Abstract
This article was to analyze the factors influencing the prognosis of posterior circulation cerebral infarction (PCCI) patients, retrospectively.
One hundred forty five patients diagnosed with PCCI in Nanyang Central Hospital between June 25, 2016 and October 14, 2019 were included and underwent cerebral vascular mechanical thrombectomy. The clinical data of those patients were collected. The patients were followed up for 3 months to observe the prognostic efficacy and explore the influencing factors for poor prognosis. The potential prognostic factors for PCCI patients after emergency endovascular mechanical thrombectomy were analyzed by univariate and multivariable logistic regression. The thermodynamic diagram was drawn to explore the associations between the prognostic factors.
The risk of poor prognosis in PCCI patients receiving emergency endovascular mechanical thrombectomy was reduced by 0.552 time with every 1-point increase of the Alberta Stroke Program Early CT in posterior circulation score (odds ratio [OR] = 0.448, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.276–0.727). The risk of poor prognosis was increased by 0.827 time for each additional grade in the digital subtraction angiography-American Society of Intervention and Therapeutic Neuroradiology grading (OR = 1.827, 95% CI: 1.221–2.733, P = .003) and increased by 0.288 time for every 1-point increase in National Institutes of Health Stroke scale at 24 hours (OR = 1.288, 95% CI: 1.161–1.429). All P < .05.
Alberta Stroke Program Early CT in posterior circulation score, digital subtraction angiography-American Society of Intervention and Therapeutic Neuroradiology grading, National Institutes of Health Stroke scale score at 24 hours were factors affecting the prognosis of PCCI patients undergoing emergency endovascular mechanical thrombectomy, which might provide evidence for endovascular treatment of PCCI.
Keywords: cerebral infarction, endovascular mechanical thrombectomy, posterior circulation, prognostic factors
1. Introduction
Acute cerebral infarction is an acute and severe type of ischemic stroke, which often causes brain dysfunction and seriously threatens humans’ life and health.[1] Cerebral infarction can be divided into anterior circulation cerebral infarction and posterior circulation cerebral infarction (PCCI) in clinic. Different from anterior circulation cerebral infarction, PCCI occurs in the blood supply region of the vertebral basilar artery system, which has more complex anatomical structures and more frequencies in variation of posterior circulation vessels.[2–5] It is very difficult to deal with when cerebral infarction occurs in posterior circulation. PCCI represents a fifth of all acute ischemic stroke cases,[6–8] and the prognosis of it is extremely poor with the mortality of nearly 90%.[9] To improve the prognosis of patients with PCCI was necessary.
Early recanalization of occluded vessels in acute PCCI is crucial for improving the clinical outcomes.[10] Endovascular therapy is characterized by long time window and high rate of recanalization for large vessels, which is identified as an efficiency treatment for patients with acute ischemic stroke.[11,12] Endovascular therapy using mechanical thrombectomy devices is an emerging method for cerebral infarction treatment aiming at retrieving thrombis and restoring blood flow. In recent years, some new devices for mechanical thrombectomy have been developed and used in clinical researches.[13–15] Several studies have indicated that mechanical thrombectomy with stent retrievers can effectively make recanalization of the blood vessels for acute PCCI resulted from basilar artery occlusion.[13,16,17] Despite successful recanalization, PCCI patients receiving mechanical thrombectomy may suffer from the serious complications including symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage, and the good clinical prognosis at 3 months of patients after mechanical thrombectomy were only about 30%.[18,19] This suggested that there were various factors affecting the clinical prognosis of endovascular mechanical thrombectomy treatment for PCCI patients. To identify those prognostic factors might help the clinicians to provide more timely interventions in patients who at a high risk of poor prognosis and hope to improve the outcomes of these patients.
As far as we know, little evidence exists on exploring the potential factors related to prognosis in PCCI patients receiving mechanical thrombectomy.[20] Raoult et al[21] evaluated the prognostic factors for outcomes after mechanical thrombectomy with solitaire stent in 45 acute ischemic stroke patients from France including 32 anterior circulation occlusions and 13 posterior circulation occlusions. Son et al[22] conducted a study to identify the initial factors affecting the clinical outcome in basilar artery occlusion patients receiving MR-based mechanical thrombectomy in Korea, but they did not analyze the location of the occlusion in the basilar artery. Our study was the first study investigating the prognostic factors for acute PCCI patients after endovascular mechanical thrombectomy in Chinese population. We also included the detailed location of the occlusion in the basilar artery. The findings of the current study might provide a basis for deep understanding factors associated with PCCI patients after endovascular mechanical thrombectomy and might help improve the outcomes of patients receiving endovascular treatment of PCCI in clinic.
2. Methods
2.1. Patients
In this study, the data of 192 patients with PCCI were collected from June 25, 2016 to October 14, 2019 in Nanyang Central Hospital. All patients met the following enrollment criteria: diagnosed with PCCI by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations. PCCI is defined as symptomatic ischemia in the vascular territory of the vertebral, basilar, or the posterior cerebral arteries.[23] ≥18 years of age; arrived at the hospital within 24 hours after the occlusion of large vessels in posterior circulation. Patients with the platelet counts <100 × 109/L (n = 5), blood glucose <2.7 mmol/L (n = 7), intracranial tumor according to imaging examination (n = 5), intracranial hemorrhage or subarachnoid hemorrhage confirmed by CT or MRI (n = 17), gastrointestinal or urinary bleeding within the last 3 weeks (n = 4), severe cardiac insufficiency hepatic insufficiency or renal insufficiency (n = 5), and those who have undergone surgery within the last 2 weeks (n = 4) were excluded. Finally, 145 patients were included and underwent cerebral vascular mechanical thrombotomy. According to modified Rankin scale (mRS) score at 90 days, 0 to 2 indicates good prognosis while 3 to 6 represents poor prognosis.[24] Patients were divided into good prognosis group (n = 83) and poor prognosis group (n = 62) according to mRS score at 90 days collected from out-patient clinic. All participants volunteered to participate in this study. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Nanyang Central Hospital (Approval No. 201812010074).
2.2. Cerebral baseline imaging
Cerebral baseline imaging was applied to determine the acute ischemic PCCI using multi-slice computed tomography (CT) by either non-contrast CT or CT angiogram or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) via diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), time-of-flight (TOF), and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR). Patients with PCCI with the onset time <24 hours were subjected to mechanical thrombectomy treatment based on the Guidelines for the early diagnosis and treatment of acute ischemic stroke in China.[25] The recanalization was evaluation based on the modified thrombolysis in cerebral ischemia scales: Level 0 refers to without perfusion; Level 1 indicates only tiny amounts of blood flow through the block section, little or no perfusion; Level 2a means partially perfusion of anterior blood flow, which covers less than half of ischemia area; Level 2b refers to partially perfusion of anterior blood flow, which covers more than half of ischemia area; Level 3 shows completely perfusion of anterior blood flow of downstream ischemia area. Level 2b and Level 3 indicates the criteria of successful endovascular treatment.
2.3. Mechanical thrombectomy treatment
Before mechanical thrombectomy treatment, the acute stroke team would discuss with the neurointerventionalist to determine whether the patient was suitable for the neurointerventional treatment.[26–28] Patients who were eligible for mechanical thrombectomy treatment were subjected to anesthesia. Under local anesthesia, the right femoral artery was punctured with modified Seldinger technique and the arterial sheath was inserted. After the puncture, DSA was immediately performed to preliminarily determine the location of the thrombus and the collateral compensation of the distal end of the occluded vessel. Then the location of the thrombus and the approach of stent thrombectomy were determined. The 6F/8F guiding catheter or long sheath tube was introduced through the femoral artery into the dominant vertebral artery, and selective angiography was performed again to further clarify the thrombosis. The microguide wire and the Rebar microcatheter were used to pass through the vascular occlusion segment, and the microcatheter was pushed by hand for angiography to determine the location of the microcatheter and the length of the thrombus. The Solitaire FR stent was delivered through a microcatheter. The stent was fixed and pushed while the microcatheter was slowly withdrawn to release the stent. The thrombosis was covered by 1/3 of the stent, which was pulled out of the body after being kept for about 5 minutes. Then the stent and microcatheter were gently and slowly withdrawn outward to the guiding catheter, during which negative pressure was used to suction the guiding catheter to minimize the probability of thrombus embolus escape and reduce the rate of re-embolization.[29] Grade 0: no recanalization of occluded vessels; Grade 1: permeable without reperfusion; Grade 2a: partial blood reperfusion, and the reperfusion area <50% under normal condition; Grade 2b: the reperfusion area >50% under normal condition; Grade 3: complete distal vascular filling. Grade 2b-3 are defined as recanalization. Blood pressure should be controlled after operation, and anticoagulant therapy was employed according to the condition.
2.4. Data collection
Clinical data were collected from all the subjects including gender, age, body mass index (BMI), fever on admission, preoperative mRS score, Alberta Stroke Program Early CT in posterior circulation (pc-ASPECT) score, digital subtraction angiography-American Society of Intervention and Therapeutic Neuroradiology (DSA-ASITN) grading, history of smoking, drinking, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipemia, stroke, thrombus length, recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator application, thrombectomy times, time to revascularization, time to procedure, procedure time, Trial of Org 10,172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) classification, occlusion sites, pathogenesis of stroke, recanalization, baseline and postoperative National Institutes of Health Stroke scale (NIHSS) score, pulmonary infection, trachea cannula, circulatory collapse. All the data were harvested by 2 specialists who received professional training in scoring before the study.
2.5. Stroke subtype classification
The subtypes of stroke were classified into 3 groups according to the TOAST classification including large artery atherosclerosis, cardioembolism, and others.[30] Large artery atherosclerosis was defined as patients with 50% or more arterial stenosis in the large ipsilateral arteries with cerebral infarction and without heart disease that could cause embolization. Cardioembolism referred to those had no significant vascular abnormality in the large ipsilateral arteries with cerebral infarction with high or medium-risk cardiogenic diseases that caused emboli. Patients who were undetermined as no specific findings were observed after the usual investigation or if both atherosclerotic and cardiogenic causes were identified were assigned into the others group.
2.6. Power analysis of the sample size
The G∗ Power software (Franz, Universitat Kiel, Germany) and the sample size in this study were applied for power analysis to evaluate the efficiency of logistic regression model. The results depicted that among the main variables pc-ASPECT score and NIHSS at 24 hours, the statistical powers were >0.999, indicating that the sample size was able to support the results. α was set at 0.05.
2.7. Statistical analysis
All statistical data were analyzed using SAS 9.4 software (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). The prognosis factors for patients after endovascular mechanical thrombectomy treatment were analyzed by the Shapiro-Wilk normality test. The measurement data of normal distribution were displayed as the mean ± standard deviation (), and comparisons between groups were performed by Student t test. Non-normal distribution data were shown as M (Q1, Q3), and Mann–Whitney U test was applied for comparisons between groups. The enumeration data were expressed as cases and frequency n (%), and comparison between groups was analyzed via chi-squared test or Fisher exact test. Univariate analysis was performed to screen the potential prognostic factors for PCCI patients receiving mechanical thrombectomy. Variables including age, BMI, baseline NIHSS, pc-ASPECT, DSA-ASITN, TOAST classification, and NIHSS at 24 hours were included in multivariate Logistic regression model 1. In addition, age and BMI were adjusted in multivariate Logistic regression model 2 to validate the results in multivariate Logistic regression model 1. The pairwise correlation between the prognostic factors was shown by a thermodynamic diagram. Cluster analysis further analyzed the correlations of the factors with the prognosis of patients. The level of statistical significance was set at P < .05.
3. Results
3.1. Basic characteristics of patients
In total, 192 patients diagnosed with PCCI were involved in this study. After excluding patients with the platelet counts <100 × 109/L (n = 5), blood glucose <2.7 mmol/L (n = 7), intracranial tumor according to imaging examination (n = 5), intracranial hemorrhage or subarachnoid hemorrhage confirmed by CT or MRI (n = 17), gastrointestinal or urinary bleeding within the last 3 weeks (n = 4), severe insufficiency of heart, liver, and kidney (n = 5) and those who have undergone surgery within the last 2 weeks (n = 4), 145 subjects finally participated in our study, including 98 men (67.59%) and 47 women (32.41%). The average age of the patients was 61.97 ± 11.52 years old. After 3 months of follow-up, 83 patients had a good prognosis, accounting for 57.24%, and 62 patients had a poor prognosis, accounting for 42.76%. The screening process was shown in Fig. 1 and the basic characteristics of patients were presented in Table 1.
Figure 1.
The flow chat of screening process of the participants in this study.
Table 1.
Baseline data of subjects.
| Variable | Description (n = 145) |
| Gender, n (%) | |
| Male | 98 (67.59) |
| Female | 47 (32.41) |
| Age, () | 61.97 ± 11.52 |
| BMI, n (%) | |
| >23.9 | 96 (66.21) |
| ≤23.9 | 49 (33.79) |
| Fever on admission, n (%) | |
| Yes | 10 (6.90) |
| No | 135 (93.10) |
| Preoperative mRS score, n (%) | |
| >2 | 144 (99.31) |
| ≤2 | 1 (0.69) |
| Preoperative NIHSS score, n (%) | |
| Mean ± std | 26.38 ± 8.15 |
| M (Q1, Q3) | 27 (20, 34) |
| Preoperative GCS score, n (%) | |
| Mean ± std | 8.52 ± 2.18 |
| M (Q1, Q3) | 8 (7, 10) |
| Pc-ASPECT score | |
| Mean ± std | 6.97 ± 1.31 |
| M (Q1, Q3) | 7 (6, 8) |
| Severity, n (%) | |
| Mild-to-moderate | 32 (22.07) |
| severe | 113 (77.93) |
| Premonitory symptom, n (%) | |
| Yes | 35 (24.14) |
| No | 110 (75.86) |
| DSA-ASITN grading, n (%) | |
| Level 0 | 47 (32.41) |
| Level 1 | 24 (16.55) |
| Level 2 | 23 (15.86) |
| Level 3 | 16 (11.03) |
| Level 4 | 35 (24.14) |
| History of smoking, n (%) | |
| Yes | 81 (55.86) |
| History of drinking, n (%) | |
| Yes | 112 (77.24) |
| History of hypertension, n (%) | |
| Yes | 106 (73.10) |
| History of hyperlipemia, n (%) | |
| Yes | 15 (10.34) |
| History of stroke, n (%) | |
| Yes | 16 (11.03) |
| Follow-up, day | 89.72 ± 8.66 |
| Outcomes based on mRs score at 90 days, n (%) | |
| Good prognosis (0–2) | 83 (57.24) |
| Poor prognosis (3–6) | 62 (42.76) |
ASPECT = Alberta Stroke Program Early CT; BMI = body mass index; DSA-ASITN = digital subtraction angiography-American Society of Intervention and Therapeutic Neuroradiology; GCS = Glasgow Coma scale; mRs = modified Rankin scale; NIHSS = National Institute of Health stroke scale.
3.2. Univariate analysis for screening potential factors associated with the prognosis of patients
A univariate analysis was conducted to compare the baseline and treatment characteristics of patients in the good prognosis group with those in the poor prognosis group. As displayed in Table 2 the age of patients with poor prognosis was older than those with good prognosis (64.74 years vs 59.89 years, t = –2.56, P = .012). The proportion of BMI >23.9 kg/m in the poor prognosis group was higher than that in the good prognosis group (χ2 = 4.461, P = .035). The baseline NIHSS score (30.82 vs 23.06, t = –6.412, P < .001) and DSA-ASITN grading (Z = 5.946, P < .001) in the poor prognosis group were higher than that of the good prognosis group. The pc-ASPECT score was lower in the poor prognosis group than that of the good prognosis group (6.23 vs 7.53, t = 6.822, P < .001). The time to revascularization in the poor prognosis group was longer than that in the good prognosis group (1.94 vs 1.65, t = –2.183, P = .031). The proration of patients in different TOAST classifications was different between the poor prognosis group and the good prognosis group (P = .001). The NIHSS score at 24 hours (29.87 vs 15.28, t = –12.302, P < .001), the pulmonary infection rate (χ2 = 15.561, P < .001), the trachea cannula rate (χ2 = 97.094, P < .001), and the circulatory collapse rate (χ2 = 50.638, P < .001) in the poor prognosis group were higher than those in the good prognosis group.
Table 2.
Univariate analysis of factors for risk of poor prognosis.
| Variables | Good prognosis (n = 83) | Poor prognosis (n = 62) | Statistical magnitude | P |
| Gender, n (%) | χ2 = 0.001 | .972 | ||
| Male | 56 (67.47) | 42 (67.74) | ||
| Female | 27 (32.53) | 20 (32.26) | ||
| Age, Mean ± SD | 59.89 ± 11.38 | 64.74 ± 11.20 | t = –2.56 | .012 |
| BMI, n (%) | χ2 = 4.461 | .035 | ||
| >23.9 | 49 (59.04) | 47 (75.81) | ||
| ≤23.9 | 34 (40.96) | 15 (24.19) | ||
| Fever on admission, n (%) | – | 1.000 | ||
| Yes | 6 (7.23) | 4 (6.45) | ||
| No | 77 (92.77) | 58 (93.55) | ||
| Baseline mRs score, n (%) | – | 1.000 | ||
| >2 | 82 (98.80) | 62 (100.00) | ||
| ≤2 | 1 (1.20) | 0 | ||
| Baseline NIHSS score, Mean ± SD | 23.06 ± 7.44 | 30.82 ± 6.89 | t = –6.412 | <.001 |
| Pc-ASPECT score, Mean ± SD | 7.53 ± 1.11 | 6.23 ± 1.18 | t = 6.822 | <.001 |
| DSA-ASITN grading, n (%) | Z = 5.946 | <.001 | ||
| Level 0 | 40 (48.19) | 7 (11.29) | ||
| Level 1 | 18 (21.69) | 6 (9.68) | ||
| Level 2 | 12 (14.46) | 11 (17.74) | ||
| Level 3 | 3 (3.61) | 13 (20.97) | ||
| Level 4 | 10 (12.05) | 25 (40.32) | ||
| History of smoking, n (%) | χ2 = 0.046 | .830 | ||
| No | 36 (43.37) | 28 (45.16) | ||
| Yes | 47 (56.63) | 34 (54.84) | ||
| History of drinking, n (%) | χ2 = 0.198 | .657 | ||
| No | 63 (75.90) | 49 (79.03) | ||
| Yes | 20 (24.10) | 13 (20.97) | ||
| History of hypertension, n (%) | χ2 = 2.680 | .102 | ||
| No | 18 (21.69) | 21 (33.87) | ||
| Yes | 65 (78.31) | 41 (66.13) | ||
| History of diabetes, n (%) | χ2 = 0.507 | .476 | ||
| No | 62 (74.70) | 43 (69.35) | ||
| Yes | 21 (25.30) | 19 (30.65) | ||
| History of hyperlipemia, n (%) | χ2 = 0.764 | .382 | ||
| No | 76 (91.57) | 54 (87.10) | ||
| Yes | 7 (8.43) | 8 (12.90) | ||
| History of stroke, n (%) | χ2 = 0.973 | .324 | ||
| No | 72 (86.75) | 57 (91.94) | ||
| Yes | 11 (13.25) | 5 (8.06) | ||
| Length of thrombus, Mean ± SD | 13.94 ± 9.16 | 14.48 ± 9.08 | t = –0.355 | .723 |
| rt-PA, n (%) | 11 (13.25) | 13 (20.97) | χ2 = 1.529 | .216 |
| Number of thrombectomy, n (%) | - | .428 | ||
| Yes | 0 (0.00) | 1 (1.61) | ||
| No | 83 (100.00) | 61 (98.39) | ||
| Time to revascularization, h, Mean ± SD | 1.65 ± 0.71 | 1.94 ± 0.85 | t = –2.183 | .031 |
| Time to procedure, h, Mean ± SD | 9.58 ± 5.16 | 8.19 ± 3.67 | t = 1.889 | .061 |
| Procedure time, h, Mean ± SD | 10.01 ± 5.17 | 8.61 ± 3.63 | t = 1.924 | .056 |
| TOAST classification, n (%) | - | .001 | ||
| Large artery atherosclerosis | 71 (85.54) | 43 (69.35) | ||
| Cardioembolism | 5 (6.02) | 17 (27.42) | ||
| Others | 7 (8.43) | 2 (3.23) | ||
| Occlusion sites, n (%) | χ2 = 1.949 | .583 | ||
| Proximal basilar artery 1 | 16 (19.28) | 14 (22.58) | ||
| Middle Basilar 2 | 18 (21.69) | 18 (29.03) | ||
| Distal basilar artery 3 | 35 (42.17) | 23 (37.10) | ||
| Vertebral artery V4 | 14 (16.87) | 7 (11.29) | ||
| Pathogenesis of stroke, n (%) | - | .082 | ||
| Simple embolic occlusion of basilar artery | 13 (15.66) | 18 (29.03) | ||
| Acute occlusion based on basilar artery stenosis | 44 (53.01) | 33 (53.23) | ||
| Tandem Lesions | 25 (30.12) | 10 (16.13) | ||
| Others | 1 (1.20) | 1 (1.61) | ||
| Recanalization, n (%) | 83 (100.0) | 61 (98.39) | – | .428 |
| NIHSS score at 24 h, Mean ± SD | 15.28 ± 6.33 | 29.87 ± 7.95 | t = –12.302 | <.001 |
| Pulmonary infection, n (%) | 57 (68.67) | 59 (95.16) | χ2 = 15.561 | <.001 |
| Trachea cannula, n (%) | 3 (3.61) | 52 (83.87) | χ2 = 97.094 | <.001 |
| Circulatory collapse, n (%) | 0 (0.00) | 30 (48.39) | χ2 = 50.638 | <.001 |
ASPECT = Alberta Stroke Program Early CT, BMI = body mass index, DSA-ASITN = digital subtraction angiography-American Society of Intervention and Therapeutic Neuroradiology, mRs = modified Rankin scale, NIHSS = National Institute of Health stroke scale; rt-PA = recombinant tissue plasminogen activator; SD = standard deviation; TOAST = Trial of Org 10,172 in Acute Stroke Treatment.
3.3. Multivariate logistic regression for identifying factors associated with the prognosis of patients
To evaluate the factors associated with the prognosis in PCCI patients after emergency endovascular mechanical thrombectomy, variables including age, BMI, baseline NIHSS, pc-ASPECT, DSA-ASITN, TOAST classification, and NIHSS at 24 hours were included in multivariate logistic regression analysis. As exhibited in Table 3 and Fig. 2, Model 1 was the result of unadjusted multivariate logistic regression. According to data in Model 1, pc-ASPECT score, DSA-ASITN grading, TOAST classification, and NIHSS at 24 hours were factors associated with the poor prognosis in PCCI patients after emergency endovascular mechanical thrombectomy. After adjusting age and BMI, Model 2 showed that the risk of poor prognosis in PCCI patients receiving emergency endovascular mechanical thrombectomy reduced 0.552 times with every 1-point increase of the pc-ASPECT score (odds ratio [OR] = 0.448, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.276–0.727, P = .001). The risk of poor prognosis was increased by 0.827 time for each additional grade in the DSA-ASITN grading (OR = 1.827, 95% CI: 1.221–2.733, P = .003) and increased by 0.288 time for every 1-point increase in NIHSS score at 24 hours (OR = 1.288, 95% CI: 1.161–1.429).
Table 3.
Multivariate logistic regression of factors influencing the prognosis.
| Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||
| Variable | OR | 95%CI | P | OR | 95%CI | P |
| Age | 0.994 | 0.949–1.042 | .806 | |||
| BMI | 1.076 | 0.903–1.282 | .413 | |||
| Baseline NIHSS score | 0.891 | 0.797–0.997 | .043 | |||
| ASPECT score | 0.448 | 0.340–0.591 | <.001 | 0.448 | 0.276–0.727 | .001 |
| DSA-ASITN grading | 1.714 | 1.179–2.492 | .005 | 1.827 | 1.221–2.733 | .003 |
| TOAST classification, n (%) | ||||||
| Large artery atherosclerosis | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Cardiac embolism | 4.805 | 1.121–20.605 | .009 | 5.219 | 0.969–28.121 | .054 |
| Others | 0.224 | 0.026–0.947 | .044 | 0.209 | 0.020–2.211 | .193 |
| NIHSS score at 24 h | 1.201 | 1.123–1.285 | <.001 | 1.288 | 1.161–1.429 | <.001 |
Model 1showed the results of multivariate logistic regression, Model 2 displayed the data of multivariate logistic regression after adjusting the age and BMI. ASPECT = Alberta Stroke Program Early CT, BMI = body mass index, DSA-ASITN = digital subtraction angiography-American Society of Intervention and Therapeutic Neuroradiology, NIHSS = National Institute of Health stroke scale, TOAST = Trial of Org 10,172 in Acute Stroke Treatment.
Figure 2.
Forest plot to show the result of multivariate logistic regression.
3.4. Evaluation of the pairwise correlations among the prognostic factors
The data from the thermodynamic diagram in Fig. 3 revealed the associations between the prognostic factors. As shown in Table 4, the tolerance (TOL) of each variable was <1 and the variance inflation factor (VIF) were all <10, indicating that there was no collinearity between the variables. All the data were clustered into 2 categories via unsupervised learning, which showed that patients in group 2 had a statistical higher proportion of poor prognosis (57.58% vs 10.87%, χ2 = 27.992, P < .001). Patients in group 2 was associated with a lower ASPECT score (6.67 vs 7.63, t = 4.39, P < .001), higher DSA-ASITN grading (Z = –5.277, P < .001), and NIHSS score at 24 hours (25.48 vs 12.98, t = –9.69, P < .001) compared with Group 1 (Table 5). These results were similar with the findings in the multivariate logistic regression model.
Figure 3.
The thermodynamic diagram evaluating the associations between the prognostic factors.
Table 4.
The collinearity analysis between the variables.
| TOL | VIF | |
| Age | 0.954 | 1.048 |
| BMI | 0.987 | 1.014 |
| Baseline NIHSS | 0.725 | 1.380 |
| Pc-ASPECT | 0.398 | 2.515 |
| DSA-ASITN grading | 0.783 | 1.278 |
| NIHSS at 24 h | 0.368 | 2.714 |
ASPECT = Alberta Stroke Program Early CT, BMI = body mass index, DSA-ASITN = digital subtraction angiography-American Society of Intervention and Therapeutic Neuroradiology, NIHSS = National Institute of Health stroke scale, TOL = tolerance, VIF = variance inflation factor.
Table 5.
Cluster analysis of patients of different groups.
| Variable | Cluster group 1 (n = 106) | Cluster group 2 (n = 39) | Statistical magnitude | P |
| Prognosis | χ2 = 27.992 | <.001 | ||
| Good | 41 (89.13) | 42 (42.42) | ||
| Poor | 5 (10.87) | 57 (57.58) | ||
| Pc-ASPECT | 7.63 ± 1.02 | 6.67 ± 1.32 | t = 4.39 | <.001 |
| DSA-ASITN grading | Z = –5.277 | <.001 | ||
| 0 | 28 (60.87) | 19 (19.19) | ||
| 1 | 8 (17.39) | 16 (16.16) | ||
| 2 | 5 (10.87) | 18 (18.18) | ||
| 3 | 2 (4.35) | 14 (14.14) | ||
| 4 | 3 (6.52) | 32 (32.32) | ||
| NIHSS at 24 h | 12.98 ± 6.21 | 25.48 ± 9.07 | t = –9.69 | <.001 |
ASPECT = Alberta Stroke Program Early CT, DSA-ASITN = digital subtraction angiography-American Society of Intervention and Therapeutic Neuroradiology, NIHSS = National Institute of Health stroke scale.
4. Discussion
The clinical data of 145 patients with PCCI who received emergency endovascular mechanical thrombectomy were collected and analyzed. In our study, we found 83 PCCI patients had good prognosis, accounting for 57.24% in all PCCI patients after emergency endovascular mechanical thrombectomy according to mRS score after 3-month follow up. Previously, a study of Dorňák et al[23] revealed that 59% of posterior circulation stroke patients had good clinical outcomes, which was similar with our results. The pc-ASPECT score, DSA-ASITN grading and NIHSS score at 24 hours were prognostic factors for PCCI patients after emergency endovascular mechanical thrombectomy.
Stroke one of the major cause of death and disability all through the world.[31] Compared with the western population, the incidence and mortality of stroke at the age of 45 to 74 are higher in China,[31] while the incidence and mortality of stroke in western countries are generally lower than those in eastern populations.[32] Endovascular treatment is applied in the management of acute ischemic strokes caused by large vessel occlusion via relieving vessel occlusion over the past few years.[33] The morbidity rate of PCCI patients was reported to be about 33.8%, intracerebral hemorrhage is a main complication of PCCI patients receiving endovascular treatment.[34] To avoid symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage is essential for guiding endovascular treatment to better treat patients and improving the prognosis of patients.
The pc-ASPECT score is a semi-quantitative scoring system to assess early ischemic lesions in the middle cerebral artery in patients with acute ischemic stroke. According to pc-ASPECT score, the lesion size can be obtained accurately in a short time.[35] The lower pc-ASPECT score indicates larger infarction area. In some randomized controlled trials, pc-ASPECT score was applied to screen whether patients with acute ischemic stroke were suitable for endovascular thrombotomy.[36–38] A lower pc-ASPECT score indicated a more severe status of acute ischemic stroke. In our study, pc-ASPECT score was a factor influencing the prognosis for PCCI patients undergoing emergency endovascular mechanical thrombectomy and the risk of poor prognosis reduced 0.552 times for every 1-point increase in pc-ASPECT score. This conclusion was supported by multiple evidences. Kawiorski et al[39] demonstrated that ASPECT score is a sensitive tool for acute stroke and serve as a marker to determine whether recanalization therapy is necessary. The infarcts area and the number of pons and midbrain involved in pc-ASPECT score were reported to be crucially related to functional outcomes in PCCI according to studies from Wong et al.[40] Another 15-year retrospective study of PCCI patients receiving endovascular recanalization demonstrated that functional outcome before recanalization can be effectively predicted in line with pc-ASPECT score.[41] The pc-ASPECT score are mainly used for thrombolysis in patients, which has a higher accuracy of judging prognosis.[42] One of the limitations of the scoring system is that the scoring failed to include all middle cerebral artery blood supply area.[43] The area supplying blood from the anterior cerebral artery is not included, which is difficult to evaluate the prognosis in internal carotid artery occlusion.
In the present study, DSA-ASITN grading was also a prognosis factor for PCCI patients undergoing emergency endovascular mechanical thrombectomy. DSA-ASITN grading was effectively used in determination of acute ischemic stroke.[44,45] DSA is also reported to be a diagnostic method for measuring the degree of stenosis, although it is unable to quantitatively evaluate the hemodynamic status of different types of compensatory types.[46,47] The risk of poor prognosis in PCCI patient undergoing emergency endovascular mechanical thrombectomy was increased by 0.827 times for each additional grade increase of DSN-ASITN grading. This may be because collateral circulation is associated with cerebral tissue reperfusion rate and vascular recanalization rate. Good collateral circulation can protect ischemic penumbra and reduce infarct volume and the risk of postoperative bleeding transformation, which might affect the clinical outcome of patients after vascular recanalization.[48] Another prognosis indicator for PCCI patients undergoing emergency endovascular mechanical thrombectomy in our study was NIHSS score at 24 hours. NIHSS score is commonly applied in stroke trials to measure the prognosis. It is often detected 24 hours after the treatment by evaluating several clinical indicators, which is a marker reflecting brain dysfunction.[49] It is performed reliably by various clinicians before and after treatment to evaluate the severity of stroke in a relatively short period of time, which was widely applied in clinic.[50] The maximum score of NIHSS is 42 and higher score means more severe neurological deficits.[49] In this study, each additional point of NIHSS score at 24 hours increased the risk of poor prognosis by 0.288 times, which indicated that NIHSS score at 24 hours was an independent prognosis indicator for PCCI patients undergoing emergency endovascular mechanical thrombectomy. Previous studies revealed that early NIHSS score appears to have close association with long-term functional prognosis after stroke,[51,52] which supported our conclusion. However, the direct determinants of the prognosis of cerebral infarction are the degree of neurological deficit at the onset and the characteristics of early disease changes under the action of multiple factors, and NIHSS score has shortcomings in evaluating the stability of arterial plaques in ischemic penumbra,[53] NIHSS scores lack the reliability in assessing overall outcomes. In addition, the predictive power of NIHSS score for neurological prognosis is time-dependent, and its predictive power decreases with time increases.[54] Thus, the dynamic combination of spatial change and temporal change of NIHSS score may be a new perspective and attempt to evaluate the long-term prognosis of cerebral infarction with NIHSS score.
PCCI accounts for nearly 20% of all ischemic strokes.[55] In clinic, when cerebral infarction occurs in posterior circulation, it is still very difficult to deal with. Neurological deficits caused by PCCI was described as catastrophic with severe disability and death.[56] Due to the rarity of PCCI cases, it is challenge for obtaining a large sample size to study the prognosis of those patients. It is essential to deep understanding more detailed prognostic factors of this disease. This study analyzed the factors associated with the prognosis of PCCI patients after emergency endovascular mechanical thrombectomy. For patients who have risk factors of poor prognosis, clinicians should pay special attentions on them, and various indicators of those patients should be frequently detected. In addition, effective care and treatments should be applied to improve the management and prognosis of patients with PCCI.
This study had some limitations. First, due to the rarity of the diseases, the sample size was small. Secondly, several vital variables may affect the prognosis of patients were not included in our study, for example, pre-mormid mRS scores. Large scale sample size study with more comprehensive variables was required to further analyze the factors influencing the prognosis of PCCI patients receiving emergency endovascular mechanical thrombectomy (Supplementary Table 1).
5. Conclusion
As far as we know, a variety of factors influence the clinical prognosis of endovascular mechanical thrombectomy treatment for PCCI. In this study, we found ASPECT score, DSA-ASITN grading, NIHSS score at 24 hours were independent factors affecting the prognosis of PCCI patients undergoing emergency endovascular mechanical thrombectomy, which might offer reliable markers for improving the prognosis for PCCI patients.
Author contributions
Jun Gao and Baochao Zhang designed the study, Jun Gao wrote the manuscript, Jun Gao, Changming Wen, Jun Sun, Di Chen, Donghuan Zhang, Ning Wang, Yifeng Liu, and Jie Wang collected, analyzed, and interpreted the data. Baochao Zhang critically reviewed, edited, and approved the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Conceptualization: Jun Gao, Baochao Zhang.
Data curation: Changming Wen, Jun Sun, Di Chen, Donghuan Zhang, Ning Wang, Yifeng Liu, Jie Wang.
Formal analysis: Changming Wen, Jun Sun, Di Chen, Donghuan Zhang, Ning Wang, Yifeng Liu, Jie Wang.
Funding acquisition: Baochao Zhang.
Investigation: Changming Wen, Jun Sun, Di Chen, Donghuan Zhang, Ning Wang, Yifeng Liu, Jie Wang.
Methodology: Changming Wen, Jun Sun, Di Chen, Donghuan Zhang, Ning Wang, Yifeng Liu, Jie Wang.
Writing – original draft: Jun Gao.
Writing – review & editing: Jun Gao, Baochao Zhang.
Supplementary Material
Footnotes
Abbreviations: ASPECT = Alberta Stroke Program Early CT, DSA-ASITN = digital subtraction angiography-American Society of Intervention and Therapeutic Neuroradiology, mRS = modified Rankin scale, NIHSS = National Institutes of Health Stroke scale, OR = odds ratio, PCCI = posterior circulation cerebral infarction.
How to cite this article: Gao J, Wen C, Sun J, Chen D, Zhang D, Wang N, Liu Y, Wang J, Zhang B. Prognostic factors for acute posterior circulation cerebral infarction patients after endovascular mechanical thrombectomy: a retrospective study. Medicine. 2022;101:17(e29167).
This study was supported by Key project of the Medical science and technology in Henan Province. (No. 202102310079; No. 192102310349).
The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Supplemental digital content is available for this article.
Contributor Information
Jun Gao, Email: gaofanyi2628@163.com.
Changming Wen, Email: 13838729696@sina.com.
Jun Sun, Email: sunjun1666@163.com.
Di Chen, Email: chendi@163.com.
Donghuan Zhang, Email: zhangdonghuan@163.com.
Ning Wang, Email: wangning@163.com.
Yifeng Liu, Email: liuyifeng@163.com.
Jie Wang, Email: wangjie@163.com.
Baochao Zhang, Email: zbcdct@163.com.
References
- [1].Miyamoto N, Tanaka Y, Ueno Y, et al. Demographic, clinical, and radiologic predictors of neurologic deterioration in patients with acute ischemic stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2013;22:205–10. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [2].Zeng Q, Tao W, Lei C, et al. Etiology and risk factors of posterior circulation infarction compared with anterior circulation infarction. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2015;24:1614–20. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [3].Lochner P, Golaszewski S, Caleri F, et al. Posterior circulation ischemia in patients with fetal-type circle of Willis and hypoplastic vertebrobasilar system. Neurol Sci 2011;32:1143–6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [4].Chi HY, Chen KW, Hsu CF, et al. Ultrasound findings disclose the mutual impact of vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia and vertebral artery hypoplasia. J Ultrasound Med 2019;38:3037–42. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [5].Hoch MJ, Bruno MT, Faustin A, et al. 3T MRI whole-brain microscopy discrimination of subcortical anatomy, part 1: brain stem. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2019;40:401–7. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [6].Bamford J, Sandercock P, Dennis M, et al. Classification and natural history of clinically identifiable subtypes of cerebral infarction. Lancet 1991;337:1521–6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [7].Tao WD, Liu M, Fisher M, et al. Posterior versus anterior circulation infarction: how different are the neurological deficits? Stroke 2012;43:2060–5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [8].Markus HS, van der Worp HB, Rothwell PM. Posterior circulation ischaemic stroke and transient ischaemic attack: diagnosis, investigation, and secondary prevention. Lancet Neurol 2013;12:989–98. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [9].Pfefferkorn T, Mayer TE, Opherk C, et al. Staged escalation therapy in acute basilar artery occlusion: intravenous thrombolysis and on-demand consecutive endovascular mechanical thrombectomy: preliminary experience in 16 patients. Stroke 2008;39:1496–500. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [10].Eckert B, Kucinski T, Pfeiffer G, et al. Endovascular therapy of acute vertebrobasilar occlusion: early treatment onset as the most important factor. Cerebrovasc Dis 2002;14:42–50. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [11].Nogueira RG, Jadhav AP, Haussen DC, et al. Thrombectomy 6 to 24 hours after stroke with a mismatch between deficit and infarct. N Engl J Med 2018;378:11–21. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [12].Goyal M, Menon BK, van Zwam WH, et al. Endovascular thrombectomy after large-vessel ischaemic stroke: a meta-analysis of individual patient data from five randomised trials. Lancet 2016;387:1723–31. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [13].Mordasini P, Brekenfeld C, Byrne JV, et al. Technical feasibility and application of mechanical thrombectomy with the solitaire FR revascularization device in acute basilar artery occlusion. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2013;34:159–63. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [14].Roth C, Mielke A, Siekmann R, et al. First experiences with a new device for mechanical thrombectomy in acute basilar artery occlusion. Cerebrovasc Dis 2011;32:28–34. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [15].Lutsep HL, Rymer MM, Nesbit GM. Vertebrobasilar revascularization rates and outcomes in the MERCI and multi-MERCI trials. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2008;17:55–7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [16].Wang L, Shi W, Su Z, et al. Endovascular treatment of severe acute basilar artery occlusion. J Clin Neurosci 2015;22:195–8. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [17].van Houwelingen RC, Luijckx GJ, Mazuri A, et al. Safety and outcome of intra-arterial treatment for basilar artery occlusion. JAMA Neurol 2016;73:1225–30. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [18].Yaghi S, Willey JZ, Cucchiara B, et al. Treatment and outcome of hemorrhagic transformation after intravenous alteplase in acute ischemic stroke: a scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2017;48:e343–61. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [19].Luo G, Mo D, Tong X, et al. Factors associated with 90-day outcomes of patients with acute posterior circulation stroke treated by mechanical thrombectomy. World Neurosurg 2018;109:e318–28. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [20].Szmygin M, Sojka M, Pyra K, et al. Mechanical thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke in the posterior circulation: assessment of efficacy and outcome and identification of prognostic factors. Acta Radiol 2021;62:1374–80. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [21].Raoult H, Eugène F, Ferré JC, et al. Prognostic factors for outcomes after mechanical thrombectomy with solitaire stent. J Neuroradiol 2013;40:252–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [22].Son S, Kim YW, Oh MK, et al. Initial factors affecting the clinical outcome after successful recanalization via MR-based mechanical thrombectomy in patients with acute ischemic stroke due to basilar artery occlusion. J Neurointerv Surg 2016;8:889–93. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [23].Dorňák T, Král M, Hazlinger M, et al. Posterior vs. anterior circulation infarction: demography, outcomes, and frequency of hemorrhage after thrombolysis. Int J Stroke 2015;10:1224–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [24].Shkirkova K, Saver JL, Starkman S, et al. Frequency, predictors, and outcomes of prehospital and early postarrival neurological deterioration in acute stroke: exploratory analysis of the FAST-MAG Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Neurol 2018;75:1364–74. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [25].Association NSoCM. Guidelines for the early diagnosis and treatment of acute ischemic stroke in China. Chin J Neurol 2015;48:356–61. [Google Scholar]
- [26].Panezai S, Meghpara S, Kulhari A, et al. Institution of code neurointervention and its impact on reaction and treatment times. J Vasc Interv Neurol 2020;11:01–5. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [27].Herpich F, Rincon F. Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke. Crit Care Med 2020;48:1654–63. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [28].Silva GS, Nogueira RG. Endovascular treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Continuum (Minneap, Minn) 2020;26:310–31. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [29].Zhang G, Treurniet KM, Jansen IGH, et al. Operator versus core lab adjudication of reperfusion after endovascular treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 2018;49:2376–82. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [30].Adams HP, Jr, Bendixen BH, Kappelle LJ, et al. Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. TOAST. Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment. Stroke 1993;24:35–41. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [31].Dong S, Fang J, Li Y, et al. The population attributable risk and clustering of stroke risk factors in different economical regions of China. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020;99:e19689. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [32]. Global, regional, and national burden of stroke, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol. 2019;18:439–58. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [33].Pierot L, Soize S, Benaissa A, et al. Techniques for endovascular treatment of acute ischemic stroke: from intra-arterial fibrinolytics to stent-retrievers. Stroke 2015;46:909–14. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [34].Huo X, Raynald, Gao F, et al. Characteristic and prognosis of acute large vessel occlusion in anterior and posterior circulation after endovascular treatment: the ANGEL registry real world experience. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2020;49:527–32. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [35].Hungerford JP, Hyer M, Turk AS, et al. Impact of ASPECT scores and infarct distribution on outcomes among patients undergoing thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke with the ADAPT technique. J Neurointerv Surg 2017;9:823–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [36].Saver JL, Goyal M, Bonafe A, et al. Stent-retriever thrombectomy after intravenous t-PA vs. t-PA alone in stroke. N Engl J Med 2015;372:2285–95. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [37].Jovin TG, Chamorro A, Cobo E, et al. Thrombectomy within 8 hours after symptom onset in ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 2015;372:2296–306. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [38].Goyal M, Demchuk AM, Menon BK, et al. Randomized assessment of rapid endovascular treatment of ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 2015;372:1019–30. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [39].Kawiorski MM, Martínez-Sánchez P, García-Pastor A, et al. Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score applied to CT angiography source images is a strong predictor of futile recanalization in acute ischemic stroke. Neuroradiology 2016;58:487–93. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [40].Wong KS, Chen C, Ng PW, et al. Low-molecular-weight heparin compared with aspirin for the treatment of acute ischaemic stroke in Asian patients with large artery occlusive disease: a randomised study. Lancet Neurol 2007;6:407–13. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [41].Khatibi K, Nour M, Tateshima S, et al. Posterior circulation thrombectomy-pc-ASPECT score applied to preintervention magnetic resonance imaging can accurately predict functional outcome. World Neurosurg 2019;129:e566–71. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [42].Puetz V, Sylaja PN, Coutts SB, et al. Extent of hypoattenuation on CT angiography source images predicts functional outcome in patients with basilar artery occlusion. Stroke 2008;39:2485–90. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [43].Román LS, Menon BK, Blasco J, et al. Imaging features and safety and efficacy of endovascular stroke treatment: a meta-analysis of individual patient-level data. Lancet Neurol 2018;17:895–904. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [44].Liebeskind DS, Cotsonis GA, Saver JL, et al. Collateral circulation in symptomatic intracranial atherosclerosis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2011;31:1293–301. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [45].Seker F, Potreck A, Möhlenbruch M, et al. Comparison of four different collateral scores in acute ischemic stroke by CT angiography. J Neurointerv Surg 2016;8:1116–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [46].Yang H, Ma N, Liu L, et al. The basilar artery on computed tomography angiography score for acute basilar artery occlusion treated with mechanical thrombectomy. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2018;27:1570–4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [47].Wen WL, Fang YB, Yang PF, et al. Parametric digital subtraction angiography imaging for the objective grading of collateral flow in acute middle cerebral artery occlusion. World Neurosurg 2016;88:119–25. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [48].Gory B, Eldesouky I, Sivan-Hoffmann R, et al. Outcomes of stent retriever thrombectomy in basilar artery occlusion: an observational study and systematic review. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2016;87:520–5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [49].Brott T, Adams HP, Jr, Olinger CP, et al. Measurements of acute cerebral infarction: a clinical examination scale. Stroke 1989;20:864–70. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [50].Rudilosso S, Laredo C, Amaro S, et al. Clinical improvement within 24 hours from mechanical thrombectomy as a predictor of long-term functional outcome in a multicenter population-based cohort of patients with ischemic stroke. J Neurointerv Surg 2021;13:119–23. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [51].Saver JL, Altman H. Relationship between neurologic deficit severity and final functional outcome shifts and strengthens during first hours after onset. Stroke 2012;43:1537–41. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [52].Rangaraju S, Frankel M, Jovin TG. Prognostic value of the 24-hour neurological examination in anterior circulation ischemic stroke: a post hoc analysis of two randomized controlled stroke trials. Interv Neurol 2016;4:120–9. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [53].Kasner SE, Chimowitz MI, Lynn MJ, et al. Predictors of ischemic stroke in the territory of a symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis. Circulation 2006;113:555–63. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [54].Olavarría VV, Delgado I, Hoppe A, et al. Validity of the NIHSS in predicting arterial occlusion in cerebral infarction is time-dependent. Neurology 2011;76:62–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [55].Merwick Á, Werring D. Posterior circulation ischaemic stroke. BMJ 2014;348:g3175. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [56].Mbroh J, Poli K, Tünnerhoff J, et al. Comparison of risk factors, safety, and efficacy outcomes of mechanical thrombectomy in posterior vs. anterior circulation large vessel occlusion. Front Neurol 2021;12:687134. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.