Table 3.
PDNVs as nanocarriers.
| Origin | Isolation | Modification | Loading Method | Cargoes | Administration Method | Therapeutic Potential | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acerola cherry | Commercial exosome isolation kits | Cargo loading | incubation | miRNA | Oral administration | Nucleic acid delivery to the digestive tract | [97] |
| Aloe | U/C | Cargo loading | incubation | Indocyanine green | Intra-tumoral injection | Selective over-heating tumor cells with infra-red; transdermal property (potential development as a non-invasive agent for skin cancer) | [104] |
| Asparagus cochinchinensis | Sucrose gradient U/C | Surface (PEGylation) | - | (inherent) lipids, proteins, and RNAs | i.v. injection | Anti-cancer (hepatocarcinoma) | [105] |
| Cabbage, red cabbage |
SEC, U/F | Cargo loading | Incubation with miRNA and transfection reagent; incubation with high concentration drug | miR-184; doxorubicin | Cell culture media | Nucleic acid or chemotherapeutic drug delivery | [45] |
| Grapefruit | Sucrose gradient, U/C |
Cargo loading | Conjugation | Methotrexate (MTX) | Oral administration | Anti-colitis | [51] |
| - | Surface (patching doxorubicin loaded heparin/cRGD-based nanoparticles (DNs) onto the surface of grapefruit EVs) | - | - | i.v. injection | Anti-cancer (glioma) | [100] | |
| Lemon | U/C and sucrose gradient | Surface (patching heparin-cRGD) | Incubation with moderate stirring | Doxorubicin | i.p. injection | Anti-cancer (ovarian cancer) and overcoming multidrug resistance | [99] |