A checklist of spiders of Nepal (Arachnida; Araneae)

Sanskar Subedi; Ritu Joshi; Samir Karki; Shila Gurung

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09927

. 2022 Jul 13;8(7):e09927. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09927

A checklist of spiders of Nepal (Arachnida; Araneae)

Sanskar Subedi ^1,^∗, Ritu Joshi ¹, Samir Karki ¹, Shila Gurung ¹

PMCID: PMC9304739 PMID: 35874066

Abstract

Spiders (order Araneae) have a worldwide distribution. As of June 17, 2022, the World spider catalog, Version 23.0, enlists 50,188 species of spiders from throughout the world. Except for the open sea and air, spiders live in every ecological environment. They prefer densely vegetated environments and are the world's seventh most diverse group of creatures in terms of species diversity. The checklist of spiders of south Asia mentions 222 spider species from Nepal, grouped into 23 families. However, the official database of the Nepalese government only lists 175 species of Nepalese spiders. This checklist is a vital update to the diversity of the spider fauna of Nepal. The goal is to compile a thorough list of all the spiders found in Nepal. We have enlisted 386 different spider species from Nepal, belonging to 135 different genera and 34 different families, after reviewing previous scientific publications, computer databases of the Nepalese government, and the World spider catalog, Version 23.0. It adds a total of 211 new spiders to Nepal's biodiversity database. Linyphiidae and Salticidae spiders dominate accounting for 27.46 percent and 17.36 percent of total species, respectively, on the checklist. Corrections to previous misidentifications are also included in this checklist, as well as taxonomy revisions. Synonymous species are sorted out to avoid recurrence. The trends in Nepalese spider discovery and dispersion have also been studied.

Keywords: Endemic, Nepalese, Species, Spider

Endemic; Nepalese; Species; Spider.

1. Introduction

Spiders are found all over the planet and have mastered all natural situations, excluding the open sea and the air [1]. The World spider catalog, Version 23.0, has 50,188 species of spiders from all across the world as of June 17,2022 [2]. The amount of extant species of spiders has been estimated to be over 170,000 [3] although it could be much higher. Spiders are without a doubt the largest taxonomic group that is totally made up of predators. Part of their success can be attributed to their skill to colonize almost all terrestrial habitats, from marine intertidal zones [4]to high altitude areas, as evidenced by the champion Euophrys omnisuperstes [5] which can be found at 6700 m altitude in the Himalayas [6]. Spider study is growing, thanks to new taxonomic discoveries, neuronal properties of spider venom, and the versatility of spider silk.

Brignoli [7, 8, 9, 10], Wunderlich [11, 12, 13], Ono [14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19], Zabka [20, 21, 22, 23], Bohdanowicz [24, 25], Thapa [26], and Buchar [27, 28, 29] were among the significant contributors to the study of Nepalese spiders in the mid-twentieth century [30]. Several studies have been based on Prof. J. Martens' collections from the Himalayan expeditions. Buchar introduced 7 new Lycosid spiders from Nepal in 1976, 1978, and 1984. Bohdanowicz (1979, 1987) described new Synagelides spiders from Nepal in his studies. Ono (1979, 1980, and 1985) used numerous thomisid spiders from Nepal in his research. Other researches by Ono (1983, 2006) and Jocqué (1992) describe endemic Zodariidae spiders from Nepal. Nishikawa's study from 1980 introduced 2 new Agelena spiders from Nepal's Khumbu region. Zabka discovered 11 distinct salticid spiders in Nepal during his research. Other 2 spider species belonging to the genus Suffasia were also discovered from eastern Nepal [31]. Two hersilid spiders from Nepal were introduced by Baehr & Baehr in 1993. There were 144 species of spiders in Nepal, according Thapa’s book; “Enumeration of Spiders of Nepal” [26]. Jastrzebski [32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39] cites 15 different salticid spiders from Nepal in his various researches. A study on rice field spiders was also conducted in Nepal's Chitwan district [40]. Jäger [41, 42, 43, 44, 45] describes the family Sparassidae, which includes 33 species from Nepal. Wang discovered 7 new Himalcoelotes species in his research [46]. There are 37 new spiders of the genus Draconarius in the revised list of ceolotine spiders from Nepal [47]. Different Studies by Tanasevitch [48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56] Tanasevitch and Saaristo [57], and Wunderlich [11, 12, 13] enlist many linyphid spiders from Nepal. The “Nepal biodiversity resource book” featured a checklist of spiders of Nepal (Annex 2.1) with 175 species of spiders belonging to 22 distinct families, based on data from earlier publications [26, 40, 58]. Similarly, the checklist of south Asian spiders identified 222 spider species belonging to 79 genera. 176 of those species were only found in Nepal [30]. Wang and Zhu discovered 3 new species of the genus Himalmartensus in Nepal [59]. 38 different Nepalese spiders of the genus Draconarius are described in a study based on J. Marten's collection from Himalayan trips [47]. Four new Camptoscaphiella species were discovered in Nepal by Baehr and Ubick in 2010. Platnick et al. found 3 new species of Brignolia in Nepal [60]. Huber described 2 species of genus Pholcus from Nepal in 2011. Jager found a new species of genus Ctenus in 2012. Four species of the genus Himalayana from Nepal are included in Grismado’s study [61].

Nepal's official spider species count is 175 as published in “Nepal's Sixth National Report to The Convention on Biological Diversity” (2018), released by the Ministry of Forest and Environment, Government of Nepal [62]. Furthermore, the study by Xu et al. documented 5 new species of the genus Leclercera from Nepal [63]. Chang and Li added another Leclercera spider to the list [64]. For the first time in Nepal, Shrestha and Dorr announced the finding of the genus Lactrodectus in 2020 [65]. Nine new Asian salticid spider species were discovered during a field study in Nepal's Chitwan National Park [66]. A new genus, Himalafurca, is described in a recent study including two species from Nepal [52]. A different study reports 7 new Pimoa species from Nepal [67].

Furthermore research on Nepalese spiders has been ongoing since last inventory, and this update to the Nepalese spider checklist is critical. The purpose of this article is to compile a list of all the spider species discovered in Nepal, update their taxonomy and reveal the current state of spider research in Nepal.

2. Study area

Nepal, a southeast Asian country that makes up around 0.1 percent of the world's landmass, is home to 118 different ecosystems [68]. It is a biogeographical transition zone between the Paleotropic and Palaearctic biogeographical realms in the south and the Palaearctic biogeographical realms in the north [69]. Nepal is divided into three ecological regions; Mountain, hills and terai. The climate ranges from tropical to arctic in a short distance of 180 km [68]. Extreme height fluctuation (70–8848.86 m) and precipitation (up to 5500 mm yearly) [70], divergent temperatures, aspect, and humidity form a complex mosaic of ecosystems and habitat ranging from tropical forest through alpine highlands in Nepal [68]. The classification by Stainton identified 35 various forest types in Nepal [71]. Nepal is home to a vast range of flora and animals. According to Nepal's sixth national report to the Convention on Biological Diversity (2018), the country is home to over 13,000 species of flora and over 17,000 species of fauna [62]. Politically, Nepal is divided into 77 districts and 7 federal provinces (see Figure 1).

Map of Nepal; Geographical and political. The small rectangular box displays Nepal's geographic location inside Asia. Nepal is a landlocked nation in Southeast Asia that shares borders with both China and India. Lying below is the enlarged political map of Nepal. There, it makes reference of Nepal's federal provinces and districts.

3. Materials and methods

3.1. Data collection

This checklist was created using information from previous publications in international journals, books, a computer database, and scientific records from “The World Spider Catalog” (Version-23.0). Using Google Scholar's all-in-title feature, we looked for literature discussing Nepalese spiders using keywords with Boolean operators “Spider” OR “Spiders”, “Nepal”. There were a total of 21 search results, with 14 articles and 7 citations. To find the papers listed, these citations were copied and searched in full scale in Google Chrome. Then, using the terms “Checklist of Nepalese spiders,” “List of Nepalese spiders,” “Nepalese spiders,” “Nepali spiders,” “Spiders from Nepal,” “Spiders in Nepal,” and “Spiders of Nepal”, multiple full-scale Google searches for more literature were conducted. Digital data on Nepalese spiders was collected from a government database. The World spider catalog was browsed through in order to include every article on Nepalese spiders in this study. For the last inspection, snowball referencing was used. This resulted in 94 published articles about Nepalese spiders in total. In addition, other publications, reports, and catalogs were scrutinized for accuracy.

3.2. Analysis

We investigated the trend in discovery of spiders from Nepal through measure of Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation [72]. Also, we compared our findings and examined the spider biodiversity within and outside Nepalese territory.

3.3. Representation

The findings were then organized as a checklist in a tabular fashion and classified according to the spider species' taxonomic family. The species' location, global distribution and bibliography are also included. The spider taxonomy is based on Version 23.0 of the World Spider Catalog (2022). The information is also displayed using descriptive statistics such as graphs and charts. The map was plotted in ArcMap version 10.4.1.

4. Results

We found 386 different spider species in Nepal, divided into 135 genera and 34 families (see Tables 1 and 2). Out of these, 251 species are endemic. This is a more than twofold increase in Nepal's spider biodiversity database. Linyphiidae and Salticidae spiders dominate accounting for 27.46 percent and 17.36 percent of total species, respectively (Figure 2, Figure 3). Nepalese spider study appears to be centered in the mountain ecological zone (63%) followed by the hills (31%) and the Terai region (6%) (Figure 4). The bulk of enlisted spiders are found in Province 1, while Sudurpaschim and Madhesh Provinces each have only one spider described (Figure 5). About 94 different articles on Nepalese spiders have been published since 1910. Karl Pearson’s correlation analysis revealed a slightly positive trend in discovery of spiders from Nepal (r =0.228). Maximum discoveries (44 species) have been been made in 2021 (Figure 6).

Table 2.

Spiders of Nepal and their distribution by family

S.N	Genera	Species with Bibliography	Location (District/Province)	Distribution
I. FAMILY AGELENIDAE C.L. Koch, 1837
1.	Agelena Walekenaer, 1837	*Agelena lukla* [76]	Solukhumbu/ Province 1	Nepal and China
1.	Agelena Walekenaer, 1837	*Agelena Sherpa* [76]	Solukhumbu/ Province 1	Endemic
2.	Draconarius Ovtchinnikov, 1999	*Draconarius beloniformis* [47]	Mustang/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
		*Draconarius bifarius* [47]	Terhathum/ Province 1	Endemic
		*Draconarius brevikarenos* [47]	Ilam/ Province 1	Endemic
		*Draconarius capitellus* [47]	Myagdi/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
		*Draconarius communis* [47]	Parbat/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
		*Draconarius condocephalus* [47]	Taplejung/ Province 1	Endemic
		*Draconarius confusus* [47]	Dolakha/ Bagmati Province	Endemic
		*Draconarius contiguus* [47]	Dolpa/ Karnali Province	Endemic
		*Draconarius cylindratus* [47]	Taplejung/ Province 1	Endemic
		*Draconarius dapaensis* [47]	Mustang/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
		*Draconarius distinctus* [47]	Panchthar / Province 1	Endemic
		*Draconarius dorsicephalus* [47]	Dolakha/Bagmati Province	Endemic
		*Draconarius gorkhaensis* [47]	Gorkha/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
		*Draconarius gurkha* [47]	Solukhumbu/ Province 1	Endemic
		*Draconarius latiforus* [47]	Sankhuwasabha / Province 1	Endemic
		*Draconarius meganiger* [47]	Myagdi/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
		*Draconarius microcoelotes* [47]	Myagdi/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
		*Draconarius panchtharensis* [47]	Panchthar/ Province 1	Endemic
		*Draconarius paraepisomos* [47]	Mustang/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
		*Draconarius phulchokiensis* [47]	Lalitpur/ Bagmati Province	Endemic
		*Draconarius pseudogurkha* [47]	Solukhumbu/ Province 1	Endemic
		*Draconarius pseudomeganiger*[47]	Lalitpur/ Bagmati Province	Endemic
		*Draconarius sacculus* [47]	Taplejung/ Province 1	Endemic
		*Draconarius schawalleri* [47]	Gorkha/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
		*Draconarius semicirculus* [47]	Dolakha/ Bagmati Province	Endemic
		*Draconarius seorsus* [47]	Dolakha/ Bagmati Province	Endemic
		*Draconarius simplicifolis* [47]	Myagdi/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
		*Draconarius spinosus* [47]	Mustang/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
		*Draconarius subconfusus* [47]	Panchthar/ Province 1	Endemic
		*Draconarius subepisomos* [47]	Solukhumbu/ Province 1	Endemic
		*Draconarius subrotundus* [47]	Sankhuwasabha / Province 1	Endemic
		*Draconarius taplejungensis* [47]	Taplejung/ Province 1	Endemic
		*Draconarius testudinatus* [47]	Taplejung/ Province 1	Endemic
		*Draconarius tinjuraensis* [47]	Terhathum/ Province 1	Endemic
		*Draconarius tritos* [47]	Taplejung/ Province 1	Endemic
		*Draconarius volutobursarius*[47]	Dolpa/ Karnali Province	Endemic
		*Draconarius wuermlii* [47]	Taplejung/ Province 1	Nepal and Bhutan
		*Draconarius yadongensis* [47]	Taplejung/ Province 1	Nepal and China
3.	Himalcoelotes Wang ,2002	*Himalcoelotes aequoreus* [46]	Mustang/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
		*Himalcoelotes bursarius* [46]	Sindhupalchowk/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
		*Himalcoelotes diatropos* [46]	Rasuwa/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
		*Himalcoelotes gyirongensis*[46]	Parbat/ Gandaki P.	Nepal and China
		*Himalcoelotes martensi* [46]	Kaski/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
		*Himalcoelotes pirum* [46]	Manang/ Gandaki P.	Endemic
		*Himalcoelotes sherpa* [46]	Solukhumbu/ Province 1	Endemic
		*Himalcoelotes subsherpa* [46]	Ramechhap/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
		*Himalcoelotes syntomos* [46]	Lalitpur/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
4.	Tegenaria Latreille, 1804	*Tegenaria lunakensis*[77]	Taplejung/ Province 1	Endemic
II. FAMILY AMAUROBIIDAE Thorell, 1870
1.	Himalmartensus Wang and Zhu, 2008	*Himalmartensus ausobskyi* [59]	Dolakha/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
		*Himalmartensus martensi* [59]	Kathmandu/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
		*Himalmartensus nepalensis* [59]	Rasuwa/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
III. FAMILY ANAPIDAE Simon, 1895
1.	Metanapis Brignoli, 1981	*Metanapis montisemodi* [7]	Myagdi/ Gandaki P.	Endemic
1.	Metanapis Brignoli, 1981	*Metanapis tectimundi* [7]	Rasuwa/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
IV. FAMILY ARANEIDAE Clerck, 1757
1.	Gasteracantha Sundevall, 1833	*Gasteracantha kuhli* [78]	Banke/ Lumbini P.	Nepal, India, Japan
1.	Gasteracantha Sundevall, 1833	*Gasteracantha sanguinolenta* [78] [[7878]]		Nepal, Africa, Yemen
2.	Hypsosinga Ausserer, 1871	*Hypsosinga pygmaea* [58]	Nepal	Nepal, North America
2.	Hypsosinga Ausserer, 1871	*Hypsosinga sanguinea* [58]	Nepal	Nepal, Europe, North Africa
3.	Macracantha Simon, 1864	*Macracantha hasselti* [78] ∗transferred from genus Gasteracantha	Banke/ Lumbini P.	Nepal, Pakistan, India, China
4.	Neoscona Simon, 1864	*Neoscona arabesca* [58]	Nepal	Nepal, Israel, India
		*Neoscona nautical* [58]	Nepal	Asia and pacific islands
		*Neoscona scylla* [58]	Nepal	Nepal, Russia, China, Korea
		*Neoscona theisi* [58]	Nepal	Nepal, Australia, India
V. FAMILY CTENIDAE Keyserling, 1877
1.	Ctenus Walckenaer, 1805	*Ctenus martensi* [42]	Parbat/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
VI. FAMILY DEINOPIDAE C.L. Koch, 1850
1	Asianopis Lin and Li, 2020	*Asianopis goalparaensis* [58] ∗Transferred from genus Deinopis	Nepal	Nepal and India
VII. FAMILY DICTYNIDAE O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871
1	Nigma Lehtinen, 1967	*Nigma shiprai* [58] ∗Transferred from genus Dictyna	Nepal	Nepal and India
VIII. FAMILY ERESIDAE C.L. Koch, 1851
1.	Stegodyphus Simon, 1873	*Stegodyphus sarasinorum* [2]	Nepal	India, Sri Lanka, Nepal (Endemic to South Asia)
IX. FAMILY GNAPHOSIDAE Pocock, 1898
1.	Drassodes Westring, 1851	*Drassodes lutescens* [79] ∗synonym: Phaeocedus mosambaensis	Solukhumbu/ Province 1	Nepal, Ukraine, Caucasus
1.	Drassodes Westring, 1851	*Drassodes phagduaensis* [77]	Taplejung/ Province 1	Endemic
2.	Gnaphosa Latreille, 1804	*Gnaphosa mandschurica* [80]	Mustang/ Gandaki P	Mongolia, China, Russia
2.	Gnaphosa Latreille, 1804	*Gnaphosa moerens* [80]	Dolpa/ Karnali Province	China and Nepal
X. FAMILY HAHNIIDAE Bertkau, 1878
1.	Hahnia C.L Koch, 1841	*Hahnia alini* [77]	Taplejung/ Province 1	Endemic
2.	Neoantistea Gertsch, 1934	*Neoantistea janetscheki* [81]	Solukhumbu/ Province 1	Endemic
XI. FAMILY HERSILIIDAE Thorell, 1870
1.	Hersilia Audouin, 1826	*Hersilia martensi* [82]	Gorkha/ Gandaki Province	Nepal and Thailand
		*Hersilia nepalensis* [82]		Endemic
		*Hersilia savignyi* [82]	Dhading/ Bagmati P.	Nepal, India, Pakistan
XII. FAMILY LINYPHIIDAE Blackwall, 1859
1.	Agyneta Hull, 1911	*Agyneta bueko* [11]	Dolpa/ Karnali Province	Endemic
		*Agynetahimalaya*** [56]	Panchthar, Province 1	Endemic
		*Agyneta jiriensis* [11]	Dolakha/ Province 1	Endemic
		*Agyneta pakistanica* [52]	Dailekh/ Karnali Province	Nepal and Pakistan
		*Agyneta pseudofuscipalpis* [11]	Dolpa/ Karnali Province	Endemic
		*Agyneta yulungiensis* [11]		Endemic
2.	Anguliphantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 1966	*Anguliphantes nepalensis* [50] ∗Transferred from genus Lepthyphantes	Myagdi/ Gandaki P.	Nepal, Pakistan, India
3.	Ascetophantes Tanasevitch & Saaristo, 2006	*Ascetophantes asceticus* [48] ∗Transferred from genus Lepthyphantes	Ilam/ Province 1	Endemic
4.	Asthenargus Simon and Fage, 1922	*Asthenargus thaleri* [11]	Baglung/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
5.	Bathyphantes Menge, 1866	*Bathyphantes paracymbialis* [52]	Sankhuwasabha /Province 1	Nepal, China, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand
6.	Caviphantes Oi, 1960	*Caviphantes pseudosaxetorum*[52]		Nepal, China , Japan
7.	Claviphantes Tanasevitch & Saaristo, 2006	*Claviphantes bifurcatoides* [52] ∗Transferred from genus Lepthyphantes		Endemic
7.	Claviphantes Tanasevitch & Saaristo, 2006	*Claviphantes bifurcatus* [48] ∗Transferred from genus Lepthyphantes	Parbat/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
8.	Erigone Audouin, 1826	*Erigone acuta* [49]	Sankhuwasabha /Province 1	Endemic
		*Erigone atra* [11]	Mustang/ Gandaki P.	Nepal, China, Russia
		*Erigone nepalensis* [11]	Sindhupalchowk/ Bagmati	Endemic
		*Erigone prominens* [52] ∗Synonym: Erigone ourania	Dailekh/ Karnali Province	Nepal to China, Australia
9.	Fistulaphantes Tanasevitch & Saaristo, 2006	*Fistulaphantes canalis* [52]	Sankhuwasabha /Province 1	Endemic
10.	Gnathorium Karsch, 1881	*Gnathorium gibberum* [52]	Taplejung/ Province 1	Nepal, China, Korea, Japan, Russia
11.	Gongylidiellum Simon, 1884	*Gongylidiellum kathmanduense*[11]	Baglung/ Gandaki P.	Endemic
		*Gongylidiellum koshi* [49]	Sankhuwasabha/Province1	Endemic
		*Gongylidiellum nepalense* [50]	Mustang/ Gandaki P.	Nepal and India
12.	Halorates Hull, 1911	*Halorates crassipalpis* [52] ∗previously misidentified as Collinsia japonica	Myagdi/ Gandaki Province	Nepal and Pakistan
13.	Helsdingenia Saaristo and Tanasevitch, 2003	*Helsdingenia ceylonica* [83]	Lalitpur/ Bagmati Province	Nepal, Sri Lanka (Endemic to South Asia)
14.	Heterolinyphia Wunderlich, 1973	*Heterolinyphia tarakotensis* [12]	Dolpa/ Karnali Province	India and Nepal (Endemic to South Asia)
15.	Hilaira Simon, 1884	*Hilaira dapaensis* [52]	Taplejung/ Province 1	Endemic
16.	Himalafurca Tanasevitch, 2021	*Himalafurca martensi* [52]	Sankhuwasabha / Province 1	Endemic
16.	Himalafurca Tanasevitch, 2021	*Himalafurca schawalleri* [52]	Taplejung/ Province 1	Endemic
17.	Himalaphantes Tanasevitch, 1992	*Himalaphantes grandiculus* [52]	Panchthar/ Province 1	Endemic
		*Himalaphantes magnus* [48]	Rasuwa/ Bagmati Province	Endemic
		*Himalaphantes martensi* [48]	Mustang, Gandaki Province	India and Nepal
18.	Hubertella Platnick, 1989	*Hubertella montana* [52]	Sindhupalchowk/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
		*Hubertella orientalis*[58]	Nepal	Endemic
		*Hubertella thankurensis* [11]	Baglung/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
19.	Indophantes Saaristo and Tanasevitch, 2003	*Indophantes agamus* [57]	Panchthar/ Province 1	Endemic
19.	Indophantes Saaristo and Tanasevitch, 2003	*Indophantes digitulus* [48]	Mustang/ Gandaki Province	Nepal, Pakistan and India
20.	Linyphia Latreille, 1804	*Linyphia nepalensis* [11]	Baglung/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
21.	Martensinus Wunderlich, 1973	*Martensinus annulatus* [12]	Baglung/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
21.	Martensinus Wunderlich, 1973	*Martensinus micronetiformis* [11]	Mustang/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
22.	Megalepthyphantes Wunderlich, 1994	*Megalepthyphantesnebulosoides*** [48] ∗transferred from genus Lepthyphantes	Mustang/ Gandaki Province	Central Asia, Iran
23.	Mughiphantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 1999	*Mughiphantes alticola* [48] ∗transferred from genus Lepthyphantes	Mustang/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
		*Mughiphantes anachoretus* [48] ∗transferred from genus Lepthyphantes	Mustang/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
		*Mughiphantes ancoriformis* [52] ∗transferred from genus Lepthyphantes	Taplejung/ Province 1	Endemic
		*Mughiphantes bicornis* [57]		Endemic
		*Mughiphantes cuspidatus* [57]		Endemic
		*Mughiphantes falxus* [57]		Endemic
		*Mughiphantes faustus* [48] ∗transferred from genus Lepthyphantes	Ramechhap/ Bagmati Province	Endemic
		*Mughiphantes inermus* [57]	Sankhuwasabha / Province 1	Endemic
		*Mughiphantes longiproper* [57]	Taplejung/ Province 1	Endemic
		*Mughiphantes numilionis* [48] ∗transferred from genus Lepthyphantes	Mustang/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
		*Mughiphantes occultus* [48] ∗transferred from genus Lepthyphantes	Solukhumbu/ Province 1	Endemic
		*Mughiphantes restrictus* [57]	Sankhuwasabha / Province 1	Endemic
		Mughiphantes rotundatus [48] ∗transferred from genus Lepthyphantes	Myagdi/ Gandaki P.	Endemic
		*Mughiphantes setifer* [48] ∗transferred from genus Lepthyphantes	Dolpa/ Karnali Province	Endemic
		*Mughiphantes setosus* [57]	Taplejung/ Province 1	Endemic
		*Mughiphantes sherpa* [48]	Dolpa/ Karnali Province	Endemic
		*Mughiphantes yeti* [48] ∗ transferred from genus Lepthyphantes	Solukhumbu/ Province 1	Endemic
24.	Nasoona Locket, 1982	*Nasoona asocialis* [52] ∗ transferred from genus Oedothorax ∗Previously published as Gorbothorax ungibbus	Kathmandu/ Bagmati Province	Nepal, China, India
		*Nasoona comata* [53] ∗ transferred from genus Gorbothorax	Panchthar/ Province 1	Endemic
		*Nasoona conica* [53] ∗ transferred from genus Gorbothorax	Taplejung/ Province 1	Endemic
		*Nasoona setifera* [53] ∗ transferred from genus Gorbothorax	Terathum/ Province 1	Endemic
		*Nasoona wunderlichi* [13] ∗ transferred from genus Gorbothorax	Dolakha/ Bagmati Province	Endemic
25.	Nematogmus Simon, 1886	*Nematogmus dentimanus* [52]	Sankhuwasabha / Province 1	Nepal, Srilanka, Malaysia, Indonesia
26.	Neriene Blackwall, 1833	*Neriene oidedicata* [52] ∗ transferred from genus Linyphia	Panchthar/ Province 1	Nepal, China, Russia, Korea, Japan
27.	Nesioneta Millidge, 1991	*Nesioneta muriensis* [11] ∗transferred from genus Agyneta	Myagdi/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
28.	Oedothorax Bertkau, in Förster&Bertkau, 1883	*Oedothorax angelus* [55]	Panchthar/ Province 1	Endemic
		*Oedothorax annulatus* [13]	Dolakha/ Bagmati Province	Endemic
		*Oedothorax assuetus* [55]	Kathmandu/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
		*Oedothorax clypeellum* [55]	Kathmandu/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
		*Oedothorax coronatus* [55]	Ilam/ Province 1	Endemic
		*Oedothorax cruciferoides* [54]	Ilam/ Province 1	Endemic
		*Oedothorax dismodicoides* [52]	Myagdi/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
		*Oedothorax elongatus* [52]	Kavre/ Bagmati Province	Endemic
		*Oedothorax falcifer* [55]	Ilam/ Province 1	Endemic
		*Oedothorax hirsutus* [13]	Lalitpur/ Bagmati Province	Endemic
		*Oedothorax kathmandu* [54]	Kathmandu/ Province 1	Endemic
		*Oedothorax lineatus* [13]	Dolakha/ Bagmati Province	Endemic
		*Oedothorax lucidus* [13]	Dolakha/ Bagmati Province	Endemic
		*Oedothorax malearmatus* [55]	Panchthar/ Province 1	Endemic
		*Oedothorax mangsima* [54]	Sankhuwasabha / Province 1	Endemic
		*Oedothorax modestus* [55]	Panchthar/ Province 1	Endemic
		*Oedothorax savigniformis* [55]	Taplejung/ Province 1	Endemic
		*Oedothorax sexoculatus* [13]	Dolakha/ Bagmati Province	Endemic
		*Oedothorax sexoculorum* [55]	Terhathum/ Province 1	Endemic
		*Oedothorax simplicithorax* [55]	Ilam/ Province 1	Endemic
		*Oedothorax tholusus* [55]	Kaski/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
		*Oedothorax triceps* [54]	Sindhupalchowk/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
		*Oedothorax unicolor* [13]	Lalitpur/ Bagmati Province	Endemic
29.	Oia Wunderlich, 1973	*Oia Kathmandu* [52]	Sindhupalchowk/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
29.	Oia Wunderlich, 1973	*Oia sororia* [52]	Myagdi/ Gandaki Province	Nepal and India
30.	Palliduphantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 2001	*Palliduphantes theosophicus* [48] ∗ transferred from genus Lepthyphantes	Lalitpur/ Bagmati Province	Endemic
31.	Paragongylidiellum Wunderlich, 1973	*Paragongylidiellum caliginosum* [52]	Mustang/ Gandaki P.	Nepal and India
32.	Parbatthorax Tanasevitch, 2019	*Parbatthorax unicornis* [51]	Parbat/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
33.	Piniphantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 1996	*Piniphantes himalayensis* [48]	Mustang/ Gandaki Province	Nepal and Pakistan
34.	Porrhomma Simon, 1884	*Porrhomma marphaense* [11] ∗nomen dubium	Mustang/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
35.	Saloca Simon, 1926	*Saloca gorapaniensis* [11]	Mustang/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
35.	Saloca Simon, 1926	*Saloca khumbuensis* [11]	Solukhumbu/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
36.	Scotargus Simon, 1913	*Scotargus pilosus* [11]	Mustang/ Gandaki P.	Nepal, Europe, Algeria, Russia, Central Asia
37.	Spiralophantes Tanasevitch & Saaristo, 2006	*Spiralophantes mirabilis* [57]	Sankhuwasabha / Province 1	Endemic
38.	Tapinocyba Simon, 1884	*Tapinocyba montivaga* [52]	Sankhuwasabha / Province 1	Endemic
38.	Tapinocyba Simon, 1884	*Tapinocyba altimontanus* [57]	Sankhuwasabha / Province 1	Endemic
39.	Tenuiphantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 1996	*Tenuiphantes crassus* [57]	Taplejung / Province 1	Endemic
39.	Tenuiphantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 1996	*Tenuiphantes plumipes* [48]	Gorkha/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
40.	Tiso Simon, 1884	*Tiso aestivus* [52]	Taplejung / Province 1	Nepal, Canada, Japan
40.	Tiso Simon, 1884	*Tiso indianus* [52]	Taplejung / Province 1	Nepal and India
41.	Walckenaeria Blackwall, 1833	*Walckenaeria martensi* [50] ∗synonym: Walckenaeria nepalensis	Solukhumbu, Province 1	Nepal and India
XIII. FAMILY LYCOSIDAE Sundevall, 1833
1.	Acantholycosa Dahl, 1908	*Acantholycosa baltoroi* [29]	Solukhumbu/ Province 1	Nepal, India, China
2.	Arctosa C.L. Koch, 1847	*Arctosa janetscheki* [27]	Kavre/ Bagmati Province	Endemic
2.	Arctosa C.L. Koch, 1847	*Arctosa raptor* [84]	Dolpa/ Karnali Province	Russia, Nepal, USA, Canada
3.	Hippasa Simon, 1885	*Hippasa greenalliae* [58]	Nepal	Nepal, India, Sri Lanka
4.	Hylyphantes Simon, 1884 ∗senior synonym of genus Erigonidium	*Hylyphantes graminicola* [58]	Nepal	Nepal, Europe, Russia, China
5.	Lycosa Gravely, 1924	*Lycosa kempi* [27]	Dolakha/ Bagmati Province	Nepal, Pakistan, India, China
6.	Pardosa C.L. Koch, 1847	*Pardosa bifasciata* [27] ∗previously published as Pardosa thaleri	Solukhumbu/ Province 1	Nepal, Europe, Turkey, Russia, China
		*Pardosa birmanica* [27]	Solukhumbu/ Province 1	Nepal, Myanmar
		*Pardosa fletcheri* [29]	Myagdi/ Gandaki P.	Nepal, Pakistan, India
		*Pardosa martensi* [29]	Dolpa/ Karnali Province	Endemic
		*Pardosa mongolica* [28]		Nepal, Russia, Mongolia,China
		*Pardosa orealis* [28]		Endemic
		*Pardosa pseudoannulata* [58] ∗Synonym: Lycosa pseudoannulata	Nepal	Nepal, Pakistan, China, India, Bhutan, Japan, Indonesia
		*Pardosa pusiola* [2]	Nepal	Nepal, Bhutan, India
		*Pardosa sumatrana* [27]	Solukhumbu/ Province 1	Nepal, Bhutan, India
		*Pardosa sutherlandi* [29]	Parbat/ Gandaki P.	Nepal, Bhutan, India
		*Pardosa tridentis* [27]	Solukhumbu/ Province 1	Nepal, India, Kashmir
7.	Trochosa C.L. Koch, 1847	*Trochosa gravelyi* [27]	Kavre/ Bagmati Province	Endemic
XIV. FAMILY MYSMENIDAE Petrunkevitch, 1928
1.	Iardinis Simon, 1899	*Iardinis martensi* [7]	Dolakha/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
XV. FAMILY NESTICIDAE Simon, 1894
1.	Nesticella Lehtinen &Saaristo, 1980	*Nesticella nepalensis* [85]	Dolakha/ Bagmati P.	Nepal, China, India
XVI. FAMILY OONOPIDAE Simon, 1890
1.	Brignolia Dumitrescu and Georgescu, 1983	*Brignolia ankhu* [60]	Dhading/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
		*Brignolia assam* [60]	Nuwakot/ Bagmati P.	Nepal and India
		*Brignolia sukna* [60]	Ilam/ Province 1	Nepal and India
2.	Camptoscaphiella Caporiacco, 1934	*Camptoscaphiella gunsa* [86]	Taplejung/ Province 1	Nepal and India
		*Camptoscaphiella martensi* [86]	Mustang/ Gandaki P.	Endemic
		*Camptoscaphiella nepalensis* [86]	Parbat/ Gandaki P.	Endemic
		*Camptoscaphiella panchthar* [86]	Panchthar/ Province 1	Endemic
		*Camptoscaphiella silens* [86]	Solukhumbu/ Province 1	Endemic
		*Camptoscaphiella strepens* [86]	Gorkha/ Gandaki P.	Endemic
		*Camptoscaphiella taplejung* [86]	Taplejung/ Province 1	Endemic
3.	Himalayana Grismado, 2014	*Himalayana castanopsis* [61]	Ilam/ Province 1	Endemic
		*Himalayana kathmandu* [61]	Kathmandu/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
		*Himalayana martensi* [61]	Manang/ Gandaki P.	Endemic
		*Himalayana parbat* [61]	Parbat/ Gandaki P.	Endemic
4.	Prethopalpus Baehr et al., 2012	*Prethopalpus ilam* [87]	Ilam/ Province 1	Endemic
5.	Trilacuna Tong & Li, 2007	*Trilacuna bangla* [61]	Sindhupalchowk/ Bagmati Province	Nepal and India
XVII. FAMILY OXYOPIDAE Thorell, 1869
1	Oxyopes Latreille, 1804	*Oxyopes javanus* [58]	Nepal	Nepal, China, India
		*Oxyopes lineatus* [58]	Nepal	Nepal, Europe, Turkey ,Russia
		*Oxyopes sertatus* [58]	Nepal	Nepal, China, Korea, Japan
XVIII. FAMILY PHOLCIDAE C.L. Koch, 1850
1.	Pholcus Walckenaer, 1805	*Pholcus calligaster* [88]	Parsa/ Madhesh Province	Nepal and Myanmar
1.	Pholcus Walckenaer, 1805	*Pholcus zham* [88]	Sankhuwasabha/Province1	Nepal and China
XIX. FAMILY PIMOIDAE Wunderlich, 1986
1.	Pimoa Chamberlin & Ivie, 1943	*Pimoa daman* [67]	Makwanpur/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
		*Pimoa khaptad* [67]	Bajhang/ Sudurpashim P.	Endemic
		*Pimoa koshi* [67]	Sankhuwasabha/Province1	Endemic
		*Pimoa mechi* [67]	Taplejung/ Province 1	Endemic
		*Pimoa mude* [67]	Sindhupalchowk/Bagmati	Endemic
		*Pimoa nematoides* [88]	Dolakha/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
		*Pimoa phaplu* [67]	Solukhumbu/ Province 1	Endemic
		*Pimoa rara* [67]	Mugu/ Karnali Province	Endemic
		*Pimoa sinuosa* [88]	Kaski/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
XX. FAMILY PISAURIDAE Simon, 1890
1.	Perenethis L. Koch, 1878	*Perenethis sindica* [89]	Taplejung/ Province 1	India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, China
XXI. FAMILY PSECHRIDAE Simon, 1890
1.	Psechrus Thorell, 1878	*Psechrus himalayanus* [90]	Rolpa/ Lumbini Province	India, Nepal
1.	Psechrus Thorell, 1878	*Psechrus marsyandi* [45]	Lamjung/ Gandaki P.	Endemic
2.	Fecenia Simon, 1887	*Fecenia protensa* [58] ∗Synonym: Facenia nicobarensis	Nepal	Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam, Brunei, Malaysia, India
∗Fecinia nicobarensis was transferred from genus Psechrus (Thorell, 1878)
XXII. FAMILY PSILOCERCIDAE Machado, 1951
1.	Leclercera Deeleman-Reinhold, 1995	*Leclercera ekteenensis* [64]	Panchthar/ Province 1	Endemic
		*Leclercera machadoi* [9]	Baglung/ Gandaki P.	Endemic
		*Leclercera mulcata* [9] ∗transferred from genus Psiloderces	Kathmandu/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
		*Leclercera nagarjunensis* [63]		Endemic
		*Leclercera niuqu* [63]	Panchthar/ Province 1	Endemic
		*Leclercera sidai* [63]	Ilam/ Province 1	Endemic
		*Leclercera zhaoi* [63]		Endemic
∗Psilocercidae, a sub family of Ochyroceratidae was raised to family by Wunderlich (2008)
XXIII. FAMILY SALTICIDAE Blackwall, 1841
1.	Asemonea O Pickard-Cambridge, 1869	*Asamonea tenuipes* [66]	Chitwan/ Bagmati Province.	Nepal, Sri Lanka, India, Myanmar, Vietnam, Singapore
2.	Bianor Peckham and Peckham, 1886	*Bianor albobimaculatus* [91]	Manang/ Gandaki P.	Nepal, Iran, Pakistan India
2.	Bianor Peckham and Peckham, 1886	*Bianor tortus* [37]	Ilam/ Province 1	Nepal and India
3.	Brettus Thorell, 1895	*Brettus anchorum*[36]	Gorkha/ Gandaki Province	Nepal and India
4.	Carrhotus Thorell, 1891	*Carrhotus assam* [91]	Kaski/ Gandaki Province	Nepal and India
		*Carrhotus catagraphus* [34]	Gorkha/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
		*Carrhotus erus* [91]	Kaski/ Gandaki P.	Nepal and India
		*Carrhotus operosus* [34]	Mustang/ Gandaki P.	Endemic
		*Carrhotus s-bulbosus* [32]	Sankhuwasabha/Province1	Endemic
		*Carrhotus sannio* [91]	Myagdi/ Gandaki	Nepal, China, India
		*Carrhotus viduus* [34]		Nepal, China. India, Iran
5.	Chalcoscirtus Bertkau, 1880	*Chalcoscirtus jiricus* [22] ∗transferred from genus Euophrys	Dolakha/ Bagmati Province	Endemic
5.	Chalcoscirtus Bertkau, 1880	*Chalcoscirtus martensi* [22]	Mustang/ Gandaki P.	Nepal, India and China
6.	Chinattus Logunov, 1999	*Chinattus chichila* [92]	Sankhuwasabha/Province1	Endemic
6.	Chinattus Logunov, 1999	*Chinattus validus* [93]	Myagdi/ Gandaki P.	Nepal,Bhutan,China
7.	Chrysilla Thorell, 1887	*Chrysilla volupe* [66]	Chitwan/ Bagmati Province	Nepal, Bhutan, India, Sri Lanka
8.	Epeus Peckham and Peckham, 1886	*Epeus exdomus* [94]	Kathmandu/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
8.	Epeus Peckham and Peckham, 1886	*Epeus indicus* [35]	Nuwakot/ Bagmati P.	Nepal and India
9.	Epocilla Thorell, 1887	*Epocilla aurantiaca* [66]	Chitwan/ Bagmati Province.	Nepal, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Vietnam, India
10.	Euophrys C. L. Koch, 1834	*Euophrys dhaulagirica* [22]	Mustang/ Gandaki P.	Endemic
		*Euophrys nepalica* [22]	Myagdi/ Gandaki P.	Nepal and China
		*Euophrys omnisuperstes* [5]	Sankhuwasabha/Province1	Nepal and India
		*Euophrys yulungensis* [22]	Dolpa/ Karnali Province	China and Nepal
11.	Habrocestoides Prószyn'ski, 1992	*Habrocestoides phulchokiensis* [95]	Lalitpur/ Bagmati Province	Endemic
12.	Harmochirus Simon, 1885	*Harmochirus zabkai* [96]	Kathmandu/ Bagmati P.	India, Nepal, Vietnam
13.	Hyllus C.L. Koch, 1846	*Hyllus semicupreus* [66]	Chitwan/ Bagmati Province.	Nepal, Sri Lanka, India
14.	Icius Simon, 1876	*Icius alboterminus* [66]		Nepal and India
15.	Nepalicus Blackwall, 1841	*Nepalicius nepalicus* [97] ∗Transferred from genus Pseudicius	Kathmandu/ Bagmati Province	Nepal and India
16.	Orientattus Caleb, 2020	*Orientattus minutes* [23] ∗O.minutes was transferred from genus Pancorius	Gorkha/ Gandaki Province	Nepal
17.	Pancorius Simon, 1902	*Pancorius armatus* [39]	Parbat/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
		*Pancorius cadus* [39]	Taplejung/ Province 1	Endemic
		*Pancorius kaskiae* [23]	Kaski/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
		*Pancorius magnus* [39]	Ilam/ Province 1	Nepal, China, India
		*Pancorius urnus* [39]	Ilam/ Province 1	Endemic
18.	Phaeacius Simon, 1900	*Phaeacius fimbriatus* [36]	Sankhuwasabha/Province1	Nepal, Indonesia, Java
		*Phaeacius saxicola* [98]	Taplejung/ Province 1	Endemic
		*Phaeacius wanlessi* [36]	Sankhuwasabha/Province1	Nepal, Sri Lanka
19.	Phintella Strand, 1906	*Phintella suavis* [2]	Nepal	Nepal to Malaysia
19.	Phintella Strand, 1906	*Phintella vittata* [66]	Chitwan/ Bagmati P.	Nepal, China, India
20.	Plexippoides Prószyn'ski, 1984	*Plexippoides tristis* [99]	Mustang/ Gandaki P.	Endemic
21.	Plexippus C.L. Koch, 1846	*Plexippus paykulli* [23]	Myagdi/ Gandaki P.	Asia, Africa, America, Europe
		*Plexippus petersi* [23]	Kaski/ Gandaki Province	Asia, Africa and Pacific islands
		*Plexippus pokharae* [23]		Endemic
22.	Portia Karsch, 1878	*Portia fimbriata* [36]	Kathmandu/ Bagmati P.	Nepal, Sri Lanka, Taiwan to Australia
23.	Ptocasius Simon, 1885	*Ptocasius nepalicus* [20] Synonym: Yaginumaella nepalica	Mustang/ Gandaki Province	Nepal and China
		*Ptocasius tenzingi* [20] Synonym: Yaginumaella tenzingi	Solukhumbu/ Province 1	Endemic
		*Ptocasius thakkholaicus* [20] Synonym: Yaginumaella thakkholaica	Mustang/ Gandaki Province	Nepal and China
24.	Rhene Thorell, 1869	*Rhene flavicomans* [33]	Sankhuwasabha/Province1	Nepal, Bhutan, India, Thailand
24.	Rhene Thorell, 1869	*Rhene phuntsholingensis* [33]		Nepal, Bhutan
25.	Siler Simon, 1889	*Siler cupreus* [66]	Chitwan/ Bagmati P.	Nepal, China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan
26.	Sitticus Simon 1901	*Sitticus niveosignatus* [21]	Dolpa/ Karnali Province	Nepal to China
27.	Stenaelurillus Simon,1886	*Stenaelurillus triguttatus* [100]	Narayangadh/ Bagmati P.	Nepal and China
28.	Synagelides Strand, 1906	*Synagelides bagmaticus* [101]	Bhaktapur/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
		*Synagelides gosainkundicus* [101]	Rasuwa/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
		*Synagelides kosi* [101]	Ramechhap/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
		*Synagelides martensi* [101] Synonyms: Synagelides dhaulagiricus ,Synagelides himalaicus, Synagelides jiricus, Synagelides thodungus & Synagelides wyszynskii	Dolpa/ Karnali Province	Endemic
		*Synagelides nepalensis* [24]		Endemic
		*Synagelides nishikawai* [25]	Myagdi/ Gandaki P.	Endemic
		*Synagelides oleksiaki* [24] Synonym: Synagelides gorapanicus	Ramechhap/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
		*Synagelides tukchensis* [24]	Mustang/ Gandaki P.	Endemic
		*Synagelides ullerensis* [24]	Parbat/ Gandaki P.	Endemic
		*Synagelides walesai* [24]	Lalitpur/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
29.	Telamonia Thorell,1887	*Telamonia dimidiata* [66]	Chitwan/ Bagmati P.	Nepal, Bhutan, Malaysia
29.	Telamonia Thorell,1887	*Telamonia festiva* [66]	Chitwan/ Bagmati P.	Nepal, China, India
30.	Thyene Simon,1885	*Thyene bivittata* [38]	Kathmandu/ Bagmati P.	Nepal, China, Pakistan
		*Thyene typica* [38]	Sankhuwasabha /Province 1	Endemic
		*Thyene yuxiensis* [38]	Tanahu/ Gandaki P.	Nepal and China
XXIV. FAMILY SCYTODIDAE Blackwall, 1864
1.	Scytodes Latreille, 1804	*Scytodes mawphlongensis* [10]	Lalitpur/ Bagmati Province	Nepal and India
XXV. FAMILY SELENOPIDAE Simon, 1897
1.	Makdiops Crews and Harvey,2011	*Makdiops montigena* [102]	Chitwan/ Bagmati Province	Nepal and India
XXVI. FAMILY SPARASSIDAE Bertkau, 1872
1.	Bhutaniella Jäger, 2000	*Bhutaniella hillyardi* [41]	Sankhuwasabha/Province1	Endemic
1.	Bhutaniella Jäger, 2000	*Bhutaniella rollardae* [43]	Pyuthan/ Lumbini P.	Endemic
2.	Olios Walckenaer,1837	*Olios rossetti* [44]	Kavre/ Bagmati Province	Nepal, India, Pakistan
3.	Pseudopoda Jäger, 2000	*Pseudopoda albolineata* [82]	Myagdi/ Gandaki P.	Endemic
		*Pseudopoda alta* [43]	Kaski/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
		*Pseudopoda ausobskyi* [43]	Ilam/ Province 1	Endemic
		*Pseudopoda brauni* [43]	Taplejung/ Province 1	Endemic
		*Pseudopoda chauki* [43]	Terathum/ Province 1	Endemic
		*Pseudopoda chulingensis* [43]	Gorkha/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
		*Pseudopoda cuneata* [43]	Myagdi/ Gandaki P.	Endemic
		*Pseudopoda dama* [43]	Jhapa/ Province 1	Endemic
		*Pseudopoda damana* [43]	Makwanpur/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
		*Pseudopoda dhulensis* [43]	Baglung/ Gandaki P.	Endemic
		*Pseudopoda diversipunctata* [43]	Kaski/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
		*Pseudopoda everesta* [43]	Solukhumbu/ Province 1	Endemic
		*Pseudopoda grasshoffi* [43]	Sankhuwasabha /Province 1	Endemic
		*Pseudopoda heteropodoides* [43]	Taplejung/ Province 1	Endemic
		*Pseudopoda huberti* [43]	Pyuthan/ Lumbini P.	Endemic
		*Pseudopoda hyatti* [43]	Myagdi/ Gandaki P.	Endemic
		*Pseudopoda jirensis* [43]	Dolakha/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
		*Pseudopoda kalinchoka* [43]	Dolakha/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
		*Pseudopoda khimtensis* [43]	Ramechhap/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
		*Pseudopoda latembola* [43]	Manang/ Gandaki P.	Endemic
		*Pseudopoda marmoreal* [43]	Kaski/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
		*Pseudopoda martensi* [43]	Mustang/ Gandaki P.	Endemic
		*Pseudopoda martinae* [43]	Rasuwa/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
		*Pseudopoda monticola* [43]	Lalitpur/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
		*Pseudopoda schawalleri* [43]	Panchthar/ Province 1	Endemic
		*Pseudopoda sinopodoides* [43]	Kathmandu/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
		*Pseudopoda tinjura* [43]	Tehrathum/ Province 1	Endemic
		*Pseudopoda triapicata* [43]	Ilam/ Province 1	Endemic
		*Pseudopoda trisuliensis* [43]	Rasuwa/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
		*Pseudopoda varia* [43]	Taplejung/ Province 1	Endemic
XXVII. FAMILY SYMPHYTOGNATHIDAE Hickman, 1931
1	Iardinis Simon,1899	*Iardinis martensi* [7]	Dolakha/ Bagmati Province	Endemic
XXVIII. FAMILY TETRABLEMMIDAE O.P-Cambridge, 1873
1.	Brignoliella Shear, 1978	*Brignoliella martensi* [8]	Lalitpur/ Bagmati Province	Endemic
2.	Tetrablemma O.P.-Cambridge, 1873	*Tetrablemma phulchoki* [14]		Endemic
XXIX. FAMILY TETRAGNATHIDAE Menge, 1866
1.	Leucauge White,1841	*Leucauge decorata* [58]	Nepal	Nepal, Japan, Thailand, Bangladesh, China, India
2.	Tetragnatha Latreille,1804	*Tetragnatha bogotensis* [103] Synonym: Tetragnatha boydi	Nepal	Nepal, Spain, Mexico to Paraguay
XXX. FAMILY THERAPHOSIDAE Thorell, 1870
1.	Haplocosmia Schmidt & von Wirth, 1996	*Haplocosmia nepalensis* [104]	Kaski/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
XXXI. FAMILY THERIDIIDAE Sundevall, 1833
1.	Carniella Thaler & Steinberger	*Carniella nepalensis* [105]	Taplejung/ Province 1	Endemic
2.	Lactrodectus Walckenaer,1805	*Lactrodectus elegans* [65]	Gorkha/ Gandaki Province	Nepal, China, Japan , India, Myanmar
XXXII. FAMILY THOMISIDAE Sundevall, 1833
1.	Bassaniodes Pocock, 1903	*Bassaniodes dolpoensis* [15] ∗transferred from genus Xysticus	Dolpa/ Karnali province	Nepal and China
2.	Lysiteles Simon, 1895	*Lysiteles annapurnus* [18]	Kaski/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
		*Lysiteles himalayensis* [18]	Myagdi/ Gandaki Province	Bhutan, Nepal
		*Lysiteles lepusculus* [18]	Mustang/ Gandaki P.	Endemic
		*Lysiteles maius* [18]	Baitadi/ Gandaki P.	Russia, Nepal to Japan
		*Lysiteles montivagus* [18]	Mustang/ Gandaki P.	Endemic
		*Lysiteles niger* [18]	Makwanpur/ Bagmati P.	Bhutan, Nepal
		*Lysiteles parvulus* [18]	Myagdi/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
		*Lysiteles saltus* [18]		Bhutan , Nepal, China
3.	Monaeses Thorell, 1869	*Monaeses aciculus* [16]	Taplejung/ Province 1	Nepal to Japan, Philippines
4.	Psammitis Menge, 1876	*Psammitis nepalhimalaicus* [15] ∗transferred from genus Xysticus	Dolakha/ Bagmati Province	Endemic
		*Psammitis potamon* [15] ∗transferred from genus Xysticus	Myagdi/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
		*Psammitis simplicipalpatus* [15] ∗transferred from genus Xysticus	Dolpa/ Karnali Province	Nepal and Bhutan
5.	Runcinia Simon, 1875	*Runcinia roonwali* [58]	Nepal	Nepal and India
5.	Runcinia Simon, 1875	*Runcinia insecta* [58] ∗previously published as Thomisus cherapunjeus	Nepal	Asia, Africa, Australia
6.	Stiphropus Gerstäcker, 1873	*Stiphropus soureni* [17]	Kavre/ Bagmati P.	India, Nepal, Bhutan
7.	Xysticus C.L. Koch, 1835	*Xysticus alpinistus* [15]	Dolakha/ Bagmati P.	Nepal, China
		*Xysticus cristatus* [15]	Mustang/ Gandaki P.	Nepal, Kazakhstan, Iran
		*Xysticus croceus* [2]	Nepal	India, Nepal, Bhutan, China
		*Xysticus elephantus* [15]	Dolpa/ Karnali Province	Nepal, China
		*Xysticus martensi* [15]		Endemic
		*Xysticus roonwali* [106]	Solukhumbu/ Province 1	Nepal, India
		*Xysticus cf sikkimus* [15]	Mustang/ Gandaki P.	Nepal, China, India
XXXIII. FAMILY TITANOECIDAE Lehtinen, 1967
1.	Anuvinda Lehtinen, 1967	*Anuvinda milloti* [107] ∗transferred from genus Amaurobius	Chitwan/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
XXXIV. FAMILY ZODARIIDAE Thorell, 1881
1.	Mallinella Strand, 1906	*Mallinella erratica* [19] ∗transferred from genus Storena	Ilam/ Province 1	Endemic
		*Mallinella martensi* [19] ∗transferred from genus Storena	Mustang/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
		*Mallinella nepalensis* [19] ∗transferred from genus Storena	Rasuwa/ Bagmati Province	Endemic
		*Mallinella uncinata* [19] ∗transferred from genus Storena	Kaski/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
2.	Suffasia Jocqué, 1991	*Suffasia kanchenjunga* [31]	Ilam/ Province 1	Endemic
		*Suffasia martensi* [31]	Ilam/ Province 1	Endemic
		*Suffasia tumegaster* [108]	Lalitpur/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
3.	Tropizodium Jocque & Churchill, 2005	*Tropizodium bengalensis* [58] ∗transferred from genus Lutica	Nepal	Nepal and India

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Table 1.

Nepalese spider genera and species by family.

SN	Family	No.of Genera	No. of Species	No. of endemic species	Guild Structures [75]
1.	Agelenidae	4	50	46	Sheet web builders
2.	Amaurobiidae	1	3	3	Sheet web builders
3.	Anapidae	1	2	2	Orb weavers
4.	Araneidae	4	9	0	Orb weavers
5.	Ctenidae	1	1	1	Ground/other hunters
6.	Deinopidae	1	1	0	Ambush hunters
7.	Dictynidae	1	1	0	Space web builder
8.	Eresidae	1	1	0	Sheet web builders
9.	Gnaphosidae	2	4	1	Ground hunters
10.	Hahniidae	2	2	2	Sheet web builders
11.	Hersilidae	1	3	1	Sensing web builder
12.	Linyphiidae	41	106	82	Web builders/wandering
13.	Lycosidae	7	18	4	Ground hunters
14.	Mysmenidae	1	1	1	Space web builder
15.	Nesticidae	1	1	0	Space web builder
16.	Oonopidae	5	16	12	Ground hunters
17.	Oxyopidae	1	3	0	Stalkers
18.	Pholcidae	1	2	0	Space web builder
19.	Pimoidae	1	9	9	Sheet web builders
20.	Pisauridae	1	1	0	Ambush hunter
21.	Psechridae	2	3	1	Sheet web builders
22.	Psilodercidae	1	7	7	-
23.	Salticidae	30	67	27	Stalkers
24.	Scytodidae	1	1	0	Hunters
25.	Selenopidae	1	1	0	Ambush hunters
26.	Sparassidae	3	33	32	Wandering spiders
27.	Symphytognathidae	1	1	1	Orb weavers
28.	Tetrablemmidae	2	2	2	Sheet web builders
29.	Tetragnathidae	2	2	0	Orb weavers
30.	Theraphosidae	1	1	1	Sensing web builder
31.	Theridiidae	2	2	1	Space web builder
32.	Thomisidae	7	23	7	Ambush hunters
33.	Titanoecidae	1	1	1	Space web builder
34.	Zodariidae	3	8	7	Specialists

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(A) Total species per family of Nepalese spiders. (B) Percentage of each family in Nepal’s endemic species.

No of genera in each family of Nepalese spiders.

Nepalese spider species by ecological regions.

**Summary of the spider fauna of Nepal.**

Number of Families: 34.

Number of Genera: 135.

Number of Species: 386.

Number of Endemic Species: 251.

Nepalese spider species by federal provinces.

This checklist contains taxonomic upgrades as well as corrections to past misidentifications. To avoid recurrence, synonymous species are sorted. Seven Tetrablemmidae species (Tetrablemma elongata, Tetrablemma laboriosa, Tetrablemma mandibulata, Tetrablemma maxillosa, Tetrablemma phulchoki, Tetrablemma straminea, Tetrablemma virescens, Theridiosoma sp) and two Synagelides species (Synagelides wangdicus and Synagelides wuermlii) enlisted earlier [30, 58] are omitted in this checklist due to lack of published references or collected specimens. Similarly, some enlistments from earlier lists are excluded due to unidentified specific trait. The checklist has also taken into account previous misidentifications, synonyms, and taxonomic transfers of several spider species.

5. Discussion

With 386 species of spiders, Nepal has about five times more species-to-area ratio (0.00262) than its neighbouring countries; China (0.000546) and India (0.000512) having 5249 and 1686 spider species each [73, 74]. It accounts for 16.79% of spiders of South Asia (2299 species) and 0.77% of total spiders in the world [2, 30]. The family Linyphiidae dominates the spider inventory of Nepal, although Salticids lead the Chinese and Indian catalogues. With 63% of total spiders enlisted, maximum expeditions have been focused on Mountain ecological region of Nepal. In Nepalese spiders, there are conspicuous Himalayan radiations. Deeply separated valleys and a plethora of mountain ranges preventing ground-dwelling arthropods from spreading quickly from one valley chain to the next, has resulted in the evolution of several species [47]. The diversity of coelotine spiders in Nepal astounded the authors; Wang and Martens [47]. Local species of genera Draconarius, Pseudopoda, and Bhutaniella have particularly striking traits [43, 47]. The existence of Euophrys omnisuperstes amid snow and stony debris at a height of 6700 m above sea level is intriguing.

The study of Nepal's endemic Himalayan spider species has got a good attention, but the lush lower vegetation has been overlooked. Vast swaths of biologically significant land have remained mostly unexplored. Out of 77 districts of Nepal, 39 have not been explored a bit for spider diversity. Since 1910, there have been only 94 publications on Nepalese spiders. There is a weak positive Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation (r = 0.228) between years and new spiders discovered in Nepal. A simple keyword search {allintitle: spider “Country name”} yields about 40 times less results on google scholar for Nepal than those for China and India. These clearly indicate a significant research gap. Scholars from around the world appear to be curious but Nepalese have played a modest role in spider studies. Also, a 100% research focus has been on baseline surveys. With growing global interests on spider webs, ecology and venom, other thematic areas should be covered as well. Nepal thus seems a promising land for spider diversity. Further explorations might significantly boost global spider inventory. The authors thus invite and encourage researchers from all around the world to investigate Nepalese spiders.

Declarations

Author contribution statement

All authors listed have significantly contributed to the development and the writing of this article.

Funding statement

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Data availability statement

Data included in article/supplementary material/referenced in article.

Declaration of interests statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Additional information

No additional information is available for this paper.

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Mr. Ukesh Raj Bhuju; the Dean (School of Development Studies and Applied Sciences, Lumbini Buddhist University, Nepal) for his remarkable assistance in retrieving the computer database of the spider fauna of Nepal.

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PERMALINK

A checklist of spiders of Nepal (Arachnida; Araneae)

Sanskar Subedi

Ritu Joshi

Samir Karki

Shila Gurung

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Study area

Figure 1.