Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the Virtual Placenta study population
| Characteristic |
All pregnancies (n= 214) |
Placenta‐related complications (n= 55) |
No placenta‐related complications (n= 159) |
P value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal | ||||
| Age, years | 32.1 [29.0; 35.5]** | 30.6 [29.0; 34.3]** | 32.5 [29.1; 35.8]** | 0.101 |
| Nulliparous | 115 (53.7%) | 28 (50.9%) | 87 (54.7%) | 0.625 |
| Mode of conception, IVF/ICSI | 87 (40.7%) | 17 (30.9%) | 70 (44.0%) | 0.088 |
| GA at first visit, days | 55 [51; 65]** | 59 [51; 65]** | 55 [51; 65]** | 0.917 |
| Geographic origin | ||||
| Dutch | 165 (78.9%) | 38 (73.1%) | 127 (80.9%) | 0.453 |
| Western other | 6 (2.9%) | 1 (1.9%) | 5 (3.2%) | |
| Non‐Western | 38 (18.2%) | 13 (25.0%) | 25 (15.9%) | |
| Educational level | ||||
| Low | 18 (8.6%) | 7 (13.5%) | 11 (6.9%) | 0.262 |
| Intermediate | 69 (32.9%) | 14 (26.9%) | 55 (34.6%) | |
| High | 123 (58.6%) | 31 (59.6%) | 92 (57.9%) | |
| BMI measured at first visit in first trimester (kg/m2) | 24.9 [22.2; 28.4]** | 24.8 [22.2; 27.5]** | 24.0 [21.4; 27.0]** | 0.235 |
| Folic acid supplement use, yes | 210 (98.1%) | 54 (98.2%) | 156 (98.1%) | 0.974 |
| Preconception initiation | 175 (81.8%) | 40 (72.7%) | 135 (84.9%) | 0.131 |
| Alcohol consumption, yes | 57 (26.6%) | 10 (18.2%) | 47 (29.6%) | 0.100 |
| Smoking, yes | 28 (13.1%) | 10 (18.2%) | 18 (11.3%) | 0.193 |
| Birth outcomes | ||||
| Major congenital anomalies | 8 (3.7%) | 0 (0%) | 8 (5.0%) | 0.090 |
| GA at birth, weeks | 39+1 [38+2; 40+0]** | 38+0 [36+1; 39+1]** | 39+2 [38+4; 40+2]** | <0.001* |
| Birthweight, grams | 3305 [2930; 3565]** | 2735 [2329; 2931]** | 3415 [3175; 3685]** | <0.001* |
| Placental weight, grams | 435 [350; 517]** | 353 [301; 444]** | 459 [407; 567]** | <0.001* |
| Fetal gender, boys | 106 (49.5%) | 30 (54.5%) | 76 (49.7%) | 0.535 |
| Placenta‐related complications*** | 55 (25.7%) | 55 (100%) | NA | NA |
| PIH | 9 (4.2%) | 9 (16.4%) | NA | NA |
| Pre‐eclampsia | 7 (3.3%) | 7 (12.7%) | NA | NA |
| FGR | 15 (7.0%) | 15 (27.3%) | NA | NA |
| Preterm birth**** | 23 (10.7%) | 23 (41.8%) | NA | NA |
| SGA | 18 (8.4%) | 18 (32.7%) | NA | NA |
FGR, fetal growth restriction, defined as abdominal circumference and/or estimated fetal weight (EFW) below the tenth centile; GA, gestational age or a more than twenty‐centile decrease on the growth curve, compared with previous measurements with a time span of at least 2 weeks; NA, not applicable; PIH, pregnancy‐induced hypertension; SGA, small‐for‐gestational age, defined as birth weight below the tenth percentile.
P value tested between pregnancies with and without placenta‐related complications, significance at P< 0.05.
Expressed as median [interquartile range, p25; p75].
Overlapping diagnoses.
Iatrogenic and spontaneous preterm births.