Abstract
目的
探讨开颅动脉瘤夹闭术患者术后严重心血管不良事件对于其预后的影响。
方法
本研究为回顾性队列研究,收集2016年12月~2017年12月在中南大学湘雅医院行开颅动脉瘤夹闭术的患者,根据患者术后是否发生Clavien-Dindo分级Ⅱ级及以上的心血管不良事件,将患者分为CAE组和非CAE组。收集其围术期临床资料、住院期间不良事件和入出院时的神经系统相关功能评估,并随访患者术后1年的神经系统功能情况和死亡率。主要结局指标是术后1年的死亡。次要结局指标为术后1年格拉斯哥预后评分(GOS)、术后住院时间、术后重症监护病房住院时间、出院前格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)。
结果
共有361例患者纳入本研究,其中CAE组20例(5.5%)、非CAE组341例。2组患者的人口统计学资料、临床病史或其他术后不良事件差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。CAE组术后1年死亡率(20.0%;95% CI:0.8%~39.2%)高于非CEA组(5.6%;95% CI:3.1%~8.0%;P=0.010)。多因素logistics回归分析显示在调整了年龄、性别、急诊入院、合并蛛网膜下腔出血、出血量、手术时间、动脉瘤部位和术前心血管病史后,术后Clavien-Dindo分级≥Ⅱ的CAEs仍与术后1年死亡率独立相关(OR=3.670;95% CI:1.037~12.992;P=0.044)。CAE组术后1年GOS也更低(P=0.002)。但两组在其他不良事件发生率、术后住院时间、ICU住院时间、出院时GCS等方面差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。
结论
颅内动脉瘤夹闭术患者术后发生心血管不良事件可能是术后1年死亡率和致残率的危险因素。
Keywords: 心血管不良事件, 颅内动脉瘤, 开颅手术, 预后, 死亡率
Abstract
Objective
To investigate the impact of postoperative serious cardiovascular adverse events (CAE) on outcomes of patients undergoing craniotomy for intracranial aneurysm clipping.
Methods
This retrospective cohort study was conducted among the patients undergoing craniotomy for intracranial aneurysm clipping during the period from December, 2016 to December, 2017, who were divided into CAE group and non-CAE group according to the occurrence of Clavien-Dindo grade ≥II CAEs after the surgery. The perioperative clinical characteristics of the patients, complications and neurological functions during hospitalization, and mortality and neurological functions at 1 year postoperatively were evaluated. The primary outcome was mortality within 1 year after the surgery. The secondary outcomes were Glasgow outcome scale (GOS) score at 1 year, lengths of postoperative hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) stay, and Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score at discharge.
Results
A total of 361 patients were enrolled in the final analysis, including 20 (5.5%) patients in CAE group and 341 in the non-CAE group. No significant differences were found in the patients' demographic characteristics, clinical history, or other postoperative adverse events between the two groups. The 1-year mortality was significantly higher in CAE group than in the non-CAE group (20.0% vs 5.6%, P=0.01). Logistics regression analysis showed that when adjusted for age, gender, emergency hospitalization, subarachnoid hemorrhage, volume of bleeding, duration of operation, aneurysm location, and preoperative history of cardiovascular disease, postoperative CAEs of Clavien-Dindo grade≥II was independently correlated with 1-year mortality rate of the patients with an adjusted odds ratio of 3.670 (95% CI: 1.037-12.992, P=0.04). The patients with CEA also had a lower GOS score at 1 year after surgery than those without CEA (P=0.002). No significant differences were found in the occurrence of other adverse events, postoperative hospital stay, ICU stay, or GCS scores at discharge between the two groups (P > 0.05).
Conclusion
Postoperative CAEs may be a risk factor for increased 1-year mortality and disability in patients undergoing craniotomy for intracranial aneurysms.
Keywords: cardiovascular adverse events, intracranial aneurysm, craniotomy, prognosis, mortality
全球每年约有4%的人口需要外科手术治疗,其中约有30%的患者会出现术后的心血管不良事件(CAEs)[1],包括心肌梗死,无症状性心肌损伤,新发心律失常,难以控制的异常血压和心衰等[2]。术后CAEs在许多非心脏手术中会导致患者的住院时间延长,医疗费用增加,术后30 d甚至1年的生存率降低[3-6]。目前在众多的非心脏手术研究中,并无研究关注开颅动脉瘤夹闭术后的CAEs的发生及其对预后的影响。
许多研究已经报导影响开颅动脉瘤夹闭术患者预后的因素,包括患者年龄、动脉瘤直径、入院时格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)、是否形成术后血肿以及入院时世界神经外科学会联合会评分[7-9],但是这些研究并没有把术后CAEs放到影响因素中,也没有对其进行评估和分析。尚未有直接证据表明开颅动脉瘤夹闭术后严重心血管不良事件影响此类患者的长期预后。
我们进行了此项开颅动脉瘤夹闭术患者的队列研究,以期找到术后CAEs对开颅夹闭术患者预后长期影响的证据。
1. 资料和方法
1.1. 研究对象
本研究为回顾性队列研究,研究对象为2016年12月~2017年12月行颅内动脉瘤夹闭术的患者。排除标准:美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级IV级及以上者,年龄 < 18或 > 70岁者,用于判断患者分组信息不完整者,患者或家属拒绝参与研究者。根据患者术后是否出现Clavien-Dindo(CD)分级≥Ⅱ级的心血管不良事件,将患者分为CAE组和非CAE组。CAE的定义为术后新发的高血压、低血压、心律失常、心肌梗死或由研究者定义的其他心血管不良事件。CD分级系统适用于多系统并发症[10, 11],包括术后CAEs[12]。本研究经中南大学湘雅医院医学伦理委员会批准(No: 2018121121)。
1.2. 方法
1.2.1. 基线数据收集
收集患者的人口学和临床特征,包括年龄、性别、文化程度、职业、烟酒史、急诊入院、蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)、动脉瘤大小和位置、病史、入院时格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)、手术时长、出血量和尿量。吸烟定义为平均每天至少2支,饮酒定义为每周饮酒至少1次持续半年以上。
1.2.2. 术后评估与护理
患者术中麻醉和术后护理均按照机构指南进行标准化动脉瘤术后常规进行。综合考虑患者病情、影像学结果及个人意向,根据相关指南选择手术方式[13]。对于患者术后发生不良事件的评估,如肺部感染、神经系统功能、转氨酶、脑梗死、肌钙蛋白升高等,均由主治医师和研究人员共同判断确定。研究医师和主治医师共同确定了术后CD分级≥Ⅱ级CEA的存在。
1.2.3. 随访和结局指标
患者在住院期间进行每天至少1次的术后不良事件评估,在患者术后1年通过电话随访的方式进行神经功能评估和死亡率的数据收集。主要结局指标是术后1年的死亡。次要结局指标为术后1年格拉斯哥结局评分(GOS)、术后住院时间、重症监护病房(ICU)住院时间、出院时GCS评分。GOS评分标准[14]:(1)死亡;(2)持续性植物人状态:反应最小;(3)严重残疾:有意识但有残疾,日常生活依赖他人;(4)中度残疾:残疾但独立,在条件下工作;(5)恢复良好:虽有微小缺陷,但可以恢复正常生活。GCS是一种15分的运动反应、语言反应和睁眼反应量表,用于根据整体社交技能或依赖他人来评估和分类脑损伤的结果。
1.2.4. 样本量估计
样本量的估计采用两组率的单侧检验,把握度为80%,α=0.05。使用此类患者术后心血管不良事件发生率[15]来估计两组的样本比,CAE组和非CAE组分别需要24例和232例。
1.3. 统计学方法
所有的分析使用SPSS 22.0统计软件进行。符合正态分布的计量资料以均数±标准差表示,并采用t检验进行比较。非正态分布的测量数据表示为中位数和四分位数范围,并使用Mann-Whitney U检验进行比较。计数变量以数量(百分比)表示,并采用Fisher精确检验和卡方检验进行比较。采用logistic回归模型拟合临床特征与术后1年死亡率的关系,纳入的变量为在单变量分析中P < 0.1或在其他研究中被证实可能影响术后1年死亡率的变量。P < 0.05时认为差异有统计学意义。
2. 结果
2.1. 患者基线特征
本研究共纳入387例行颅内动脉瘤夹闭术的患者。术后脑疝死亡2例,失访24例,将剩余的361例患者纳入分析。CAE组包括20例CD分级≥Ⅱ级的CAEs患者(心律失常7例,高血压8例,低血压4例,心绞痛1例),非CAE组341例。CAE组随访损失率(3/23,13.0%)与非CAE组(21/362,5.8%)差异无统计学意义(P=0.16)。
患者的年龄、术前GCS评分、心血管和肺部疾病史、吸烟史、动脉瘤大小和位置、手术时间、术中出血量、尿量等差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05,表 1)。
表 1.
两组的人口统计学和临床特征
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the two groups
| Characeristics | CAE group (n=20) | Non-CAE group (n=341) | P |
| Data are presented as Mean ±SD, n (%), or median (range). *GCS at admission is a significant right skewness distribution of data, mainly concentrated at 15 min. CAE: Cardiovascular adverse event; SAH: Subarachnoid hemorrhage; GCS: Glasgow coma scale; ACA: Anterior cerebral artery; MCA: Middle cerebral artery; PCA: Posterior cerebral artery. | |||
| Age [year, Mean±SD] | 54.75±11.18 | 54.25±10.30 | 0.833 |
| Female [n (%)] | 12(60.8) | 221(64.8) | 0.662 |
| Lower education [n (%)] | 17(85.0) | 275(80.6) | 0.630 |
| Physical labour [n (%)] | 14(70.0) | 224(65.7) | 0.693 |
| Smoking [n (%)] | 2 (10.0) | 46 (13.5) | 0.655 |
| Alcohol [n (%)] | 0(0.0) | 27(7.9) | 0.191 |
| Emergency [n (%)] | 15(75.0) | 217(63.6) | 0.303 |
| With SAH [n (%)] | 15(75.0) | 233(68.3) | 0.532 |
| Maximum diameter of aneurysm (mm) | 6.5 (5.0, 9.6) | 5.0 (5.0, 8.0) | 0.135 |
| GCS score at admission* [M(Q1, Q3)] | 15.0 (14.0, 15.0) | 15.0 (15.0, 15.0) | 0.431 |
| Medical history [n (%)] | |||
| Cardiovascular | 14(70.0) | 180(52.8) | 0.133 |
| Pulmonary | 6 (30.0) | 75 (22.0) | 0.404 |
| Kidney | 1(5.0) | 23(6.7) | 0.761 |
| Location of aneurysm [n (%)] | |||
| ACA | 8 (40.0) | 105(30.8) | 0.611 |
| MCA | 6 (30.00 | 146(42.8) | |
| PCA | 6 (30.0) | 84 (24.6) | |
| Posterior circulation | 0(0.0) | 6 (1.8) | |
| Duration of Operation [h, M(Q1, Q3)] | 3.7 (3.3, 5.2) | 3.8 (3.2, 4.7) | 0.615 |
| Urine output [mL, M(Q1, Q3)] | 700.0 (400.0, 1150.0) | 800.0 (500.0, 1000.0) | 0.621 |
| Amount of bleeding [mL, M(Q1, Q3)] | 400.0 (225.0, 575.0) | 400.0 (300.0, 500.0) | 0.584 |
2.2. 一年死亡率的多因素回归分析
两组患者的主要结局差异有统计学差异。随访1年后,CAE组死亡4例(20.0%),非CAE组死亡19例(5.6%)。两组生存分析差异有统计学意义(P=0.008,图 1)。在调整了年龄、性别、急诊入院、蛛网膜下腔出血、手术时间、动脉瘤位置和术前心血管病史之后,术后CEA仍与术后1年死亡风险增加相关[校正优势比(OR)=3.670,95% CI: 1.037-12.992,P=0.04](表 2)。此外,入院时的GCS(OR=7.135;95% CI: 2.753~18.494;P < 0.001)和动脉瘤最大直径(OR=2.717;95% CI: 1.075~6.869;P=0.04)也与术后1年死亡风险增加相关。
图 1.

两组的生存曲线
Survival curves of the two groups.
表 2.
术后1年死亡率的多因素回归分析
Multivariate logistic analysis of risk factors for 1-year mortality
| Variable | Adjust OR | 95% CI | P |
| OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; GCS: Glasgow coma scale. | |||
| Postoperative cardiovascular adverse events | 3.670 | 1.037-12.992 | 0.044 |
| Maximum diameter of aneurysm | 2.717 | 1.075-6.869 | 0.035 |
| GCS score at admission | 7.135 | 2.753-18.494 | < 0.001 |
2.3. 其它次要结局指标
两组患者术后其他不良事件发生率、术后住院时间、ICU住院时间、出院时GCS评分等差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。然而,非CAE组术后1年GOS评分高于CAE组(P=0.002,表 3),这意味着CAE组有着更高的残疾率。
表 3.
两组患者的次要结局指标
Secondary outcomes of the patients in the two groups
| Variable | CAE group (n=20) | Non-CAE group (n=341) | Hazard ratio (95% CI) | P |
| Data are presented as n (%) or median (range) unless otherwise indicated. *cTnI of > 0.2 µg/L. CAE: Cardiovascular adverse event; CI: Confidence interval; NA: Not applicable; ICU: Intensive care unit; GCS: Glasgow coma scale; GOS: Glasgow outcome scale. | ||||
| Postoperative adverse events [n (%)] | ||||
| Pulmonary | 5 (25.0) | 80 (23.5) | 1.088 (0.383-3.085) | 0.875 |
| Neuropathic | 7 (35.0) | 83 (24.3) | 1.674 (0.646-4.335) | 0.284 |
| Transaminase abnormality | 1 (5.0) | 48 (14.1) | 0.321 (0.042-2.456) | 0.249 |
| Cerebral infarction | 5 (25.0) | 40 (11.7) | 2.508 (0.865-7.273) | 0.081 |
| Elevated troponin* | 1/4 (25.0) | 14/96 (14.6) | 1.229 (0.153-9.848) | 0.568 |
| Postoperative hospital stay [d, M(Q1, Q3)] | 11.5 (9.25, 14.75) | 10.0 (8.0, 13.0) | NA | 0.109 |
| ICU stay [h, M(Q1, Q3)] | 17.00 (0.00, 77.00) | 15.0 (0.0, 65.0) | NA | 0.967 |
| GCS score at discharge [M(Q1, Q3)] | 15 (10.50, 15.00) | 15.0 (14.0, 15.0) | NA | 0.251 |
| GOS score at one year [n (%)] | NA | |||
| 5 | 8 (40.0) | 251 (73.6) | NA | 0.002 |
| 4 | 3 (15.0) | 42 (12.3) | ||
| 3 | 5 (25.0) | 27 (7.9) | ||
| 2 and 1 | 4 (20.0) | 21 (6.2) | ||
3. 讨论
有研究表明非心脏手术后心血管不良事件与术后30天死亡率相关[4-6],但动脉瘤夹闭术与预后相关的诸多因素尚无研究。在这项队列研究中,我们分析了361名接受开颅动脉瘤夹闭手术的患者,发现其中20名患者术后发生了CD分级II或更高的心血管不良事件。多因素回归分析显示,校正了年龄、性别、急诊手术、蛛网膜下腔出血、出血量、手术时间、动脉瘤位置和术前心血管病史之后,术后严重心血管不良事件、入院时GCS和动脉瘤最大直径与术后1年死亡风险增加相关。
研究表明,非心脏手术后严重CAEs的发生率在1%~2%[16-18],但神经外科手术后CAEs的发生率可高达7%[19],这与本研究的发生率相近。根据2013年国家外科质量改进计划术后风险预测模型[20],开颅治疗颅内动脉瘤术后CAEs的风险在高龄、ASA Ⅲ~Ⅳ级、合并高血压和急诊手术患者中增加[21]。而在开颅动脉瘤夹闭术患者中,术前合并高血压的最高可能占60%以上[19],这几乎是其他非心脏手术的10倍[16]。此外,在1999年提出的预测术后CAEs的修正心脏危险指数量表中[17],脑血管疾病本身就被列为术后CAEs的高危因素。由此,本研究及其他开颅手术后的高CAEs发生率就不足为奇了。而由于术中限制补液导致的有效血容量不足、术后心功能障碍或心肌损伤、感染、神经因素等也会影响术后循环功能[18],这可能是开颅手术后心血管不良事件高于其他非心脏手术的可能原因。以上均提示此类患者术后的CAEs发生率高,但是对于预后具体的影响有待进一步探究。
研究表明,非心脏手术后CAEs与30 d死亡率显著相关[22]。此外,术后CAEs不仅与预后不良有关,而且与术后经济负担增加有关[23]。如何降低术后CAEs的发生率,并尽量避免CD分级≥Ⅱ级的CAEs,如不可控制的高血压、伴有血流动力学改变的房颤,这些需要内外科治疗的严重并发症,这可能才是重中之重[24]。研究[23, 25]表明,通过有效的预防和及时治疗,可以降低严重CAEs的发生率。高危患者预防性使用β-阻滞剂、胺碘酮和含镁的药物制剂可以显著降低术后发生严重CAEs的风险[23]。术前使用他汀类药物也有助于减少术后CAEs[25]。
术后CD分级≥Ⅱ级CAEs会增加1年死亡率和致残率,这可能与心脑血管内皮损伤机制有关。内皮损伤导致血管内血小板聚集,可能促进微血栓形成、动脉血栓形成和远端栓塞[26, 27]。这可能与本研究CAE组脑梗死发生率较高有关。虽然这种差异在统计学上并不显著,但它可能为其他研究提供一些线索。除这一机制引起内皮细胞损伤外,其他机制也可能发挥重要作用。例如,许多研究[28-31]报道动脉瘤夹闭过程中的三叉神经反射,可能导致室性心动过速,甚至心搏骤停,可能影响术后心血管不良事件和预后。基于对这些机制的思考,我们进一步探讨其可能的临床意义。首先,临床积极治疗术前并发症,可减少血管内皮损伤程度,改善患者预后。一项对围术期血压与短期预后关系的回顾性研究[32]显示,严格控制围术期血压可减少动脉瘤夹闭后循环功能障碍的发生,显著缩短ICU住院时间。颅内动脉瘤和冠心病患者由于术前使用抗血栓药物治疗,其基线血小板计数略低,这与术后严重并发症发生率较低有关[33]。因此,严格控制血压,积极治疗,可改善颅内动脉瘤开颅患者的预后。
本研究有局限性。首先,本研究的总样本量较小,不能排除危险因素分析中的偏倚。第二,CAE组患者数量太少,无法对具体的CAEs进行分组。这是由于开颅术后CD≥Ⅱ级CAEs发生率低,而研究持续时间仅1年。第三,结局指标为全因死亡率。由于研究经费和其他条件的限制,无法进一步分析死亡原因。
综上所述,颅内动脉瘤夹闭术患者术后心血管不良事件发生率较其他类型手术高,且会影响神经功能恢复,增加术后1年死亡率和致残率。而其内在机制和防治手段是复杂的生理过程和临床探究,未来仍需大规模、多中心、前瞻性队列研究进行验证。
Biography
陈娜,硕士,E-mail: chenna5460@csu.edu.cn
Funding Statement
国家重点研发项目(200YFC2005300);湖南省重点研发项目(2021WK2003)
Contributor Information
陈 娜 (Na CHEN), Email: chenna5460@csu.edu.cn.
唐 朝辉 (Zhaohui TANG), Email: tangzhaohui3005@126.com.
References
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