Table 6.
Potential antiviral drugs and the antiviral mechanisms/targets.
| Antiviral Drugs | Mechanisms/Targets | Virus | IC50/EC50 Value | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AZM | Inducing type I interferon immune responses | SARS-CoV-2 | - | [120,122] |
| Losartan | ACE2 | SARS-CoV-2 | - | [125,126,127,130] |
| Trichlormethiazide, D- (þ) Biotin, GSH | N protein | PEDV | Its concentrations of 0.094, 0.094, and 1.5 mg/mL, respectively | [128,129,130,131,132] |
| Griffithsin | Preventing viral attachment to host cells and disrupting cell-to-cell transmission | HIV, SARS-CoV, MERS-COV, HCV, HSV-2, JEV, PEDV, HPV | - | [135,136,137,138,139,140,141,144] |
| Surfactin and SLP5 |
Reducing the rate of viral fusion with the cell membrane and hindering the lamellar phase lipids to form negative curvatures | PRV, PPV, NDV, IBDV, HSV-1, HSV-2, TGEV, PEDV | - | [146,147,148,149] |
| Carbazole alkaloids | - | HIV, HCV, CV, HSV, PEDV | - | [152,153,154,155,156,157,158] |
| Exosomes | C3, C6, and CFB complexes | PEDV | - | [159] |
| 6-azauridine | Inhibiting viral RNA synthesis | HCoV-NL63, FMDV, KFDV | - | [160,161,162] |
| Homoharringtonine | Asparagine and thymidine | MHV, BCoV-L9, and HECoV-4408 | - | [163] |
| ZnO | Increasing total superoxide dismutase activity | PEDV | - | [166] |
| JIB-04 | Promoting methylation of histone H3 on lysine 9 (H3K9) and lysine 27 (H3K27), and initiating host antiviral responses | SARS-CoV-2, TGEV | - | [167] |
| Cocktail therapy (CBS, BBS, NAC) | PLpro, Mpro, Hel, and ACE2 | SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, HCoV-229E, SARS-CoV-2α Variant (b.1.1.7) | - | [168] |
| IFNs | Promoting the expression of antiviral proteins (2,5-oligoadenylate synthetase, protein kinases, and phosphodiesterases) | HBV, HCV, herpes virus, HCoV, SARS-CoV-2 | - | [170,171,172,174] |