Table 3.

Hepatitis virus association with RCC and bladder cancer.

Authors Year, Country	Sample Type	Hepatitis Virus Detection Assay/Status	Results	Novelty
Ma Y et al., 2021 Sichuan, China [46]	FFPE RCC	Positive for anti-HCV and HCV-RNA analysis by RT-PCR	The association of HCV with RCC was most strong (RR = 1.71) in the USA	HCV infection was significantly associated with increased RCC risk
Rangel JCA et al., 2021 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil [48]	FFPE RCC	Antibodies against HCV	4.1% HCV infection from all RCC tested samples	A 3-fold higher prevalence of HCV infection identified among patients with RCC, compared to the general Brazilian population
Liţescu M et al., 2020 Bucharest, Romania [75]	* Primary renal lymphoma	Initiation of direct-acting antiviral therapy	Child–Pugh class A HCV cirrhosis	Discovered incidentally in a patient investigated for HCV
Cormio L et al., 2017 Foggia, Italy [76]	Uca plasmocytoid variant bladder metastasis	74-year-old woman with HCV-related liver cirrhosis	Ascites and no urinary or other symptoms	First reported case of asymptomatic UCa and associated metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma
Akar E et al., 2019 Istanbul, Turkey [77]	Metastatic RCC	60-year-old man, 16 months after sunitinib initiation	Elevated liver enzymes and hepatitis D virus infection reactivation in the HBsAg-positive patient	Cancer patients should be screened for viral hepatitis prior to immunosuppressive therapy or chemotherapy

* Although this malignancy is not RCC, the inclusion in the table is sustained by the rarity of the diagnosis.