Abstract
Background
High‐quality Basic Life Support (BLS), the first step in the Utstein formula for survival, needs effective education for all kinds of population groups. The feasibility of BLS courses for refugees is not well investigated yet.
Methods
We conducted BLS courses including automated external defibrillator (AED) training for refugees in Austria from 2016 to 2019. Pre‐course and after course attitudes and knowledge towards cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) were assessed via questionnaires in the individuals’ native languages, validated by native speaker interpreters.
Results
We included 147 participants (66% male; 22 [17‐34] years; 28% <18 years) from 19 countries (74% from the Middle East). While the availability of BLS courses in the participants’ home countries was low (37%), we noted increased awareness towards CPR and AED use after our courses. Willingness to perform CPR increased from 25% to 99%. A positive impact on the participants’ perception of integration into their new environment was noted after CPR training. Higher level of education, male gender, age <18 years and past traumatizing experiences positively affected willingness or performance of CPR.
Conclusion
BLS education for refugees is feasible and increases their willingness to perform CPR in emergency situations, with the potential to improve survival after cardiac arrest. Individuals with either past traumatizing experiences, higher education or those <18 years might be eligible for advanced life support education. Interestingly, these BLS courses bear the potential to foster resilience and integration. Therefore, CPR education for refuge should be generally offered and further evaluated.
Keywords: basic life support, chain of survival, medical education, migrants, refugees
Highlights.
High‐quality Basic Life Support needs effective education for all population groups
Refugees are a growing part of modern societies
Basic Life Support courses were successfully conducted in refugees’ native languages
Willingness to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation increased by 74%
Courses had a positive impact on participants’ perception of social integration
1. INTRODUCTION
Out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), a major international healthcare problem, still has low survival rates and poor neurological outcome. 1 , 2 , 3 Effective Basic Life Support (BLS) is an integrative step in the ‘chain of survival’ 4 : early recognition and call for help, early high‐quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and early automated external defibrillation (AED) increased survival in the past years. 3 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 Layperson BLS saves lives due to reduction of intervention times, bridging until healthcare professionals arrive on scene. 3 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 However, not all potential lay rescuers witnessing OHCA are willing or well‐enough trained to perform effective BLS. 13 Moreover, such ‘first responders’ might not be available in less‐populated areas, or AEDs may not be immediately at hand. 14 Despite all healthcare‐related educative efforts, general population awareness of OHCA, BLS and AED use was found to be surprisingly low. 15 To increase awareness and a local implementation of the ‘formula for survival’, 16 special educative programmes were delivered to non‐medical professionals like police forces, fire brigades, or children. 5 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20
Most European countries are faced with increasing numbers of refugees, who are usually not in the scope of life‐saving education programmes. Interestingly, persons with recent traumatic experiences can well be prepared for future extreme situations. 21 Medical education in general can pave the way for better understanding of the approach towards health and disease in new cultural environments. 5 , 22 It promotes faster integration of population groups with different ethnic and socio‐economic backgrounds 23 , 24 , 25 and is cost‐effective. 26 Our study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of BLS courses for refugees. Specifically, details concerning difficulties during the courses and the potential to improve willingness to perform CPR were evaluated.
2. METHODS
2.1. Study population
In this prospective population‐based cross‐sectional study, refugees seeking asylum in Austria and receiving BLS education by the study team were enrolled between December 2016 and December 2019. Inclusion criteria were an officially registered Austrian refugee status, living in either governmental refugee camps or in private accommodations and voluntary agreement to take part in the study (not dependent on taking part in the BLS course). Exclusion criteria were age <6 years, refusal of informed consent or insuperable language barriers.
Any study data obtained were recorded entirely anonymous, and no data were shared with local or national authorities at any stage.
The Ethical Committee of the Medical University of Vienna, Austria, approved the study (N° 2349/2016) and granted documented oral informed consent as valid. The study protocol complies with the Declaration of Helsinki, and data reporting was performed according to the EQUATOR guidelines including STROBE.
2.2. BLS Course details and data acquisition
BLS courses were held for refugees in sufficiently large room equipped with a projector and screen. Medical professionals (physicians, nurses and medical students who had been trained in the course format) taught BLS theory and practice, using standard BLS mannequins (MedX5, Friedberg, Germany). The instructors to participants ratio was always ≥1:5. Certified translators assisted the medical staff in communicating in the participants’ native languages whenever English was not sufficiently understood (German was not mainly used because the participants did not have sufficient previous knowledge of German). The 2 hours BLS course was composed of a general reception, theoretical explanations, demonstrations, practice and a conclusion (Figure 1). Chest‐compression‐only CPR was taught. After the course, participants were asked if they would take part in the study. If affirmative, oral informed consent was obtained with the help of the translators. All data were collected prospectively: A structured questionnaire (having undergone psychometric evaluation including objectivity, validity, reliability and expert focus group discussions) in English or their native languages (according to the participant's preference) was answered, with the aim of identifying baseline characteristics and aspects of knowledge and awareness concerning BLS and AEDs. Any unclarities were resolved with the help of the translators. All questions were answered after the course because informed consent was also given afterwards, and from an ethical viewpoint, we had to ensure everyone would receive the CPR training. The used questionnaire in English is provided as electronic Supplement S1. A specialized questionnaire version for participants of minor age was used, which had been adapted for understandability, but still produced the same data. Finally, anonymized data were extracted with the help of native speakers of the respectively used language and transferred into a password‐protected database.
FIGURE 1.
Timetable of the utilized BLS course format. AED, Automated external defibrillator; BLS, Basic life support; ca, cardiac arrest
2.3. Statistical analysis
Continuous data are presented as medians and interquartile ranges (IQR). Mann‐Whitney U test compared continuous data between subgroups. Categorical data are presented as counts and percentages and compared using chi‐square test where appropriate. Logistic regression was applied to elucidate the impact of baseline characteristic parameters on various questionnaire variables. Continuous variables were log‐transformed prior to regression analysis when applicable to ensure conformity of normal distribution. Data were reported as crude and adjusted odds ratio (OR) for uni‐ and multivariate regression analyses and as their respective 95% confidence intervals (CI). The multivariate model was adjusted for potential confounders as follows: age, gender, time staying in the current country, primarily used language, higher education, past traumatic experience and known chronic illness in the social environment. Statistical significance was defined by two‐tailed P‐values of <0.05. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 22.0 (IBM, USA).
3. RESULTS
Out of 147 included participants, 66% were male aged 22 (17‐34) years. About two‐thirds were adults (<18 years: 41 [28%]; >18 years: 106 [72%]). All participants joining the BLS course also agreed to take part in the study. Translation and interpretation were not reported to interfere with the flow of teaching. Course instructors reported that often, basic anatomy or physiology facts had to be explained in detail (eg the heart being responsible for blood flow).
With the help of interpreters, the participants were taught CPR and the study questions were assessed in Arabic (n = 59; 40%), Farsi (n = 46, 31%), English (n = 14; 10%]), Russian (n = 9; 6%), Urdu (n = 5; 3%), Bengali (n = 3; 2%), Chinese (n = 3; 2%), French (n = 2; 1%), Kurdish (n = 2; 1%]), Mongolian (n = 2; 1%), Armenian (n = 1; 1%) and Somali (n = 1; 1%). The participants’ countries of origin were grouped (Figure 2): Middle East (n = 108; 74%), Africa (n = 17; 12%), Asia (n = 13; 9%) and Eastern Europe (n = 9; 6%).
FIGURE 2.
Participants’ distribution in terms of regions of origin with the respective numbers and age details. IQR, Interquartile range
3.1. Opinions and knowledge on basic life support
Between before and after the BLS course, the willingness to perform CPR increased from 25% to 99% (P < .001). Participants’ questionnaire answers are displayed in Table 1. The distributions concerning age and gender appeared to be mostly balanced. Interestingly, more participants <18 years stated that they would have helped in a CPR situation before having had the course training. In contrast, adults were more likely to have known how to help in a CPR situation in the past. Also, more adults stated they would have already known at least parts of the course's contents beforehand, and adults were more satisfied with the training in terms of points from 1 to 10 (10 being the best score).
TABLE 1.
Participants’ background, knowledge and opinions on CPR courses and CPR situations in their home countries and in the current country
| Table 1 | Total | Male | Female | P‐value | <18 y | >18 y | P‐value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 147 | N = 97 | N = 50 | N = 41 | N = 106 | |||
| Before course | |||||||
| Would perform CPR or other measures if necessary, n (%) | 37 (25.2) | 28 (28.9) | 9 (18.0) | .049 | 13 (31.7) | 24 (22.6) | .021 |
| Has taken part in a BLS course in the current country, n (%) | 41 (27.9) | 31 (32.0) | 10 (20.0) | .126 | 13 (31.7) | 28 (26.4) | .521 |
| Has taken part in a BLS course in their home country, n (%) | 45 (30.6) | 32 (33.0) | 13 (26.0) | .084 | 12 (29.3) | 33 (31.1) | .099 |
| Has ever taken part in a course on another medical topic, n (%) | 6 (4.1) | 5 (5.2) | 1 (2.0) | .360 | 1 (2.4) | 5 (4.7) | .531 |
| Has had any school education, n (%) | 117 (79.6) | 77 (79.4) | 40 (80.0) | .438 | 33 (80.5) | 84 (79.2) | .867 |
| Considers themself a medical professional, n (%) | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.0) | .162 | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.9) | .533 |
| Known chronic illnesses in their family or friends that could make CPR necessary, n (%) | 40 (27.2) | 19 (19.6) | 21 (42.0) | .004 | 9 (22.0) | 31 (29.3) | .373 |
| Has been in a CPR situation in their home country, n (%) | 65 (44.2) | 45 (46.4) | 20 (40.0) | .460 | 18 (43.9) | 47 (44.3) | .962 |
| If yes, states they knew what to do, n (%) | 12 (8.2) | 10 (10.3) | 2 (4.0) | .186 | 0 (0.0) | 12 (11.3) | .025 |
| Has been in a CPR situation in the current country, n (%) | 12 (8.2) | 7 (7.2) | 5 (10.0) | .559 | 6 (14.6) | 6 (5.7) | .075 |
| If yes, states they knew what to do, n (%) | 2 (1.4) | 1 (1.0) | 1 (2.0) | .631 | 0 (0.0) | 2 (1.9) | .376 |
| Has been in a CPR situation during their journey to the current country, n (%) | 67 (45.6) | 43 (44.3) | 24 (48.0) | .672 | 17 (41.5) | 50 (47.2) | .533 |
| If yes, states they knew what to do, n (%) | 3 (2.0) | 2 (2.1) | 1 (2.0) | .735 | 0 (0.0) | 3 (2.8) | .048 |
| States there are BLS courses in their home country, n (%) | 54 (36.7) | 38 (39.2) | 16 (32.0) | .393 | 11 (26.8) | 43 (40.6) | .121 |
| If yes, states that they are easily accessible, n (%) | 31 (21.1) | 20 (20.6) | 11 (22.0) | .462 | 6 (14.6) | 15 (14.1) | .473 |
| If yes, states that they are held in schools, n (%) | 42 (28.6) | 28 (28.9) | 14 (28.0) | .912 | 8 (19.5) | 34 (32.1) | .131 |
| If yes, states that they are held when acquiring a driving license, n (%) | 45 (30.6) | 31 (32.0) | 14 (28.0) | .622 | 12 (29.3) | 33 (31.1) | .826 |
| States they came to the current country alone, n (%) | 74 (50.3) | 55 (56.7) | 19 (38.0) | .028 | 21 (51.2) | 53 (50.0) | .894 |
| States they underwent a traumatizing episode during their journey to the current country, n (%) | 66 (44.9) | 41 (42.3) | 25 (50.0) | .372 | 17 (41.5) | 49 (46.2) | .603 |
| After course | |||||||
| Feels better prepared for a medical emergency, n (%) | 145 (98.6) | 96 (99.0) | 49 (98.0) | .631 | 41 (100) | 104 (98.1) | .376 |
| Would perform CPR or other measures if necessary, n (%) | 145 (98.6) | 96 (99.0) | 49 (98.0) | .631 | 41 (100) | 104 (98.1) | .376 |
| Knows the correct order and process of the chain of survival, n (%) | 128 (87.1) | 86 (88.7) | 42 (84.0) | .425 | 36 (87.8) | 92 (86.8) | .870 |
| Knows the emergency call number of the current country, n (%) | 139 (94.6) | 94 (96.9) | 45 (90.0) | .080 | 38 (92.7) | 101 (95.3) | .533 |
| Knows when to check for breathing, n (%) | 131 (89.1) | 88 (90.7) | 43 (86.0) | .384 | 35 (85.4) | 96 (90.6) | .364 |
| Knows correct details of efficient chest compressions, n (%) | 131 (89.1) | 88 (90.7) | 43 (86.0) | .384 | 35 (85.4) | 96 (90.6) | .364 |
| Knows starting and termination rules of BLS, n (%) | 131 (89.1) | 87 (89.7) | 44 (88.0) | .490 | 34 (82.9) | 97 (91.5) | .399 |
| Knows about the use of an AED, n (%) | 116 (78.9) | 80 (82.5) | 36 (72.0) | .140 | 35 (85.4) | 81 (76.4) | .233 |
| Would teach BLS to others, n (%) | 144 (98.0) | 95 (97.9) | 49 (98.0) | .980 | 41 (100) | 103 (97.2) | .276 |
| States that they would have already known what they learned in the course, n (%) | 13 (8.8) | 11 (11.3) | 2 (4.0) | .138 | 0 (0.0) | 13 (12.3) | .019 |
| Thinks that BLS training should be taught at school, n (%) | 137 (93.2) | 93 (95.9) | 44 (88.0) | .072 | 39 (95.1) | 98 (92.5) | .564 |
| Thinks the course was lasting too long, n (%) | 5 (3.4) | 3 (3.1) | 2 (4.0) | .774 | 1 (2.4) | 4 (3.8) | .689 |
| Thinks the course was lasting too short, n (%) | 29 (19.7) | 19 (19.6) | 10 (20.0) | .953 | 7 (17.1) | 22 (20.8) | .615 |
| Thinks the course met their expectations, n (%) | 137 (93.2) | 92 (94.8) | 45 (90.0) | .269 | 39 (95.1) | 98 (92.5) | .564 |
| Thinks the course contributes to more understanding between refugees and locals, n (%) | 146 (99.3) | 97 (100.0) | 49 (98.0) | .162 | 41 (100) | 105 (99.1) | .533 |
| Thinks they could practice English or German language skills during the course, n (%) | 136 (92.5) | 90 (92.8) | 46 (92.0) | .864 | 39 (95.1) | 97 (91.5) | .455 |
| Would like to attend an advanced course, n (%) | 137 (93.2) | 92 (94.8) | 45 (90.0) | .269 | 39 (95.1) | 98 (92.5) | .564 |
| Overall course evaluation, points from 1‐10 (SD) | 9.7 ( ± 0.8) | 9.7 ( ± 0.9) | 9.7 ( ± 0.7) | .784 | 9.4 ( ± 1.2) | 9.8 ( ± 0.6) | .019 |
| Estimate of importance of BLS courses, points from 1‐10 (SD) | 9.8 ( ± 0.7) | 9.8 ( ± 0.7) | 9.7 ( ± 0.7) | .599 | 9.8 ( ± 0.6) | 9.8 ( ± 0.7) | .613 |
Continuous data are presented with their means and standard deviation (SD) and were compared by Mann‐Whitney U test. Discrete data are presented as counts and percentages and were compared using chi‐square test.
Abbreviations: AED, Automated external defibrillator/defibrillation; BLS, Basic life support; CPR, Cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
3.2. Past experiences, education and time of stay in the current country
Differences between subgroups of individuals with past traumatizing experiences, with higher education and concerning the duration of stay in Austria are displayed in Table 2. Participants with past traumatizing situations showed more willingness to perform CPR before the course (41% vs. 12%, P < .001; crude OR 3.20 [1.99‐4.27], P = .021; adjusted OR 2.90 [2.00‐3.89], P = .028). They also stated to have already been in a CPR situation (no further details available) in their home countries (67% vs. 26%, P < .001; crude OR 4.17 [1.81‐9.61], P = .001; adjusted OR 7.21 [3.20‐16.28], P < .001), and during their recent flight or travel to Austria (64% vs. 31%, P < .001; crude OR 1.90 [0.83‐4.36], P = .130; adjusted OR 4.53 [2.09‐9.82], P < .001). More participants with higher education reported that BLS courses in their home countries are easily accessible (42% vs. 6%, P < .001; crude OR 3.90 [2.13‐6.74], P = .011; adjusted OR 4.07 [2.48‐5.83], P = .009). Also, they performed better in various measures of CPR knowledge after the course (chain of survival: 94% vs. 82%, P = .046; crude OR 1.88 [0.40‐8.820], P = .421; adjusted OR 8.25 [1.76‐38.59], P = .007/check for breathing, efficient chest compressions, starting and termination rules: 95% vs. 85%, P = .044; crude OR 1.78 [0.32‐10.06], P = .512; adjusted OR 5.45 [1.17‐25.51], P = .031). Of note, participants thinking that the BLS course contributes to more understanding between refugees and locals had stayed longer in Austria (4.0 [ ± 4.9] months vs. 0.5 [ ± 0.0] months, P = .040; crude OR 5.94 [1.29‐9.66], P = .032; adjusted OR 4.59 [1.09‐13.83], P = .041).
TABLE 2.
Participants’ data of the subgroups of past traumatizing experience, higher education and duration of stay in the current country
| Table 2 |
Traumatizing experience a n (%) |
P‐value |
Higher education b n (%) |
P‐value | Time in current country months ( ± SD) c | P‐value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (N = 66) | No (N = 81) | Yes (N = 62) | No (N = 85) | Yes (answer to statement in column 1) | No (answer to statement in column 1) | ||||
| Before course | |||||||||
| Would perform CPR or other measures if necessary | 27 (40.9) | 10 (12.4) | <.001 | 18 (29.0) | 19 (22.4) | .762 | 3.7 ( ± 2.5) | 3.3 ( ± 3.8) | .723 |
| Has taken part in a BLS course in the current country | 20 (30.3) | 21 (25.9) | .556 | 19 (30.7) | 22 (25.9) | .525 | 5.1 ( ± 5.4) | 3.6 ( ± 4.6) | .088 |
| Has taken part in a BLS course in their home country | 23 (34.9) | 22 (27.2) | .296 | 28 (45.2) | 17 (20.0) | .196 | 3.8 ( ± 2.9) | 4.1 ( ± 3.5) | .691 |
| Has ever taken part in a course on another medical topic | 2 (3.0) | 4 (4.9) | .561 | 4 (6.5) | 2 (2.4) | .215 | 3.8 ( ± 4.7) | 4.0 ( ± 4.9) | .915 |
| Has had any school education | 51 (77.3) | 66 (81.5) | .529 | 62 (100) | 55 (64.7) | <.001 | 3.5 ( ± 4.3) | 5.9 ( ± 6.3) | .060 |
| Considers themself a medical professional | 1 (1.5) | 0 (0.0) | .266 | 1 (1.6) | 0 (0.0) | .240 | 7.0 ( ± 0.0) | 4.0 ( ± 4.9) | .538 |
| Known chronic illnesses in their family or friends that could make CPR necessary | 24 (36.4) | 16 (19.8) | .050 | 20 (32.3) | 20 (24.3) | .240 | 2.8 ( ± 3.3) | 4.5 ( ± 5.3) | .066 |
| Has been in a CPR situation in their home country | 44 (66.7) | 21 (25.9) | <.001 | 41 (66.1) | 24 (28.2) | .251 | 3.3 ( ± 4.7) | 4.4 ( ± 4.9) | .172 |
| If yes, states they knew what to do | 8 (12.1) | 4 (4.9) | .114 | 5 (8.1) | 7 (8.2) | .970 | 3.8 ( ± 5.4) | 4.0 ( ± 4.8) | .893 |
| Has been in a CPR situation in the current country | 8 (12.1) | 4 (4.9) | .114 | 3 (4.8) | 9 (10.6) | .209 | 5.5 ( ± 5.2) | 3.8 ( ± 4.8) | .191 |
| If yes, states they knew what to do | 1 (1.5) | 1 (1.2) | .884 | 1 (1.6) | 1 (1.2) | .822 | 12.5 ( ± 7.8) | 3.9 ( ± 3.8) | .012 |
| Has been in a CPR situation during their journey to the current country | 42 (63.6) | 25 (30.9) | <.001 | 26 (41.9) | 41 (48.2) | .449 | 3.5 ( ± 4.7) | 4.4 ( ± 5.0) | .299 |
| If yes, states they knew what to do | 2 (3.0) | 1 (1.2) | .201 | 2 (3.2) | 1 (1.2) | .107 | 3.7 ( ± 3.1) | 3.9 ( ± 2.5) | .381 |
| States there are BLS courses in their home country | 25 (37.9) | 29 (35.8) | .795 | 22 (35.5) | 32 (37.7) | .788 | 5.7 ( ± 5.8) | 3.6 ( ± 4.2) | .204 |
| If yes, states that they are easily accessible | 16 (24.2) | 15 (18.5) | .539 | 26 (41.9) | 5 (5.9) | <.001 | 3.9 ( ± 3.1) | 4.0 ( ± 3.7) | .730 |
| If yes, states that they are held in schools | 18 (27.3) | 24 (19.6) | .753 | 21 (33.9) | 21 (24.7) | .224 | 3.8 ( ± 5.1) | 4.1 ( ± 4.8) | .728 |
| If yes, states that they are held when acquiring a driving license | 17 (25.8) | 28 (34.6) | .249 | 20 (32.3) | 25 (29.4) | .712 | 4.5 ( ± 6.1) | 3.8 ( ± 4.3) | .416 |
| States they came to the current country alone | 43 (65.2) | 40 (49.4) | .797 | 22 (35.5) | 52 (61.2) | .002 | 4.2 ( ± 5.4) | 3.9 ( ± 4.3) | .714 |
| States they underwent a traumatizing episode during their journey to the current country | n.a. | n.a. | 26 (41.9) | 40 (47.1) | .537 | 5.1 ( ± 5.8) | 3.1 ( ± 3.8) | .061 | |
| After course | |||||||||
| Feels better prepared for a medical emergency | 65 (98.5) | 80 (98.8) | .884 | 61 (98.4) | 84 (98.8) | .822 | 4.0 ( ± 4.9) | 5.5 (2.1) | .663 |
| Would perform CPR or other measures if necessary | 65 (98.5) | 80 (98.8) | .884 | 61 (98.4) | 84 (98.8) | .822 | 4.0 ( ± 4.9) | 3.0 ( ± 2.8) | .771 |
| Knows the correct order and process of the chain of survival | 59 (89.3) | 69 (85.2) | .449 | 58 (94.0) | 70 (82.4) | .046 | 4.2 ( ± 5.1) | 2.5 ( ± 2.8) | .160 |
| Knows the emergency call number of the current country | 65 (98.5) | 74 (91.4) | .058 | 60 (96.8) | 79 (92.9) | .312 | 4.1 ( ± 5.0) | 3.2 ( ± 2.6) | .639 |
| Knows when to check for breathing | 60 (90.9) | 71 (87.7) | .529 | 59 (95.2) | 72 (84.7) | .044 | 4.2 ( ± 5.1) | 2.1 ( ± 1.1) | .099 |
| Knows correct details of efficient chest compressions | 60 (90.9) | 71 (87.7) | .529 | 59 (95.2) | 72 (84.7) | .044 | 4.2 ( ± 5.1) | 2.1 ( ± 1.1) | .099 |
| Knows starting and termination rules of BLS | 60 (90.9) | 71 (87.7) | .529 | 59 (95.2) | 72 (84.7) | .044 | 4.2 ( ± 5.1) | 2.1 ( ± 1.1) | .099 |
| Knows about the use of an AED | 56 (84.9) | 60 (74.1) | .111 | 50 (80.7) | 66 (77.7) | .660 | 4.0 ( ± 4.8) | 4.0 ( ± 5.1) | .978 |
| Would teach BLS to others | 65 (98.5) | 79 (97.5) | .684 | 61 (98.4) | 83 (97.7) | .754 | 4.0 ( ± 5.0) | 3.3 ( ± 2.1) | .811 |
| States that they would have already known what they learned in the course | 4 (6.1) | 9 (11.1) | .283 | 7 (11.3) | 6 (7.1) | .372 | 3.9 ( ± 4.9) | 4.0 ( ± 4.9) | .940 |
| Thinks that BLS training should be taught at school | 62 (93.9) | 75 (92.6) | .747 | 57 (91.9) | 80 (94.1) | .604 | 4.1 ( ± 5.0) | 2.3 ( ± 2.3) | .240 |
| Thinks the course was lasting too long | 3 (4.6) | 2 (2.5) | .490 | 2 (3.2) | 3 (3.5) | .920 | 1.1 ( ± 0.8) | 4.1 ( ± 5.0) | .182 |
| Thinks the course was lasting too short | 12 (18.2) | 17 (21.0) | .671 | 10 (16.1) | 19 (22.4) | .349 | 4.1 ( ± 4.4) | 4.0 ( ± 5.0) | .892 |
| Thinks the course met their expectations | 63 (95.5) | 74 (91.4) | .327 | 59 (95.2) | 78 (91.8) | .419 | 4.1 ( ± 5.0) | 3.3 ( ± 3.4) | .638 |
| Thinks the course contributes to more understanding between refugees and locals | 65 (98.5) | 81 (100) | .266 | 61 (98.4) | 85 (100) | .240 | 4.0 ( ± 4.9) | 0.5 ( ± 0.0) | .040 |
| Thinks they could practice English or German language skills during the course | 62 (93.9) | 74 (91.4) | .554 | 60 (96.8) | 76 (89.4) | .094 | 4.1 ( ± 5.0) | 2.6 ( ± 3.4) | .246 |
| Would like to attend an advanced course | 64 (97.0) | 73 (90.1) | .101 | 58 (93.6) | 79 (92.9) | .885 | 4.1 ( ± 5.0) | 2.7 ( ± 3.2) | .392 |
| Overall course evaluation, points from 1‐10 (SD) | 9.6 ( ± 0.8) | 9.8 ( ± 0.8) | .245 | 9.8 ( ± 0.8) | 9.7 ( ± 0.9) | .422 | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |
| Estimate of importance of BLS courses, points from 1‐10 (SD) | 9.7 ( ± 0.7) | 9.9 ( ± 0.7) | .181 | 9.7 ( ± 0.9) | 9.8 ( ± 0.6) | .403 | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |
Continuous data are presented with their means and standard deviation (SD) and were compared by Mann‐Whitney U test. Discrete data are presented as counts and percentages and were compared using chi‐square test.
Abbreviations: AED, Automated external defibrillator/defibrillation; BLS, Basic life support; CPR, Cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
As subjectively stated by the participant.
defined as any training beyond compulsory education.
duration of the current stay in the current country.
4. DISCUSSION
This study presents data about excellent feasibility of BLS courses for refugees. After the course, awareness towards BLS and AED use, as well as willingness to perform CPR if necessary, increased substantially. Participants suggested a positive impact on their integration into their new environment as an effect of the BLS course. The postulated desired general educational outcomes of BLS courses 16 were achieved. The study showed that refugees feel positively about being educated in BLS and that they can learn the required competencies.
4.1. A highly heterogeneous population
The multicultural and multilingual course participants, including a broad range of age groups, represent the typical challenge in such projects and were to be expected when engaging education of refugees. While this heterogeneity can hardly be avoided, it also poses a strength of our investigation as we could demonstrate the feasibility of conducting BLS courses among this broad variety of participants.
An important learning point for the researchers was that the assumption of English serving as a universal language was insufficient, as 12 languages alone were needed to achieve the goals of our rather small study. In future BLS courses, special emphasis should therefore be put on handling multilingualism: Interpreters for various languages must accompany the teaching, which is definitely a potential cost factor for such projects; video‐based interpreters could contribute here. Grouping participants in language cohorts can be suggested, but this would interfere with the aspect of integrating all individuals into the new, multiethnic society where collaboration and mutual communication are seen as key factors of integration. 24
Participants with any kind of higher education reported more often that BLS courses in their home countries are easily accessible, which might be a by‐product of their already‐received education. Without much surprise, they outperformed other participants. This subgroup might be asked to act as BLS facilitators in future courses, with additional training provided.
Interestingly, men were more willing to perform CPR before having attended the course than females, but the difference vanished after the course. This might be due to the well‐known higher self‐confidence of men towards BLS, 27 or the also‐known gender gap in healthcare education of low‐resource environments. 28
4.2. Past experiences and new resilience
Traumatizing situations during the refugees’ flight or journey seem to increase willingness to perform CPR or first aid, and participants reported a higher likelihood of having been in a CPR situation before. This result is of interest as course organizers were concerned about confronting traumatized individuals with topics like life‐threatening disease or death. However, it seems that experiencing helping others in the past could positively influence people's willingness to also help in the future. 21 Of note, such interventions need sensitive approaches to people's cultural and individual backgrounds. 29
Pre‐ and post‐migration factors like perceived discrimination or social and language support have in the past been stressed to influence refugees’ mental health. Various sources of resilience have been identified, for example social support, acculturation, education, hope or religion. 30 , 31 Health‐related education with the possibility of positive interaction with locals as a life‐saver can cover at least the first four aspects.
4.3. Adaptation and integration
Participants with previous BLS knowledge reported having stayed in Austria longer than those who did not know how to help. They also mentioned that BLS courses contribute to more understanding between refugees and locals. We do not know if this is an effect of successful adaptation to the new environment or based on the underlying cultural approach to others. Usually, refugees are faced with extraordinary difficulties navigating through organizational necessities when arriving in a new country. 24 Concerning BLS teaching, sufficient time needs to be given to refugees before offering healthcare‐related courses; this may open up greater readiness to learn and engage. Once a connection of trust and a learning environment is established, basic healthcare‐related topics like hygiene (Eisenhauer), but also more advanced contents such as first aid, 32 , 33 will positively influence refugees’ health literacy, which has been reported to be low in the past. 34 , 35 , 36
Our findings show that about 37% of participants have BLS courses in their home countries, and only 31% had actually participated in one, which matches past reports of scarce BLS courses in low‐resource environments. 36 , 37 In addition, resuscitation outcomes in these countries are potentially less favourable than in high‐resource settings. 38 Educating refugees in CPR could therefore have an indirect multiplication effect in case refugees are returning to their home countries, impressively demonstrated by the increase of willingness to perform CPR from 25% before to 99% after the BLS courses. In addition, the high overall willingness to perform CPR might have been positively influenced by the fact of receiving chest‐compression‐only CPR training, a known effect 13 that can be leveraged in future courses.
4.4. Limitations
The findings of our observational study are pilot results but create awareness for teaching BLS to refugees. This serves as a stepping stone for future research, which might focus more on the cultural background lead to possible adaptations to already‐established BLS curricula. Our study definitely lacks CPR quality data, which might show educational successes even better. With a 100% consent rate to participate in the study part of the course, reported feelings and attitudes could have been biased in a positive direction. The ‘pre‐course’ part of the questionnaire was completed after the course in order to avoid ethical difficulties and ensure everyone joined the CPR training. However, this might have influenced results. Moreover, a certain selection bias might have occurred when certain refugee centres agreed to CPR courses and others did not, and we were not able to report more detailed epidemiologic data on the refugee situation due to legal reasons.
5. CONCLUSION
Basic life support training for refugees is feasible, increases willingness to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation in emergency situations and may improve resilience and integration. Individuals with past traumatizing experiences, younger and higher‐educated refugees especially improved in basic life support competencies and could be eligible for advanced training. We therefore suggest further conduction of basic life support courses for refugees, with additional scientific supervision. Our first results need further evaluation of improvement in CPR quality measures before broader implementation.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
Robert Greif is ERC director of training and education, and ILCOR EIT Task Force Chair. Sebastian Schnaubelt is ILCOR EIT Task Force Member. None of the other authors declare to have any conflicts of interest. No funding was obtained.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
SS, BS, AP, EY and PS contributed to data acquisition and study design. All authors contributed to manuscript drafting. SS, BS and JO crafted the manuscript and executed data analyses, CS, FE, MK, RaG, AN, RoG and HD additionally revised the manuscript. SS, HD and PS supervised the study process and amended the manuscript. All authors critically revised and approved the final version of the manuscript.
FINANCIAL SUPPORT AND SPONSORSHIP
None.
PATIENT AND PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT
Patients or the public have not participated in the design of this study due to its pilot character and local law preventing to do so.
Supporting information
Supplementary Material
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
General We thank Günther Porsch (Red Cross Horn, Austria) and Manuela Igelsky (Medical University of Vienna) for their continuous support.
Schnaubelt S, Schnaubelt B, Pilz A, et al. BLS courses for refugees are feasible and induce commitment towards lay rescuer resuscitation. Eur J Clin Invest. 2022;52:e13644. 10.1111/eci.13644
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Supplementary Material