Table 2.
Murine models and clinical trials on the use of probiotics in AD.
| Study Model | Treatment | Effect | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dust-mite-induced AD in NC⁄Nga mice | Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CJLP55, CJLP133 and CJLP136 | Decrease in AD-like skin lesions, IgE levels, eosinophil and mast cell infiltration, and IL-4 and IL-5 production; increase in IL-10 and IFN-γ and Treg cells | [153] |
| Ovalbumin-induced AD in SKH-1/Hr mice | Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Lcr35® | Decrease in AD-like skin lesions, IgE levels, inflammatory cell infiltration, and IL-4 and TSLP production; increase in Treg cells | [152] |
| Dust-mite-induced AD in NC⁄Nga mice | Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus IDCC32 tyndallized | Improvement in AD symptoms and decrease in mast cell infiltration, IgE levels, and IL-4 production | [154] |
| DCNB-induced AD in NC⁄ Nga mice | Faecalibacterium prausnitzii EB-FPDK11 and Akkermansia muciniphila EB-AMDK19 | Improvement in AD symptoms, skin lesions, and Th1/Th2 ratio; decrease in IgE levels, eosinophil and mast cell infiltration, and IL-4 and TSLP production; increase in filaggrin, ZO-1, and claudin-1 | [155] |
| DNFB-induced AD in C57BL/6 mice | Bifidobacterium longum CCFM1029 | Increased indole-3-carbaldehyde production. Inhibition of Th2 immune response; decreased TSLP, IL-4, and IL-5 production | [156] |
| Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in pregnant women and infants |
Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus LC705, Bifidobacterium breve Bb99, and Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii JS |
Prevention of AD development | [150] |
| Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in pregnant women | Bifidobacterium bifidum BGN4, Bifidobacterium lactis AD011, and Lactobacillus acidophilus AD031 | Prevention of AD development | [151] |
| Randomized, double-blind trial in neonates | Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus LCS-742 and Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis M63 | Prevention of AD development | [149] |
| Cohort of pregnant women and infants | Probiotic milk containing Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5, Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12, and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG | Reduction in AD incidence | [147] |
| Open trial in pregnant women and infants | Bifidobacterium breve M-16V and Bifidobacterium longum BB536 | Prevention of AD development | [148] |
| Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in AD patients | Ligilactobacillus salivarius LS01 and Bifidobacterium breve BR03 | Improvement in AD symptoms and in Th17/Treg and Th1/Th2 ratios; reduction in microbial translocation and immune activation | [160] |
| Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in children with AD | Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus IDCC32 tyndallized | Improvement in AD symptoms; decrease in eosinophil cationic protein and IL-31 | [162] |
| Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in children with AD | Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis CECT 8145, Bifidobacterium longum CECT 7347, and Lacticaseibacillus casei CECT 9104 | Improvement in AD symptoms | [158] |
| Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in AD patients | Lactiplantibacillus plantarum PBS067, Limosilactobacillus reuteri PBS072, and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus LRH020 | Improvement in AD symptoms; decrease in TNFα, TSLP, and CCL17 levels | [159] |
| Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in AD patients | Bifidobacterium longum CCFM1029 | Improvement in AD symptoms; increased indole-3-carbaldehyde production; decreased IgE levels | [156] |