One-Year Outcome Trajectories and Factors Associated with Functional Recovery Among Survivors of Intracerebral and Intraventricular Hemorrhage With Initial Severe Disability

Vishank A Shah; Richard E Thompson; Gayane Yenokyan; Julian N Acosta; Radhika Avadhani; Rachel Dlugash; Nichol McBee; Yunke Li; Bjorn M Hansen; Natalie Ullman; Guido Falcone; Issam A Awad; Daniel F Hanley; Wendy C Ziai

doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.1991

. 2022 Jul 25;79(9):856–868. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.1991

One-Year Outcome Trajectories and Factors Associated with Functional Recovery Among Survivors of Intracerebral and Intraventricular Hemorrhage With Initial Severe Disability

Vishank A Shah ^1,², Richard E Thompson ³, Gayane Yenokyan ³, Julian N Acosta ⁴, Radhika Avadhani ⁵, Rachel Dlugash ⁵, Nichol McBee ⁵, Yunke Li ^5,⁶, Bjorn M Hansen ⁷, Natalie Ullman ⁸, Guido Falcone ⁴, Issam A Awad ⁹, Daniel F Hanley ⁵, Wendy C Ziai ^1,^2,^✉

¹Division of Neurocritical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland

²Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland

³Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland

⁴Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut

⁵Division of Brain Injury Outcomes, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland

⁶The George Institute China at Peking University Health Sciences Center, Beijing, China

⁷Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden

⁸The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

⁹Department of Neurosurgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois

Accepted for Publication: May 13, 2022.

Published Online: July 25, 2022. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.1991

^✉

Corresponding Author: Wendy C. Ziai, MD, MPH, Division of Neurocritical Care, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe St, Phipps 455, Baltimore, MD 21287 (weziai@jhmi.edu).

Author Contributions: Drs Shah and Ziai had full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.

Concept and design: Shah, Awad, Hanley, Ziai.

Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Shah, Thompson, Yenokyan, Acosta, Avadhani, Dlugash, McBee, Li, Hansen, Ullman, Falcone, Awad, Ziai.

Drafting of the manuscript: Shah, Dlugash, Ziai.

Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Shah, Thompson, Yenokyan, Acosta, Avadhani, McBee, Li, Hansen, Ullman, Falcone, Awad, Hanley, Ziai.

Statistical analysis: Shah, Thompson, Yenokyan, Acosta, Avadhani, Dlugash, Li, Ziai.

Obtained funding: Awad.

Administrative, technical, or material support: Acosta, Li, Ullman, Hanley.

Supervision: Awad, Ziai.

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Shah reported serving on the editorial board for the Neurohospitalist Journal. Dr Thompson reported grants from Johns Hopkins University during the conduct of the study. Dr Yenokyan reported grants from National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke during the conduct of the study and grants from National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences outside the submitted work. Dr Acosta reported being employed by Rad AI outside the submitted work. Dr McBee reported grants from National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke during the conduct of the study. Dr Awad reported grants from National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke during the conduct of the study and grants from Be Brave for Life Foundation and StrideBio, Inc; serving as a consultant and advisory board chairman for Neurelis and Recursion Pharma; and personal fees from Medicolegal for consulting outside the submitted work. Dr Hanley reported grants from National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (MISTIE III and CLEAR III grants) during the conduct of the study and grants from the Department of Defense personal fees for medicolegal consulting from Neurotrope and Neurelis outside the submitted work. Dr Ziai reported grants from National Institutes of Health during the conduct of the study and personal fees from C. R. Bard DMC and personal fees from Neurocritical Care Associate Editor outside the submitted work. No other disclosures were reported.

Additional Information: Individual deidentified participant data from CLEAR-III and MISTIE-III may be obtained by submitting a formal proposal to the trial steering committees or to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke trial repository.

^✉

Corresponding author.

PMCID: PMC9316056 PMID: 35877105

Key Points

Question

Is inclusion of hospital events, interventions, and responses to treatment in the first month after severe intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) or intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) associated with improved prediction of functional outcome trajectory among survivors with initial poor outcome?

Findings

In this post hoc longitudinal analysis of the Clot Lysis: Evaluating Accelerated Resolution of Intraventricular Hemorrhage phase 3 trial (CLEAR-III) and the Minimally Invasive Surgery Plus Alteplase for Intracerebral Hemorrhage Evacuation (MISTIE-III) phase 3 trial, more than 40% of patients with poor outcome at day 30 recovered to good outcome by 1 year. Inclusion of hospital events and hematoma volume reduction was significantly associated with enhanced discrimination of eventual functional recovery at 1 year.

Meaning

The findings indicate that hospital events significantly influenced long-term functional recovery after ICH and IVH, suggesting that aggressive ICH and IVH resolution and prevention of systemic complications and cerebral ischemic injury may promote better outcomes among patients with ICH and IVH with high clinical severity.

This secondary analysis of 2 phase 3 clinical trials evaluates 1-year functional recovery among patients with intracerebral and intraventricular hemorrhage and initial severe disability and assesses factors associated with long-term recovery.

Abstract

Importance

Patients who survive severe intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) typically have poor functional outcome in the short term and understanding of future recovery is limited.

Objective

To describe 1-year recovery trajectories among ICH and IVH survivors with initial severe disability and assess the association of hospital events with long-term recovery.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This post hoc analysis pooled all individual patient data from the Clot Lysis: Evaluating Accelerated Resolution of Intraventricular Hemorrhage phase 3 trial (CLEAR-III) and the Minimally Invasive Surgery Plus Alteplase for Intracerebral Hemorrhage Evacuation (MISTIE-III) phase 3 trial in multiple centers across the US, Canada, Europe, and Asia. Patients were enrolled from August 1, 2010, to September 30, 2018, with a follow-up duration of 1 year. Of 999 enrolled patients, 724 survived with a day 30 modified Rankin Scale score (mRS) of 4 to 5 after excluding 13 participants with missing day 30 mRS. An additional 9 patients were excluded because of missing 1-year mRS. The final pooled cohort included 715 patients (71.6%) with day 30 mRS 4 to 5. Data were analyzed from July 2019 to January 2022.

Exposures

CLEAR-III participants randomized to intraventricular alteplase vs placebo. MISTIE-III participants randomized to stereotactic thrombolysis of hematoma vs standard medical care.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Primary outcome was 1-year mRS. Patients were dichotomized into good outcome at 1 year (mRS 0 to 3) vs poor outcome at 1 year (mRS 4 to 6). Multivariable logistic regression models assessed associations between prospectively adjudicated hospital events and 1-year good outcome after adjusting for demographic characteristics, ICH and IVH severity, and trial cohort.

Results

Of 715 survivors, 417 (58%) were male, and the overall mean (SD) age was 60.3 (11.7) years. Overall, 174 participants (24.3%) were Black, 491 (68.6%) were White, and 49 (6.9%) were of other races (including Asian, Native American, and Pacific Islander, consolidated owing to small numbers); 98 (13.7%) were of Hispanic ethnicity. By 1 year, 129 participants (18%) had died and 308 (43%) had achieved mRS 0 to 3. In adjusted models for the combined cohort, diabetes (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.50; 95% CI, 0.26-0.96), National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (aOR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.90-0.96), severe leukoaraiosis (aOR, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.16-0.54), pineal gland shift (aOR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.76-0.99]), acute ischemic stroke (aOR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.21-0.94), gastrostomy (aOR, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.17-0.50), and persistent hydrocephalus by day 30 (aOR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.14-0.98) were associated with lack of recovery. Resolution of ICH (aOR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.08-3.04) and IVH (aOR, 2.19; 95% CI, 1.02-4.68) by day 30 were associated with recovery to good outcome. In the CLEAR-III model, cerebral perfusion pressure less than 60 mm Hg (aOR, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.13-0.71), sepsis (aOR, 0.05; 95% CI, 0.00-0.80), and prolonged mechanical ventilation (aOR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.92-1.00 per day), and in MISTIE-III, need for intracranial pressure monitoring (aOR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.12-0.98), were additional factors associated with poor outcome. Thirty-day event-based models strongly predicted 1-year outcome (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC], 0.87; 95% CI, 0.83–0.90), with significantly improved discrimination over models using baseline severity factors alone (AUC, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.71-0.80; P < .001).

Conclusions and Relevance

Among survivors of severe ICH and IVH with initial poor functional outcome, more than 40% recovered to good outcome by 1 year. Hospital events were strongly associated with long-term functional recovery and may be potential targets for intervention. Avoiding early pessimistic prognostication and delaying prognostication until after treatment may improve ability to predict future recovery.

Introduction

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) prognostication is historically performed on admission, and most models predict short-term outcomes.^1,2,3 However, survivors of severe ICH often have initial considerable disability, with a median 90-day modified Rankin Scale score (mRS) of 5⁴ and limited understanding of future recovery. In a meta-analysis of population-based studies, 12% to 39% of ICH survivors gained functional independence beyond 1 year.⁵ However, most studies describing long-term outcomes in ICH are single-center studies^4,6,7,8,9 and rarely describe long-term recovery among ICH survivors with initial severe disability.⁶ For these patients and their caregivers, long-term prognostication and decision-making have important implications. Therefore, the goal of this study was to describe 1-year outcome trajectories among patients with ICH and severe disability (mRS 4 to 5) at day 30.

Most ICH prognostication models include baseline ICH severity factors,^1,2,3,10,11 not accounting for comorbidities, hospital interventions, and complications. Other factors of potential importance include leukoariosis,¹² temporal changes in hematoma volume,¹³ and intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) severity.¹⁴ IVH grading scales often only incorporate baseline IVH-volume,^15,16,17 not accounting for IVH expansion,¹⁸ volume reduction, or hydrocephalus,¹⁹ which may also impact recovery. We hypothesized that including comorbidities, hospital procedures, medical complications, and temporal hematoma evolution would be significantly associated with improved prediction of 1-year recovery among survivors of ICH and IVH with initial disability compared with models using only baseline characteristics. Understanding the impact of hospital events on long-term recovery among ICH survivors might help identify important targets for interventions to improve ICH outcomes as well as assist in counseling patients and their families regarding potential for future recovery.

Methods

Study Design

We conducted a post hoc longitudinal analysis of prospectively collected participant data from the Clot Lysis: Evaluating Accelerated Resolution of Intraventricular Hemorrhage phase 3 trial (CLEAR-III)²⁰ and the Minimally Invasive Surgery plus Alteplase for Intracerebral Hemorrhage Evacuation (MISTIE-III) trial.²¹ Parent trial protocols were approved by the institutional review boards of each trial site, and written informed consent was obtained prior to trial enrollment. This study was approved by our local institutional review board and performed in accordance with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) reporting guideline.

Participants and Data Collection

CLEAR-III randomized 500 patients with spontaneous obstructive IVH and small to moderate supratentorial ICH (<30 mL) to receive intraventricular thrombolysis vs placebo.²⁰ MISTIE-III randomized 499 patients with spontaneous large supratentorial ICH (≥30 mL) without obstructive IVH to receive either minimally invasive stereotactic thrombolysis of the hematoma or standard medical treatment.²¹ Both trials were neutral for primary end point of improved functional outcome at 180 days and 1 year, respectively. However, both trials demonstrated a significant reduction in mortality for the treatment vs control groups at 180 and 365 days. In the current study, we included all patients with ICH and IVH from both trials who survived and had mRS 4 to 5 at day 30.

Measurements

Baseline characteristics included age, sex, race, ethnicity, stroke-related comorbidities, Glasgow Coma Scale score, and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score. Race and ethnicity were included to account for racial or ethnic variances in ICH outcomes and were recorded by trial investigators from review of medical records. Hematoma volumes were measured on noncontrast computed tomography scans performed upon admission, at ICH and IVH stability, at end of treatment, and at day 30 from enrollment in both clinical trials. End of treatment was defined as 24 hours after the last study treatment or placebo in CLEAR-III. In MISTIE-III, end of treatment time was defined as 24 hours after the last study treatment in the surgical arm, and the median time to end of treatment in the surgical arm was used as end of treatment for the medical arm. ICH volumes were calculated using semiautomated planimetry and read by a single neuroradiologist blinded to treatment and outcomes. IVH severity was graded using modified Graeb score in CLEAR-III.¹⁵ ICH resolution was defined as 0-mL ICH volume and IVH resolution as either 0–modified Graeb score or 0-mL IVH volume. Midline shift was measured at septum pellucidum and pineal gland. Obstructive hydrocephalus was defined as third ventricular obstruction by hematoma and/or IVH.²² Hydrocephalus was measured on admission and at day 30 via computed tomography using the Evans index in CLEAR-III.²³ Leukoaraiosis was graded on admission computed tomography by 2 independent reviewers (N.U. and B.M.H.) using the van Sweiten Scale²⁴ in CLEAR-III. In MISTIE-III, leukoaraiosis was graded on magnetic resonance imaging, using the Fazekas scale.²⁵ Severe leukoaraiosis was defined as van Sweiten Scale score 3 or higher, deep Fazekas scale score 2 to 3, and/or total Fazekas scale score greater than 3. In CLEAR-III, intracranial and cerebral perfusion pressure were measured every 4 hours after extraventricular drain insertion. Only 72 (14.4%) patients in MISTIE-III underwent intracranial pressure monitoring, and these data were excluded. Adverse events and hospital complications were adjudicated centrally during the treatment phase in both trials, and serious adverse events were also assessed by an independent safety committee until the end of follow-up.

Outcomes

The primary outcome measure was 1-year mRS. Blinded mRS assessments were performed in both trials at days 30, 180, and 365. Secondary outcomes included 1-year mortality, withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment, home discharge, and European Quality-of-Life Visual Analog Scale (EQ-VAS) score.²⁶ EQ-VAS score was self-reported by survivors at days 30, 180, and 365.

Statistical Analysis

Patients were dichotomized into 2 groups based on 1-year mRS outcome: good (mRS 0 to 3) vs poor (mRS 4 to 6). Traditionally, mRS 0 to 2 is most closely associated with functional independence^27,28 and has been used previously to define good or excellent functional outcome in clinical trials. However, in this analysis, mRS 3 was also classified as good outcome, as both CLEAR-III²⁰ and MISTIE-III²¹ used this dichotomization to determine treatment efficacy. Additionally, more recent literature suggests that survivors of moderate to severe stroke or ICH survivors with mRS 2 vs mRS 3 report a similar quality of life and have identical direct valuation of their current health status in standard-gamble utility.^29,30,31 In addition, considerable interrater disagreement when classifying mRS 2 and 3³² suggests that these categories may have similar functional status.

Median time to home, death, and withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment were calculated using time-to-event analyses. mRS and EQ-VAS score trajectories were assessed using mixed-effects linear regression, treating mRS and EQ-VAS scores as outcome, day of assessment (30, 180, and 365) as fixed effects, and patients as random effects.

Factors associated with functional recovery at 1 year were assessed by bivariate analyses comparing all variables between good vs poor 1-year outcome groups in each trial and in the combined cohort. We used the Wilcoxon rank sum test or t test for continuous variables and χ² test or Fisher exact test for categorical variables. Multivariable logistic regression evaluated the association between variables of interest prior to day 30 and 1-year good outcome for each trial independently and for the combined cohort. Covariates were selected using a significance of P < .20 in bivariate analysis with backward elimination of covariates with P > .10 in final models. Age, sex, race, and ethnicity were chosen a priori as universal confounders and included in models regardless of P value. In models for each independent trial, we adjusted for assignment to treatment group and, for the combined cohort of patients, we adjusted for the trial cohort. Receiver operating characteristic curve and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) were compared between full models and models using baseline predictors only (ie, age, Glasgow Coma Scale score, ICH volume, presence of IVH [IVH volume for CLEAR-III], and ICH location [deep location for MISTIE-III and thalamic location for CLEAR-III]). Ordinal logistic regression for 1-year mRS was not included in final results as models violated the proportional odds assumption in likelihood-ratio and Brant tests. In log-ordered analyses, covariates were assessed at each mRS threshold and remained similar, with a few covariates demonstrating variability in adjusted odds ratios across different mRS thresholds. Cox proportional hazards regression assessed factors associated with 1-year mortality. All patients surviving to 1 year were censored. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess impact of missing outcomes and data points. All statistical analyses were performed using Stata version 17.0 (StataCorp), and were 2-tailed with significance set at P ≤ .05.

Results

Of 999 patients, 115 (11.5%) died and 147 (14.7%) had good outcome (mRS 0 to 3) at day 30, while 22 (2.2%) lacked mRS data. The final pooled cohort consisted of 715 patients with poor outcome (mRS 4 to 5) at day 30 (218 [29.5%] with mRS 4 and 497 [69.5%] with mRS 5) (Figure 1). The mean (SD) age was 60.3 (11.7) years, and 417 participants (58%) were male. Overall, 174 participants (24.3%) were Black, 491 (68.6%) were White, and 49 (6.9%) were of other races (including Asian, Native American, and Pacific Islander, consolidated owing to small numbers); 98 (13.7%) were of Hispanic ethnicity.

Figure 1. — CLEAR-III indicates the Clot Lysis: Evaluating Accelerated Resolution of Intraventricular Hemorrhage phase 3 trial; ICH, intracerebral hemorrhage; IVH, intraventricular hemorrhage; MISTIE-III, the Minimally Invasive Surgery Plus Alteplase for Intracerebral Hemorrhage Evacuation phase 3 trial; mRS, modified Rankin Scale score.

Of these, 308 patients (43%; 153 [45.1%] in CLEAR-III and 155 [41.2%] in MISTIE-III) recovered to good outcome at 1 year. Median (IQR) improvement in mRS was 1 (0-2). A 2-point improvement or greater occurred in 214 patients (30%) and a 1-point improvement occurred in 248 (34.7%) (Figure 2; eFigure 1 in the Supplement).

Figure 2. — A and B, Grotta bars demonstrate ordinal distribution of mRS at days 30, 180, and 365 in patients in CLEAR-III and MISTIE-III with poor outcomes (mRS 4-5) at day 30. C, Number of patients with mRS 0-3 vs 4-6 at days 180 and 365 in the combined cohort of patients in CLEAR-III and MISTIE-III with poor outcomes (mRS 4-5) at day 30. D, Number of patients with mRS 0-2 vs 3-6 at days 180 and 365 in the combined cohort of patients in CLEAR-III and MISTIE-III with poor outcomes at day 30. CLEAR-III indicates Clot Lysis: Evaluating Accelerated Resolution of Intraventricular Hemorrhage Phase 3 Trial; MISTIE-III, Minimally Invasive Surgery Plus Alteplase for Intracerebral Hemorrhage Evacuation Phase 3 Trial.

By 1 year, 462 patients (64.6%) had returned home at a median (IQR) of 98 (52-302) days postictus. Among 308 patients recovering to good outcome by 1 year, 294 (95.4%) returned home, as did 168 of 407 patients (41%) who had persistent poor outcome at 1 year (eFigures 2 and 3 in the Supplement). Differences by good and poor 1-year outcome groups are shown in Table 1 and eTable 1 in the Supplement.

Table 1. Baseline and 30-Day Characteristics in Patients With Poor Outcome (mRS 4-5) at Day 30 in the CLEAR-III and MISTIE-III Cohorts.

Characteristic	CLEAR-III survivors (n = 339)			MISTIE-III survivors (n = 376)
	No. (%)		P value	No. (%)		P value
	Good 1-y outcome (n = 153)	Poor 1-y outcome (n = 186)	P value	Good 1-y outcome (n = 155)	Poor 1-y outcome (n = 221)	P value
Age, mean (SD), y	56.9 (10.8)	62.7 (10.2)	<.001	56.1 (12.3)	63.5 (11.7)	<.001
Female	65 (42.5)	92 (49.5)	.20	61 (39.4)	80 (36.2)	.53
Male	88 (57.5)	94 (50.5)	.20	94 (60.6)	141 (63.8)	.53
Race^p
Black	46 (30.1)	55 (29.6)	.50	29 (18.7)	44 (20.0)	.37
White	97 (63.4)	124 (66.7)		109 (70.3)	161 (73.2)
Other^a	10 (6.5)	7 (3.8)		17 (11.0)	15 (6.8)
Hispanic ethnicity^p	21 (13.7)	23 (12.4)	.71	23 (14.8)	31 (14.0)	.83
Medical comorbidities
Hypertension	141 (92.2)	169 (90.9)	.67	150 (96.8)	218 (98.6)	.22
Congestive heart failure	6 (3.9)	9 (4.8)	.68	2 (1.3)	6 (2.7)	.35
Atrial fibrillation	13 (8.5)	20 (10.8)	.49	5 (3.2)	13 (5.9)	.24
Coronary artery disease	5 (3.3)	12 (6.5)	.18	11 (7.1)	25 (11.3)	.17
Type 2 diabetes	17 (11.1)	22 (11.8)	.84	26 (16.8)	81 (36.7)	<.001
Hyperlipidemia	37 (24.2)	46 (24.7)	.91	52 (33.5)	80 (36.2)	.60
Long-term anticoagulation use	13 (8.5)	19 (10.2)	.59	7 (4.5)	13 (5.9)	.56
Chronic kidney disease	13 (8.5)	17 (9.1)	.84	2 (1.3)	9 (4.1)	.12
COPD	4 (2.6)	14 (7.5)	.04	6 (3.9)	11 (5.0)	.61
Baseline mRS^b
0	141 (92.2)	151 (81.2)	.01	151 (97.4)	201 (91.0)	.01
1	12 (7.8)	34 (18.3)	.01	4 (2.6)	20 (9.0)	.01
Clinical severity
Enrollment NIHSS score, median (IQR)^c	17 (10-23)	25 (17-35.5)	<.001	18 (15-22)	20 (17-25)	.02
Enrollment Glasgow Coma Scale score, median (IQR)^d	10 (8-13)	8 (6-10)	.27	11 (9-13)	10 (8-12)	.01
Radiological characteristics
Admission imaging
Thalamic location	83 (54.2)	127 (68.3)	.01	2 (1.3)	10 (4.5)	.08
Deep location	131 (85.6)	166 (89.2)	.31	90 (58.1)	166 (75.1)	<.001
Location of lesion^e
Right hemisphere	67 (43.8)	85 (45.7)	.40	72 (46.5)	114 (51.6)	.33
Left hemisphere	72 (47.1)	91 (48.9)	.40	83 (53.5)	107 (48.4)	.33
ICH volume, mean (SD), mL^f	8.30 (6.4)	11.94 (8.1)	<.001	41.2 (15.6)	46.1 (18.2)	.01
IVH volume, mean (SD), mL^f	25.8 (18.0)	31.6 (21.1)	.01	2.0 (5.9)	2.8 (6.6)	.24
IVH present	153 (100)	186 (100)	NA	80 (51.6)	168 (76.0)	<.001
Modified Graeb Score, mean (SD)^g	16.4 (4.6)	16.6 (4.4)	.73	NA	NA	NA
Obstructive hydrocephalus	116 (75.8)	163 (87.6)	.01	12 (7.7)	23 (10.4)	.38
Evans index, mean (SD)^h	0.33 (0.04)	0.35 (0.05)	.001	NA	NA	NA
Septal shift, mean (SD), mmⁱ	4.0 (2.6)	4.7 (3.0)	.05	4.2 (2.26)	4.5 (2.83)	.27
Pineal shift, mean (SD), mmⁱ	1.4 (1.9)	1.7 (2.1)	.17	2.3 (2.01)	2.7 (2.08)	.14
vSS score, median (IQR)^j	2.0 (0-3.5)	0.0 (0-2.0)	<.001	NA	NA	NA
Fazekas scale score, median (IQR)^j	NA	NA	NA	2.0 (1-3)	3.0 (2-4)	<.001
Severe leukoariosis^j	17 (11.1)	54 (29)	<.001	22 (16.1)	88 (45.4)	<.001
Stability (S) imaging
Stability ICH volume, mean (SD), mL	9.8 (7.7)	11.5 (8.2)	.05	45.0 (15.8)	51.2 (16.8)	<.001
Stability IVH volume, mean (SD), mL	23.9 (17.3)	28.3 (19.1)	.03	2.0 (4.8)	3.4 (6.6)	.03
EOT imaging
EOT ICH volume, mean (SD), mL	7.6 (6.3)	11.1 (8.2)	<.001	27.5 (19.0)	32.3 (21.8)	.02
EOT IVH volume, mean (SD), mL	10.8 (12.0)	14.8 (15.1)	.01	1.2 (3.2)	2.1 (4.2)	.02
EOT removal of >85% IVH	29 (19.0)	18 (9.7)	.01	54 (34.8)	63 (28.5)	.19
Day 30 imaging characteristics^k
ICH volume, mean (SD), mL^k	0.66 (1.57)	1.63 (2.7)	<.001	7.26 (10.9)	8.61 (12.4)	.29
Modified Graeb score, mean (SD)^g	0.62 (1.25)	0.99 (1.31)	.01
Resolution of IVH^k^,^l	111 (72.5)	98 (52.7)	<.001	118 (92.9)	159 (88.8)	.23
Resolution of ICH^k^,^l	100 (66.7)	79 (45.7)	<.001	68 (46.3)	80 (39.4)	.20
Persistent hydrocephalus^k	11 (7.2)	29 (16.8)	.01	7 (4.8)	17 (8.4)	.19
Evans index, mean (SD)^h	0.30 (0.05)	0.32 (0.05)	.001	NA	NA	NA
In-hospital events in first 30 d
Admission systolic blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg	191.2 (38.0)	196.7 (39.4)	.20	183.0 (30.7)	183.6 (34.4)	.87
ICP monitoring	153 (100)	186 (100)	NA	15 (9.7)	37 (16.7)	.05
% ICP readings >20 mm Hg, mean (SD), %	9.26 (11.8)	9.31 (12.3)	.97	NA	NA	NA
% CPP readings <60 mm Hg, mean (SD), %	1.1 (2.70)	1.3 (3.30)	.49	NA	NA	NA
Any ICP reading >20 mm Hg	109 (71.7)	130 (69.9)	.72	NA	NA	NA
Any ICP reading >30 mm Hg	56 (36.8)	47 (25.3)	.02	NA	NA	NA
Any CPP reading <60 mm Hg	26 (17.2)	52 (28.0)	.02	NA	NA	NA
Mechanical ventilation duration, mean (SD), d	6.6 (7.4)	11.3 (10.4)	<.001	3.8 (5.4)	7.5 (0.04)	<.001
ICU days, mean (SD)	15.7 (6.4)	19.7 (6.9)	<.001	12.0 (7.7)	15.7 (7.9)	<.001
Adverse events
Ischemic stroke	14 (9.2)	25 (13.4)	.22	17 (11.0)	36 (16.3)	.14
New symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage	4 (2.6)	5 (2.7)	.97	2 (1.3)	3 (1.4)	.96
Any cardiac adverse event^m	11 (7.2)	19 (10.2)	.33	17 (11.0)	25 (11.3)	.92
Cardiac arrest	0 (0)	2 (1.1)	.20	0 (0)	1 (0.5)	.40
ARDS	2 (1.3)	5 (2.7)	.37	2 (1.3)	2 (0.9)	.72
Pulmonary edema	6 (3.9)	15 (8.1)	.12	3 (1.9)	4 (1.8)	.93
Any pulmonary adverse event^m	49 (32.0)	82 (44.1)	.02	46 (29.7)	80 (36.2)	.19
Acute kidney injury	11 (7.2)	22 (11.8)	.15	5 (3.2)	7 (3.2)	.98
Venous thromboembolism	14 (9.2)	23 (12.4)	.35	14 (9.0)	20 (9.0)	>.99
Any infection	73 (47.7)	110 (59.1)	.04	46 (29.7)	78 (35.3)	.25
Urinary tract infection	21 (13.7)	27 (14.5)	.84	18 (11.6)	18 (8.1)	.26
Central nervous system infection	13 (8.5)	21 (11.3)	.39	2 (1.3)	5 (2.3)	.49
Pneumonia	44 (28.8)	69 (37.1)	.11	30 (19.4)	53 (24.0)	.29
Sepsis	2 (1.3)	6 (3.2)	.25	4 (2.6)	4 (1.8)	.61
Interventions and surgical procedures in first 30 d
Trial treatment assignmentⁿ	69 (45.1)	99 (53.2)	.14	79 (51.0)	115 (52.0)	.84
Ventriculoperitoneal shunt	24 (15.7)	29 (15.6)	.98	3 (1.9)	8 (3.6)	.34
Gastrostomy tube placement	35 (22.9)	98 (52.7)	<.001	31 (20.0)	106 (48.0)	<.001
EQ-VAS score, mean (SD)^o
Day 30	43.2 (24.7)	29.0 (23.3)	<.001	46.6 (24.0)	31.4 (21.7)	<.001
Day 180	67.6 (20.4)	46.6 (24.3)	<.001	66.3 (19.2)	49.3 (23.6)	<.001
Day 365	70.5 (19.2)	55.5 (21.6)	<.001	70.9 (17.2)	53 (21.7)	<.001
Discharge disposition
Home	5 (3.3)	2 (1.1)	<.001	15 (9.7)	7 (3.2)	<.001
Rehabilitation facility	73 (47.7)	41 (22.4)		88 (56.8)	87 (39.4)
Short-term care facility	65 (42.5)	101 (54.3)		35 (22.6)	74 (33.5)
Long-term care facility	10 (6.5)	39 (21.2)		17 (11.0)	53 (24.0)
No. of patients eventually discharged to home	141 (92.2)	60 (32.2)	<.001	153 (98.7)	108 (48.9)	<.001
Time to home, median (IQR), d	64 (44-109)	104 (64-154)	<.001	59 (41-84)	93 (55-166)	<.001
Time spent at home after ictus, median (IQR), d	295 (252-323)	224 (140.5-283.5)	<.001	307 (283-323)	253 (147.5-301.5)	<.001

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Abbreviations: ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; CLEAR-III, Clot Lysis: Evaluating Accelerated Resolution of Intraventricular Hemorrhage Phase 3 Trial; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CPP, cerebral perfusion pressure; EOT, end of treatment; EQ-VAS, European Quality of Life Scale Visual Analog Scale; ICH, intracerebral hemorrhage; ICP, intracranial pressure; ICU, intensive care unit; IVH, intraventricular hemorrhage; MISTIE-III, Minimally Invasive Surgery Plus Alteplase for Intracerebral Hemorrhage Evacuation Phase 3 Trial; mRS, modified Rankin Scale score; NA, not applicable; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; vSS, van Sweiten Scale.

^{^a}

Includes Asian, Native American, and Pacific Islander, consolidated owing to small numbers.

^{^b}

Scores range from 0 to 6, with higher scores indicating severe disability and death.

^{^c}

Scores range from 0 to 42; higher scores correlate with higher stroke severity. NIHSS score was recorded at study enrollment and was not available for 27 patients in CLEAR-III.

^{^d}

Scores range from 3 to 15, with lower scores indicating coma; Glasgow Coma scale score readings were recorded at study enrollment.

^{^e}

Hemispheric side of lesion was missing in 24 patients in CLEAR-III. Of these, 17 had a primary IVH or periventricular bleed and 1 had infratentorial bleed; thus 6 individuals with a hemispheric basal ganglia hemorrhage had missing documentation on side of lesion.

^{^f}

ICH and IVH volume on admission were not available in 14 patients in MISTIE-III and 2 in CLEAR-III.

^{^g}

Scores range from 0 to 32, with higher scores indicating higher IVH volumes.

^{^h}

Ratio of maximal width of anterior horns of lateral ventricles to the maximal width of calvaria at level of Foramen of Monroe; ratio >0.3 suggests hydrocephalus.

^ⁱ

Midline shift parameters were not available in 79 patients in CLEAR-III and 85 in MISTIE-III.

^{^j}

vSS: computed tomography grading scale for leukoaraiosis ranging from 0 to 4 (used in CLEAR-III). Fazekas scale: magnetic resonance imaging grading scale from leukoaraiosis ranging from 0 to 6, combining deep and periventricular regions (used in MISTIE-III, missing in 45 patients). Severe leukoaraiosis was defined as a total Fazekas score >3 or deep Fazekas score 2 to 3 for MISTIE-III or vSS ≥3 for CLEAR-III.

^{^k}

Day 30 computed tomography IVH resolution data were missing in 13 patients in CLEAR-III and 70 in MISTIE-III; day 30 computed tomography ICH volumes, ICH resolution, and hydrocephalus data were missing in 16 patients in CLEAR-III and 26 in MISTIE-III.

^{^l}

Resolution of IVH defined as modified Graeb score of 0 or IVH volume 0 mL and resolution of ICH defined as ICH volume of 0 mL on day 30 computed tomography scan.

^{^m}

Defined as any serious adverse events involving the respiratory system and cardiovascular system in the prospectively adjudicated event reporting of the 2 trials.

^ⁿ

Defined as intraventricular thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator in CLEAR-III and MISTIE surgery in MISTIE-III.

^{^o}

In addition to 129 patients who died by 1 year, EQ-VAS score was also not reported by 70 CLEAR-III and 74 MISTIE-III patients at either day 30 or day 365.

^{^p}

Race and ethnicity data were included to account to racial and ethnic variances in ICH outcomes. Race and ethnicity were collected by trial investigators from review of medical records.

Trajectories of Recovery

mRS Score Trajectories

Day 30 and 1-year mRS were missing in 13 and 9 patients, respectively. Patients lacking mRS data were younger, did not have diabetes or hyperlipidemia, and were less likely to have chronic hydrocephalus but were more likely to have new symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage within the first 30 days (eTable 2 in the Supplement). Adjusted linear predictions of mRS over 1 year for good vs poor 1-year outcome groups are shown in Figure 3. For good 1-year outcome group models, improvement in mean mRS was significant between all time points (day 30 vs day 180; day 180 vs day 365) in mixed linear models. Good 1-year outcome groups had a 2-point improvement in mean mRS (eFigure 4 in the Supplement).

Figure 3. — A and B, Adjusted linear predictions of trajectories of mean mRS (n = 339) and mean EQ-VAS (n = 297) scores for patients with good vs poor outcomes at 1 year in CLEAR-III. C and D, Adjusted linear predictions of trajectories of mean mRS (n = 376) and mean EQ-VAS score (n = 358) for patients with good vs poor outcomes at 1 year in MISTIE-III. B and D, Dotted line indicates mean age-matched US population norm for EQ-VAS score. CLEAR-III indicates Clot Lysis: Evaluating Accelerated Resolution of Intraventricular Hemorrhage Phase 3 Trial; ICH, intracerebral hemorrhage; IVH, intraventricular hemorrhage; MISTIE-III, Minimally Invasive Surgery Plus Alteplase for Intracerebral Hemorrhage Evacuation Phase 3 Trial.

^aP < .001.

^bDay 30 vs day 180, P < .001.

^cDay 180 vs day 365, P = .002.

^dDay 180 vs day 365, P < .001.

^eDay 180 vs day 365, P = .02.

^fDay 180 vs day 365, P = .05.

EQ-VAS Score Trajectories

In addition to 129 patients (18%) who died, 77 of 586 survivors (13.1%) did not report EQ-VAS score at follow-up (day 180 and/or day 365). These patients were more likely to have higher baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, lower Glasgow Coma Scale score, severe leukoaraiosis, left-hemispheric lesions, and a worse clinical course with longer ventilatory support, need for gastrostomy, and persistent poor outcomes (eTable 3 in the Supplement). In mixed linear models, EQ-VAS score was significantly lower in the poor 1-year outcome group throughout follow-up, but both groups were associated with a statistically significant upward trajectory in EQ-VAS scores (Figure 3).

Multivariable Logistic Regression Models: 1-Year Outcome

Covariates associated with recovery to good outcome in both trials are shown in Table 2. In the combined cohort of patients with ICH and IVH and poor outcome at day 30, diabetes (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.50; 95% CI, 0.26-0.96), National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score (aOR per 1 point, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.90-0.96), severe leukoaraiosis (aOR, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.16-0.54), pineal gland shift (aOR per 1 mm, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.76-0.99), persistent hydrocephalus at day 30 (aOR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.14-0.98), new ischemic stroke (aOR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.21-0.96), and gastrostomy (aOR, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.17-0.50) were associated with lack of recovery. Radiographic ICH (aOR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.08-3.08) and IVH (aOR, 2.20; 95% CI, 1.03-4.70) resolution by day 30 were associated with recovery to good outcome after adjusting for baseline ICH and IVH characteristics, demographic characteristics, and trial cohort. In the CLEAR-III model, cerebral perfusion pressure less than 60 mm Hg (aOR, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.13-0.71), sepsis (aOR, 0.05; 95% CI, 0.00-0.80), prolonged mechanical ventilation (aOR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.92-1.00, per -day), and in MISTIE-III, need for intracranial pressure monitoring (aOR, 0.35; 95% CI, [0.12-0.98]) were additional factors associated with lack of recovery to good outcome. The day 30 model for the combined cohort (AUC, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.83-0.90) showed significantly improved discrimination for 1-year outcome compared with the baseline model (AUC, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.71-0.80; P < .001). The CLEAR-III day 30 model (AUC, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.86-0.93) showed improved discrimination compared with the baseline model (AUC, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.75-0.85; P < .001). In MISTIE-III, the day 30 model (AUC, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.83-0.91; P < .001) vs the baseline model (AUC, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.74-0.84; P < .001) (eFigure 5 in the Supplement). Notably, 286 patients were excluded in the combined model because of missing data points. A comparison of these patients is included in eTable 4 in the Supplement.

Table 2. Multivariable Logistic Regression of Factors Associated With Good Outcome at 1 Year Among Patients With Large Intracerebral Hemorrhage (ICH) and Intraventricular Hemorrhage (IVH) and Poor Outcome (mRS 4-5) at Day 30.

Factor^a	aOR (95% CI)	P value
Survivors with large IVH in CLEAR-III (n = 292)
Baseline characteristics
Age, per y	0.93 (0.90-0.97)	<.001
Male sex	4.52 (2.12-9.63)	<.001
Raceⁱ
Black	1.10 (0.47-2.57)	.83
White	[Reference]	NA
Other^b	1.17 (0.25-5.50)	.85
Hispanic ethnicityⁱ	0.82 (0.31-2.20)	.70
Admission IVH volume (per 1-mL increase) ^c	0.95 (0.93-0.97)	<.001
Stability ICH volume (per 1-mL increase)	0.93 (0.88-0.99)	.02
Thalamic location of hematoma	0.26 (0.11-0.64)	.003
NIHSS score (per 1-point increase)^d	0.96 (0.93-0.99)	.02
Leukoaraiosis (vSS score: per 1-point increase)^e	0.64 (0.50-0.82)	<.001
30-d In-hospital events
Intraventricular thrombolytic therapy	0.45 (0.23-0.89)	.02
Resolution of IVH by day 30^f	2.66 (1.26-5.63)	.011
Resolution of ICH by day 30^f	3.84 (1.50-9.84)	.005
Any CPP reading <60 mm Hg	0.30 (0.13-0.71)	.006
Any ICP reading >30 mm Hg	1.80 (0.85-3.84)	.13
Sepsis	0.05 (0.004-0.804)	.03
Need for gastrostomy placement	0.38 (0.19-0.78)	.008
Mechanical ventilation duration, per d	0.96 (0.92-1.00)	.07
Survivors with large ICH in MISTIE-III (n = 330)
Baseline characteristics
Age, per y	0.90 (0.88-0.93)	<.001
Male sex	1.40 (0.76-2.59)	.28
Raceⁱ
Black	0.89 (0.41-1.91)	.76
White	[Reference]	NA
Other^b	2.34 (0.80-6.84)	.12
Hispanic ethnicityⁱ	1.09 (0.47-2.54)	.85
Presence of IVH	0.31 (0.16-0.60)	<.001
Deep location of hematoma	0.12 (0.05-0.27)	<.001
Type 2 diabetes	0.35 (0.17-0.69)	.003
NIHSS score (per 1-point increase)^d	0.94 (0.89-0.99)	.02
Severe leukoaraiosis^e	0.28 (0.14-0.55)	<.001
Stability ICH volume (per 1-mL increase)	0.98 (0.96-0.99)	.048
30-d In-hospital events
Need for ICP monitoring	0.35 (0.12-0.98)	.05
Need for gastrostomy tube	0.40 (0.21-0.78)	.007
MISTIE treatment assignment	1.04 (0.57-1.91)	.89
ICH and IVH survivors (combined cohorts; n = 429)
Baseline characteristics
Age, per y	0.92 (0.90-0.95)	<.001
Male sex	1.28 (0.76-2.14)	.35
Raceⁱ
Black	0.69 (0.37-1.30)	.25
White	[Reference]	NA
Other^b	1.22 (0.42-3.55)	.71
Hispanic ethnicityⁱ	0.75 (0.38-1.50)	.42
Stability ICH volume (per 1-mL increase)	0.96 (0.94-0.98)	.001
Admission IVH volume (per 1-mL increase)^c	0.98 (0.96-1.00)	.06
Deep location of hematoma	0.09 (0.04-0.22)	<.001
Type 2 diabetes	0.50 (0.26-0.96)	.04
NIHSS score (per 1-point increase)^d	0.93 (0.90-0.96)	<.001
Severe leukoariosis^e	0.30 (0.16-0.54)	<.001
Pineal gland shift (per 1-mm increase)^g	0.87 (0.76-0.99)	.04
30-d In-hospital events
Resolution of ICH by day 30^f	1.82 (1.08-3.04)	.02
Resolution of IVH by day 30^f	2.19 (1.02-4.68)	.04
Persistent hydrocephalus at day 30^f	0.37 (0.14-0.98)	.04
Ischemic stroke	0.45 (0.21-0.96)	.04
Need for gastrostomy	0.30 (0.17-0.50)	<.001
Trial cohort (MISTIE-III vs CLEAR-III)	0.94 (0.33-2.62)	.90

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Abbreviations: CLEAR-III, Clot Lysis: Evaluating Accelerated Resolution of Intraventricular Hemorrhage Phase 3 Trial; CPP, cerebral perfusion pressure; CT, computed tomography; FS, Fazekas Scale; ICP, intracranial pressure; IVH, intraventricular hemorrhage; MISTIE-III, Minimally Invasive Surgery Plus Alteplase for Intracerebral Hemorrhage Evacuation Phase 3 Trial; mRS, modified Rankin Scale score; NA, not applicable; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; vSS, van Sweiten Scale.

^{^a}

Covariates selected based on a significance of P < .20 in the bivariate regression.

^{^b}

Includes Asian, Native American, and Pacific Islander, consolidated owing to small numbers.

^{^c}

Admission IVH volume was not available in 2 patients in CLEAR-III and 13 in MISTIE-III.

^{^d}

NIHSS score was missing in 26 patients in CLEAR-III.

^{^e}

van Swieten scale (vSS): CT grading scale for leukoaraiosis severity ranging from 0 to 4 (used in CLEAR-III); FS score: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) grading scale from leukoaraiosis severity ranging from 0 to 6, combining deep and periventricular regions (used in MISTIE-III). Severe leukoaraiosis defined as total FS score >3 or deep FS score 2 to 3 for MISTIE-III and vSS ≥3 for CLEAR-III; FS score was missing in 45 patients in MISTIE-III.

^{^f}

Resolution of ICH was defined as ICH volume of 0 mL on day 30 CT; resolution of IVH defined as modified Graeb score of 0 on day 30 CT; day 30 CT IVH resolution was not available in 83 patients, and ICH resolution and hydrocephalus were not available in 42 patients.

^{^g}

Pineal gland shift data were not available in 79 patients in CLEAR-III and 85 in MISTIE-III.

^{^h}

Pineal gland shift data were not available in 79 patients in CLEAR-III and 85 in MISTIE-III.

^ⁱ

Race and ethnicity data were included to account form racial and ethnic variances in ICH outcomes. Race and ethnicity were collected by trial investigators from review of medical records.

Multivariable logistic regression for other mRS dichotomizations, including recovery to mRS 0 to 2 and mRS improvement of 1-point or greater, revealed similar covariates (eTables 5-7 in the Supplement), with a notable exception of ICH resolution by day 30, which was independently associated with recovery to mRS 0 to 3 but not with mRS 0to 2.

1-Year Mortality

Seventy-seven patients in CLEAR-III (22.7%) and 52 in MISTIE-III (13.8%) with poor day 30 outcome died by 1 year (total deaths = 129 [18%]). Median (IQR) time to death was 85 (48-180) days postictus. Index ICH led to delayed deaths in 19 patients (15%). Twelve deaths (9%) occurred because of other neurological events (brain death, herniation, recurrent hemorrhage, or hydrocephalus) and 98 (76%) because of nonneurological causes. Withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment occurred in 40 patients (31%) at a median (IQR) time of 73 (25-188) days after day 30.

In Cox proportional hazards regression for the combined cohort, 1-year mortality was associated with age (hazard ratio [HR] per year, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.03-1.08), female sex (HR male, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.43-0.94), diabetes (HR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.09-2.79), severe leukoaraiosis (HR, 1.94; 95% CI, 1.30-2.92), pulmonary edema (HR, 3.04; 95% CI, 1.44-6.42), sepsis (HR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.02-8.09), and lack of IVH resolution (HR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.30-0.91) by day 30 after adjusting for ICH severity (eTable 8 in the Supplement).

Sensitivity Analyses

In sensitivity analyses conducted for missing outcomes, models were largely unchanged after accounting for patients lacking mRS data (eTables 9 and 10 in the Supplement). Most covariates were unchanged in sensitivity analysis for the combined model after including all patients, except for IVH volume and pineal shift, which were no longer statistically significant (eTable 11 in the Supplement). Similarly, covariates in the Cox regression model for 1-year mortality were also unchanged in sensitivity analysis (eTable 12 in the Supplement) (eFigures 6 and 7 in the Supplement).

Discussion

In this post hoc analysis of patients with ICH and IVH and initial severe disability, more than 40% of patients recovered to good outcome by 1 year. Prediction of long-term functional recovery was significantly associated with improvement after inclusion of more granular baseline characteristics (ie, diabetes, leukoaraiosis, IVH volume, and pineal shift) and hospital events, including cerebral hypoperfusion, ischemic stroke, sepsis, persistent hydrocephalus, need for supportive interventions (mechanical ventilation and gastrostomy), and hematoma evolution. Significant reduction in hematoma and IVH volumes in the first month were strongly associated with long-term functional recovery, highlighting the importance of minimally invasive interventions to reduce blood volume.

The combined cohort experienced higher rates of good 1-year outcome than previously reported,^2,33 despite the inclusion of only patients with high-severity ICH and IVH. Outcomes from these clinical trials may be biased by rigid exclusion criteria, including baseline Glasgow Coma Scale score less than 4, fixed pupils, infratentorial extension, and baseline mRS greater than 1, limiting generalizability. However, outcomes were less impacted by early withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment, which occurred in only 88 of 999 patients (8.8%) in the first month, compared with 20% to 30% in prior studies.^10,33 Patients with ICH who are maximally treated have favorable outcomes at a similar rate,¹⁰ highlighting the possible negative impact of early pessimistic prognostication on future recovery.³⁴

Most ICH outcome prognostication scales only include admission characteristics and typically predict short-term outcomes.^2,3 Previous prediction scores have not integrated hospital events and therapeutic interventions that also impact outcome. Thus, existing scales have lower discrimination for 1-year outcome among patients with ICH who receive maximal treatment.¹⁰ Hence, by delaying prognostication until after the treatment phase and incorporating hospital events, our study provides a novel approach to ICH outcome prognostication, emphasizing the need to promote maximal treatment of patients with ICH and IVH. These findings also identify targets for therapeutic interventions in the short term to promote long-term recovery.

Among comorbidities, type 2 diabetes was associated with persistent poor 1-year outcome. No associations were noted between diabetes and short-term functional outcomes in prior community-based stroke registry studies,^35,36 but diabetes is associated with long-term mortality³⁷ and long-term functional decline among ICH survivors.³⁸ Diabetes is associated with recurrent ischemic stroke in ICH survivors,³⁹ which may explain the association between ICH and poor long-term outcome. Severe leukoaraiosis was also associated with persistent poor outcome at 1 year in this analysis, further supporting its association with short-term outcomes after ICH.^12,40

Among hospital events, need for intracranial pressure monitoring (MISTIE-III) and cerebral perfusion pressure less than 60 mm Hg (CLEAR-III) were associated with persistent poor outcome. In CLEAR-III, any cerebral perfusion pressure less than 60 mm Hg negatively influenced functional recovery⁴¹ even though intracranial pressure elevation did not, similar to findings from a prior MISTIE-III analysis, which also reported cerebral perfusion pressure as an independent predictor of poor long-term outcome.⁴² This suggests that cerebral hypoperfusion may be more critical than intracranial hypertension, raising concerns about aggressive blood pressure reduction in patients with large hematomas.^43,44,45 Ischemic stroke in the first month was also associated with lack of functional recovery, which is associated with leukoaraiosis, high-volume hemorrhage, and rapid blood-pressure reduction.^44,45 Thus cerebral ischemic injury prior to and following ICH appears to be an important contributor to persistent poor long-term outcomes among survivors³⁸ and may be driven by underlying comorbidities (eg, diabetes and leukoaraiosis) and secondary injury due to cerebral hypoperfusion.⁴⁶

Gastrostomy and prolonged ventilatory support were independently associated with poor 1-year outcome, even after adjusting for ICH and IVH severity. This may suggest that other factors driving the need for prolonged supportive care, such as nosocomial infections,⁴⁷ may also contribute to poor functional recovery. Specifically, need for supportive interventions may indicate impaired protective (eg, cough and gag) reflexes, which are associated with increased long-term mortality in general stroke populations.⁴⁸ Among medical complications, sepsis and pulmonary edema were associated with persistent poor long-term outcome and reduced long-term survival after ICH, confirming that hospital complications impact recovery well beyond hospital discharge.^49,50,51,52

Association of intraventricular thrombolysis with persistent poor outcomes in CLEAR-III likely reflects a higher proportion of patients with mRS 5 in the alteplase group (alteplase, 17% vs placebo, 9%; P = .007).²⁰ However, after adjusting for alteplase use, complete resolution of IVH and ICH by day 30 was independently associated with functional recovery at 1 year. IVH clearance was also associated with improved long-term survival. These findings support associations between hematoma volume reduction and 180-day good outcomes in both CLEAR-III²⁰ and MISTIE-III,²¹ consistent with the established effects of alteplase on mortality and supporting the need for continued efforts to develop interventions that will assist in timely reduction of IVH and ICH volumes.

Despite a significantly lower quality of life reported among patients who did not functionally recover by 1 year, there was a statistically significant upward trajectory in EQ-VAS scores of these patients throughout the one-year follow-up period.⁵³ Additionally, nearly half of the survivors with persistent poor 1-year outcome were able to return home. These findings emphasize that an acceptable quality of life may be achieved even among survivors who do not make good functional recovery. The strengths of our study include a large cohort of prospectively monitored patients with high-severity ICH or IVH, well-defined inclusion criteria, preestablished time points for neuroimaging, adjudicated and prospectively collected hospital events, prolonged follow-up, and serial blinded mRS and quality-of-life assessments.

Limitations

There are several limitations to this study warranting discussion. First, generalizability of the findings may be limited owing to the strict inclusion criteria of the clinical trials. Second, testing associations between a large number of covariates and 1-year outcomes may have been impacted by type I error. While we demonstrated that 30-day event-based models performed better than admission criteria–based models, we acknowledge that their performance was not compared with that of models using factors at other time points between admission and day 30. Also, given that patients were enrolled over an 8-year period, temporal advances in ICH management could have influenced outcomes through the study period. Additionally, combining CLEAR-III and MISTIE-III cohorts has limitations owing to significant differences in patient characteristics and trial interventions. However, to address this we adjusted for trial cohort in the combined model and created separate models for each trial. Missing variables led to exclusion of many patients in the multivariable analysis, especially for the combined cohort. Thus, the analysis may have been affected by an omitted-variable bias. However, in sensitivity analysis, most covariates remained unchanged after including all patients. Similarly, 2.2% of patients were lost to follow-up owing to missing mRS data. Quality-of-life data may have been impacted by a reporting bias, given that patients that did not report EQ-VAS score, had a worse clinical course, and had more left hemispheric lesions, suggesting that aphasia and poor functional and cognitive recovery may have impaired their ability to self-report quality of life. Ascertainment of leukoaraiosis in CLEAR-III and MISTIE-III used different methods; however, significant association between van Sweiten Scale and Fazekas scale has been reported previously.^54,55 Owing to these limitations, models from this post hoc analysis of clinical trials need independent prospective validation in external data sets.

Conclusions

In this cohort study of patients with high-severity ICH and IVH enrolled in clinical trials, nearly half of survivors with poor outcome in the early phase recovered to a good functional outcome by 1 year. Discrimination of an upward trajectory compared with stable or downward trajectory was associated with significant improvement when including factors not included in traditional models, such as preexisting conditions, hospital events, and responses to therapy. These findings support longer evaluation periods to provide better communication about long-term recovery after severe ICH and IVH and identify important targets of improvement in ICH care that may enhance long-term recovery.

Supplement.

eTable 1. Bivariate Analysis comparing good versus poor one-year outcome groups in the combined cohort of CLEAR-III and MISTIE-III Patients

eTable 2. Differences between patients included in the analysis versus those excluded due to missing mRS at day-30 and/or day-365

eTable 3. Differences between patients that reported EQ-VAS versus those that did not report EQ-VAS

eTable 4. Differences between patients included and excluded from combined multivariable logistic regression model for primary outcome (mRS 0-3) due to missing data

eTable 5. Multivariable Logistic Regression Models for Factors Associated with Recovery to mRS 0-2 among Patients with mRS 3-5 at day-30

eTable 6. Multivariable Logistic Regression Model for Factors Associated with Recovery of at least 1-point in mRS among Patients with mRS 1-5 at day-30

eTable 7. Multivariable Logistic Regression Models Using Other mRS-Dichotomizations in ICH/IVH survivors with mRS 4-5 at day-30

eTable 8. Cox Proportional Hazards Regression Models Predicting One-Year All-Cause Mortality Among ICH/IVH survivors with Poor Day-30 Outcome

eFigure 1. Distribution of patients in each day-365 mRS category for all CLEAR-III and MISTIE-III Survivors at day-30

eFigure 2. Home Discharge and Discharge Disposition Over One-Year

eFigure 3. Time to Home among CLEAR-III and MISTIE-III Patients with Poor Outcome at Day-30

eFigure 4. Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) trajectories among patients with mRS 4 versus mRS 5 at day-30

eFigure 5. Receiver Operator Curves (ROC) and Area-Under-the-Curve (AUC) for day-30 models versus baseline models

eTable 9. Sensitivity Analysis for missing mRS at day-30

eTable 10. Sensitivity Analysis for missing mRS at one-year mRS

eTable 11. Sensitivity Analysis for missing data-points in Combined Model for Good One-Year Outcome

eTable 12. Sensitivity Analysis for missing data-points in Cox Regression Model for One-Year Mortality

eFigure 6. Sensitivity Analysis for mRS Trajectories

eFigure 7. Sensitivity Analysis for EQ-VAS Trajectories

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References

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