to-treat 9 | 1.6 (−6.9 to 3.7) | 0.03 | −1.5 (−6.8 to 3.8) | 0.07 | −1.6 (−7.0 to 3.8) | 0.07 | 0.0 (−5.8 to 5.9) | 0.13 |
| Protocol adherence 10 | −1.6 (−7.3 to 4.2) | 0.04 | −1.5 (−7.2 to 4.2) | 0.07 | −1.6 (−7.4 to 4.3) | 0.08 | 0.3 (−6.1 to 6.6) | 0.14 |
| ALT, IU/L | ||||||||
| Intention-to-treat 9 | −2.2 (−8.2 to 3.9) | 0.07 | −2.2 (−8.3 to 4.0) | 0.07 | −2.1 (−8.3 to 4.2) | 0.07 | −0.4 (−7.3 to 6.5) | 0.12 |
| Protocol adherence 10 | −2.3 (−8.8 to 4.2) | 0.09 | −2.3 (−8.9 to 4.4) | 0.09 | −2.2 (−8.9 to 4.6) | 0.09 | −0.2 (−7.6 to 7.2) | 0.14 |
| Alkaline phosphatase, IU/L | ||||||||
| Intention-to-treat 9 | −4.0 (−9.2 to 1.2) | 0.16 | −4.1 (−9.1 to 0.9) | 0.24 | −4.6 (−9.5 to 0.3) 11 | 0.30 | −5.0 (−10.5 to 0.4) | 0.31 |
| Protocol adherence 10 | −4.5 (−10.0 to 1.1) | 0.17 | −4.6 (−10.0 to 0.8) | 0.25 | −5.0 (−10.3 to 0.3) 11 | 0.31 | −5.6 (−11.5 to 0.4) 11 | 0.32 |
| NAFLD fibrosis score | ||||||||
| Intention-to-treat 9 | −0.3 (−0.6 to 0.1) | 0.16 | −0.2 (−0.6 to 0.1) | 0.19 | −0.2 (−0.6 to 0.2) | 0.20 | −0.1 (−0.5 to 0.3) | 0.24 |
| Protocol adherence 10 | −0.2 (−0.6 to 0.2) | 0.17 | −0.2 (−0.6 to 0.2) | 0.20 | −0.2 (−0.6 to 0.2) | 0.20 | −0.1 (−0.6 to 0.4) | 0.24 |
1 Allocated avocado group in the trial; thus, intervention status was a covariate in the model. 2 All models had p-value > 0.05 unless otherwise stated. 3 Defined as a fasting glucose level ≥100 mg/dL or glycosylated hemoglobin ≥5.7% and/or reported use of glucose-lowering medication, at baseline. 4 Mean difference is low-high avocado allotment group. 5 Model 1 adjusted for: age (years); MVPA (minutes/week); total energy intake (kcals/day); alcohol (grams/day). 6 Model 2 adjusted for: variables in Model 1 and change in fruit and vegetable intake (servings/day). 7 Model 3 adjusted for: variables in Model 2 and change in waist circumference (cm). 8 Model 4 adjusted for: variables in Model 3 and HEI 2015 score at Month 6. 9 Sample size by intervention group allocation (low avocado allotment/high avocado allotment): 37/35 at baseline; where by prediabetes/diabetes status (yes/no) for low avocado allotment: 18/19 and for high avocado allotment: 15/20. 10 Sample size by intervention group allocation (low avocado allotment/high avocado allotment): 31/35 at month 6; where by prediabetes/diabetes status (yes/no) for low avocado allotment: 15/16 and for high avocado allotment: 15/20. 11 p-value = 0.06. ALT, Alanine aminotransferase; AST, Aspartate aminotransferase; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; hsCRP, high-sensitivity c-reactive protein; NAFLD, Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.