Abstract
Background
Many children with asthma will become asymptomatic during adolescence. In this study, we evaluated factors associated with recovery from asthma by the age of 17.
Methods
The medical records of 17‐year‐old conscripts to the Israeli army with asthma were compared with the records of conscripts with rigorously diagnosed resolved asthma. We assessed the association between the following parameters and asthma resolution: body mass index (BMI), recurrent rhinitis, birth season, socioeconomic level, and cognition.
Results
Sixty‐eight thousand and ninety conscripts with active asthma were compared to 14,695 with resolved asthma. In univariate analysis, rhinitis, overweight, underweight, higher socioeconomic level, and lower cognitive score were associated with active asthma (p < 0.001 for both sexes), but not the season of birth. In multivariate analysis, only overweight, underweight, rhinitis, and lower cognitive score (p < 0.001 for both sexes) remained significantly associated with persistence of asthma.
Conclusions
Although association does not prove causation, our finding is another reason to encourage adolescents with asthma to maintain a normal body weight. Prospective interventional studies are needed in order to decide whether changing weight to ensure BMI is within the ideal range and controlling rhinitis increases the odds of resolution of asthma in adolescence.
Keywords: birth season socioeconomic status, BMI, cognition, overweight, resolution of asthma, rhinitis, underweight
1. INTRODUCTION
Many children with asthma become asymptomatic during adolescence or early adulthood, 1 , 2 yet more than half of asymptomatic patients will continue to have impaired pulmonary function tests or evidence of bronchial hyperactivity. 3 Risk factors for unremitting asthma include severe asthma, being female, family history of asthma, 2 early onset of puberty, active sinusitis, skin test allergic sensitization, 1 and history of atopy. 4 Rhinitis was also found to be related to the persistence of asthma. 5 By contrast, male gender, milder disease, 6 lower initial bronchial hyper‐reactivity, greater gain in small airways function, 7 early‐onset asthma, and living in a rural and medium urban location 4 are associated with resolution of asthma.
Identifying factors that influence recovery from asthma might shed light on the pathophysiology of the disease. In addition, the presence of risk factors for unremitting asthma may influence therapeutic decisions.
Yet, only a few of the risk or protective factors are modifiable after the diagnosis has been made. One potential factor is overweight. Although overweight is associated with asthma, 8 very few studies have examined the effect of being overweight on the chances of recovering from asthma. 6 , 7 , 9
The purpose of this study was to reevaluate factors associated with full recovery from asthma in a large cohort of 17‐year‐olds.
2. PATIENTS AND METHODS
We reviewed the medical records of 1,080,564 consecutive 17‐year‐old male and female potential conscripts to the armed forces of Israel (Israel Defense force [IDF]) born between 1978 and 1999, searching for individuals with a current or past history of asthma. We examined the relationship between resolution of asthma and body mass index (BMI), recurrent rhinitis, birth season, socioeconomic level, and cognition. The reason for choosing these specific parameters is their known role as risk factors for the development of asthma. 5 , 8 , 10 , 11 , 12 Other relevant factors including smoking were not included in the database and could not be analyzed.
The diagnosis of asthma or history of asthma was made by a military physician on the basis of the following data: a medical questionnaire filled by the conscript, a letter submitted by the primary care physician (PCP), clinical interview, use of asthma medications, and physical examination. Baseline spirometry was performed by all conscripts in whom the PCP indicated a current or previous history of asthma. In addition, an exercise challenge, with or without methacholine challenge testing, was performed. The challenge tests were performed according to the American Thoracic Society Guidelines. 13 Conscripts were assigned a diagnosis of “resolved asthma” if the PCP documented asthma more than 3 years before the evaluation, and if the conscript reported that there were no symptoms and no use of asthma medications for the last 3 years. In addition, asthma was considered resolved only if the physical examination on the day of the evaluation, the spirometry, and the challenge test were normal. Current asthma was diagnosed in individuals who had at least one episode of asthma symptoms in the 3 years before evaluation or had an abnormal physical examination, pulmonary function test, or a positive challenge test.
A diagnosis of recurrent rhinitis was assigned if the questionnaire completed by the PCP indicated frequent clinic visits due to rhinitis. Birth season was defined according to the local climate as follows: winter (December through February), spring (March through May), summer (June through August), and fall (September through November). In addition, every conscript performs a battery of cognitive tests as part of routine evaluation. These tests yield a cognitive score that is equivalent to a normally distributed intelligence quotient. 14
The socioeconomic level was determined by scoring each individual's residential address. Each area was assigned a score ranging from 1 (lowest) to 10 (highest) using an army protocol that we were not granted access to.
The research protocol was reviewed in its entirety and approved by the Ethics Committee of the IDF medical corps.
2.1. Statistical analysis
The association between resolved asthma and rhinitis, overweight, underweight, season of birth, and socioeconomic level was assessed using the χ 2 test. The association between resolved asthma and cognitive score was assessed using Student's t test. A p value lower than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. A multivariate analysis was performed defining persistent asthma as the dependent variable, and recurrent rhinitis, overweight, underweight, season of birth, socioeconomic level, and cognitive score as independent variables. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated.
3. RESULTS
A total of 82,785 adolescents were included in the study, of which 53,893 were males (65%) and 28,892 were females (35%). Of the males, 41,813 (77.6%) had active asthma and 12,080 (22.4%) had resolved asthma. Of the females, 26,277 (90.9%) had active asthma and 2615 (9.1%) had resolved asthma. In univariate analysis (Table 1a and Table 1b), the prevalence of rhinitis, overweight, and underweight were higher in both males and females with active asthma compared with individuals with resolved asthma. Individuals residing in areas of higher socioeconomic level were also more likely to have active asthma. The cognitive score was slightly but significantly lower in individuals with active asthma. The season of birth was similar in both groups. After multivariate analysis, the association of persistent asthma with overweight, underweight, rhinitis, and lower cognitive score remained significant (p < 0.001), while the association with socioeconomic area level lost its statistical significance (Table 2).
Table 1a.
The association between recurrent rhinitis, BMI, season of birth, socioeconomic level, and cognitive score with resolution of asthma in males
| Univariate analysis—males | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Active asthma (n = 41,813) | Resolved asthma (n = 12,080) | p value | |
| Rhinitis, number of participants (%) | |||
| Yes | 14,976 (35.8) | 1838 (15.2) | <0.00001 |
| No | 26,837 (64.2) | 10,242 (84.8) | |
| BMI, number of participants (%) | |||
| <19 | 7640 (18.4) | 1863 (15.5) |
<0.00001 |
| 19–25 | 26,829 (64.6) | 8311 (69.2) | When comparing normal to both low and high BMI |
| >25 | 7077 (17.0) | 1838 (15.3) | |
| % with abnormal BMI | 35.4 | 30.6 | |
| Birth season, number of participants (%) | |||
| Winter | 9805 (23.4) | 2911 (24.1) | 0.09 |
| Spring | 9995 (23.9) | 2795 (23.1) | When comparing all the seasons together |
| Summer | 11,071 (26.5) | 3133 (25.9) | |
| Fall | 10,942 (26.2) | 3241 (26.8) | |
| Socioeconomic level, number of participants (%) | |||
| 1–3 (lowest) | 1093 (2.7) | 355 (2.9) | <0.00001 |
| 4–6 | 17,671 (43.2) | 5575 (46.3) | |
| 7–10 | 22,979 (54.1) | 6111(50.8) | |
| Cognitive score, mean ± SD | 111.3 ± 16.5 | 112.0 ± 16.4 | <0.001 |
Note: The absence of rhinitis, normal BMI, and higher cognitive score are associated with the resolution of asthma. The highest socioeconomic level is associated with the persistence of asthma. Some variables were missing in some of the participants.
Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index.
Table 1b.
The association between recurrent rhinitis, BMI, season of birth, socioeconomic level, and cognitive score with resolution of asthma in females
| Univariate analysis—females | |||
|---|---|---|---|
|
Active (n = 26,277) |
Resolved asthma (n = 2615) |
p value | |
| Rhinitis, number of participants (%) | |||
| Yes | 7576 (28.8) | 318 (12.1) | <0.00001 |
| No | 18,701 (71.2) | 2297 (77.9) | |
| BMI, number of participants (%) | |||
| <19 | 4514 (17.6) | 382 (14.8) | <0.00001 |
| 19–25 | 16,829 (65.7) | 1849 (71.7) | |
| >25 | 4276 (16.7) | 348 (13.5) | |
| % with abnormal BMI | 34.3 | 28.3 | |
| Birth season, number of participants (%) | |||
| Winter | 6156 (23.4) | 650 (24.9) | 0.16 |
| Spring | 6543 (24.9) | 673 (25.7) | |
| Summer | 7000 (26.6) | 662 (25.3) | |
| Fall | 6578 (25.0) | 630 (24.1) | |
| Socioeconomic level, number of participants (%) | |||
| 1–3 (lowest) | 250 (0.9) | 26 (1.0) | <0.00001 |
| 4–6 | 10,939 (37.9) | 1296 (49.6) | |
| 7–10 | 15,049 (52.2) | 1289 (49.4) | |
| Cognitive score, mean ± SD | 108.7 ± 14.9 | 110.3 ± 15.0 | <0.001 |
Note: The absence of rhinitis, normal BMI, and higher cognitive score are associated with the resolution of asthma. The highest socioeconomic level is associated with the persistence of asthma. Some variables were missing in some of the participants.
Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index.
Table 2.
The association between BMI, recurrent rhinitis, and socioeconomic level with resolution of asthma—multivariate analysis
|
Males (n = 51,046) |
Females (n = 26,742) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active asthma = 39,632 | Active asthma = 24,298 | |||
| Resolved asthma = 11,414 | Resolved asthma = 2444 | |||
| Multivariate analysis | OR for persistent asthma | p value | OR for persistent asthma | p value |
| BMI | ||||
| <19 | 1.31 (1.39–1.23) | <0.001 | 1.27 (1.43–1.13) | <0.001 |
| 19–25 | 1 | 1 | ||
| >25 | 1.24 (1.22–1.26) | <0.001 | 1.39 (1.34–1.45) | <0.001 |
| Rhinitis | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 3.161 (2.99–3.34) | <0.001 | 2.983 (2.63–3.38) | <0.001 |
| Socioeconomic level | ||||
| 1–3 (lowest) | 1 | 1 | ||
| 4–6 | 1.023 (0.90–1.164) | 0.724 | 0.874 (0.575–1.330) | 0.529 |
| 7–10 | 1.109 (0.97–1.26) | 0.116 | 1.186 (0.779–1.806 | 0.426 |
Note: The OR for persistent asthma is higher in individuals with abnormal BMI and in individuals with chronic rhinitis. The cognitive score also remained significantly associated with asthma resolution (p < 0.001). The socioeconomic level is not associated with asthma resolution. Analysis was done only on participants with all variables available.
Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index; OR, odds ratio.
4. DISCUSSION
We found that adolescents with active asthma had higher rates of overweight, underweight, and rhinitis, and a slightly, but significantly, lower cognitive score compared with adolescents who recovered from asthma. A relationship to socioeconomic status was seen in univariate analysis, but not in multivariate analysis.
4.1. BMI and persistence of asthma
4.1.1. Overweight
The OR for active asthma was significantly higher in overweight adolescents compared with adolescents with normal weight and reached 1.24 in males and 1.39 in females. The association between overweight and asthma is well known; 9 however, few studies have looked at the association between weight and the resolution of childhood asthma. We found a single study 6 that reported that obesity at age 11 in asthmatics was associated with an increased OR for persistent asthma of 5.2–8.9 depending on the severity of asthma. Other studies did not find such a relationship. 7 , 9
Several possible mechanisms could explain the association between overweight and asthma. One possibility is shared inflammatory processes. Another possibility is that having asthma leads to inactivity and secondary obesity. Another possible mechanism includes the mechanical effect of obesity on the airways. 15
An important practical question is whether intentional weight loss would increase the chance of asthma resolution. Studies in adults 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 and in children 22 have shown that weight loss reduces the severity of asthma, but did not investigate the possibility of complete resolution of asthma. Since weight loss improves the severity of asthma, and because of the other general benefits of maintaining a normal body weight, overweight adolescents with asthma should be encouraged to reduce weight. They can be cautiously told that weight loss may have the potential to reduce the chance of asthma persisting into adulthood.
4.1.2. Underweight
The OR for active asthma was significantly higher in underweight adolescents compared with adolescents with normal weight and reached 1.31 in men and 1.27 in women. Few studies have evaluated the effect of being underweight on the risk for asthma, although a recent study from Korea showed an increased risk of asthma in underweight males but not in females. 23 Another study 11 showed a prevalence of asthma in underweight adults that was higher than expected. Low weight has also been reported to be associated with poor asthma control. 24 , 25 We did not find studies other than the current one, examining the association between low BMI and asthma resolution.
4.2. Rhinitis and persistence of asthma
The positive association between rhinitis and the persistence of asthma was highly significant with an OR of 3.16 in males and 2.98 in females. We do not have data regarding the etiology of the rhinitis, but it can be assumed that it was allergic in most cases. 26 , 27 , 28 The association between allergy and persistent asthma was reported in a previous systematic review. 5 The plausible explanation is TH2 activity, which manifests in both allergic rhinitis and in childhood asthma. It has yet to be determined whether controlling rhinitis influences the likelihood of recovery from asthma.
4.3. Cognition and persistence of asthma
In a previous study, we reported a positive association between cognitive score and asthma. 12 In the present study, we found that the average cognitive score in individuals with resolved asthma was slightly higher than in those with active asthma. It is possible that a higher cognitive score is associated with a higher rate of diagnosis of pediatric asthma that resolves in adolescence. This may reflect a greater awareness of childhood asthma among families whose children have higher cognitive scores. It will be interesting to see if future studies will confirm our observation.
4.4. Other variables and persistence of asthma
4.4.1. Socioeconomic level
The low socioeconomic level has been previously described as a risk factor for severe asthma. 11 In the current study, we did not find an association between socioeconomic level and asthma resolution.
4.4.2. Birth season
The birth season influences the odds of developing asthma with a higher risk for asthma in individuals born in the fall 10 , 29 or August–January. 27 In the current study, we did not find an association between birth season and resolution of asthma. We hypothesize that asthma that develops in children born in the higher risk seasons is not phenotypically different from the asthma developed in children born in other seasons, at least in regard to the chance of resolution.
4.5. Study strengths
The main strengths of this study are the large sample size and the strict definition of active versus resolved asthma. The requirement for a negative challenge test in the definition of resolution prevented asymptomatic individuals with airway hyperactivity from being included in the resolved asthma group.
4.6. Study limitations
The proportion of conscripts who recovered from asthma was relatively low, especially in women. It is possible that some adolescents, who suffered from mild asthma in the past, did not report these symptoms and were not included in the study population. Another limitation is the inability to separate individuals who recently developed asthma from individuals with long‐lasting asthma. Our study is also limited by the lack of availability of additional clinical parameters, including smoking or the type of rhinitis. Similarly, we do not have data regarding which challenge test was used for asthma diagnosis in each conscript. That might be important due to the difference in sensitivity and specificity between methacholine and exercise challenge tests. 30
4.7. Conclusion
Overweight and underweight are associated with the persistence of asthma through adolescence. This observation gives further support to the existing recommendations to maintain a BMI in the normal range throughout childhood. Physicians should be aware that rhinitis is associated with the persistence of asthma.
There is a need for interventional studies to examine whether changing weight to fall within the recommended BMI range and treating rhinitis could increase the odds for asthma resolution in adolescents.
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
The authors declare that there are no conflict of interests.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Shmuel Goldberg: conceptualization (lead), formal analysis (equal), investigation (lead), methodology (lead), supervision (lead), writing—original draft (lead), and writing—review and editing (equal). Elie Picard: conceptualization (equal), methodology (equal), writing—review and editing (lead). Leon Joseph: formal analysis (equal), investigation (equal), writing—review and editing (lead). Ron Kedem: data curation (equal), formal analysis (lead), methodology (equal), software (equal). Adir Sommer: conceptualization (equal), investigation (equal), methodology (equal). Dorit Tzur: data curation (equal), formal analysis (equal), investigation (equal), methodology (equal). Shlomo Cohen: conceptualization (lead), formal analysis (lead), methodology (lead), writing—review and editing (equal).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
There is no funding information for this article.
Goldberg S, Picard E, Joseph L, et al. Factors associated with resolution of childhood asthma by the age of 17: large cohort analysis. Pediatric Pulmonology. 2022;57:878‐884. 10.1002/ppul.25828
Shmuel Goldberg and Elie Picard contributed equally to this study.
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
The database was created and owned by the Medical Corps. The use of the data was controlled by the research unit of the Medical Corps. We were able to perform statistical analysis, but we were not given access to any individualized data, hence we cannot share this data.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The database was created and owned by the Medical Corps. The use of the data was controlled by the research unit of the Medical Corps. We were able to perform statistical analysis, but we were not given access to any individualized data, hence we cannot share this data.