Excitation of Hybrid Waveguide-Bloch Surface States with Bi₂Se₃ Plasmonic Material in the Near-Infrared Range

Abstract

Bloch surface waves (BSWs) with Bi₂Se₃ in a composite structure consisting of a coupling prism, distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) and cavity layer have been demonstrated. The design relies on the confinement of surface waves that originates from the coupling between the defective layer of plasmonic material (Bi₂Se₃) and DBR. The presence of the cavity layer modifies the local effective refractive index, enabling direct manipulation of the BSWs. The transfer matrix method (TMM) is used to evaluate the reflectance and absorptance responses in the spectral domain for various angles of incidence, demonstrating the presence of sharp resonances associated with the BSW. With an optimal thickness of DBR bilayers, the energy of an evanescent wave can be transferred into the periodic stack resulting in the excitation of waveguide modes (WGMs). It is believed that the proposed design possesses the advantage in terms of easy fabrication to develop integrated photonic systems, especially for biological and chemical sensing.

1. Introduction

During the past decades, significant attention has been paid to platforms that can support electromagnetic surface waves (EMSWs) [1,2,3,4]. Among the various methods and structures, BSWs are the modes propagating at the interface between the dielectric multilayer and external medium decay exponentially inside the multilayers due to the presence of the photonic band gap (PBG). The BSW field distributions can be tuned by tailoring the thickness and material of the topmost layer, which enables the investigation of interactions with external media. BSW-based sensors have been proved can provide several advantages compared to surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs)-based sensors [5,6,7]. Firstly, BSWs can be excited under both polarizations and any wavelength by changing the composition and parameters of the DBR suitably. In addition, BSWs exhibit much sharper resonances than conventional surface plasmon resonance (SPR) [8,9]. Moreover, the multilayer structure can be fabricated without any pattern, making BSW an attractive optical sensing tool [10,11,12].

With the preparation and development of new materials, the performance of optical devices can be significantly improved [13,14,15,16,17,18]. Tetradymites have become popular due to the recently discovered topological insulator property [19,20]. Bismuth selenide (Bi₂Se₃) has been shown as one of the potential candidates for surface plasmons [21,22], which holds great potential in high-performance photonic devices [23,24,25]. At the same time, a Bi₂Se₃ topological insulator is easy to prepare at a low cost and can even achieve saturable absorption because of its unique physical properties [18]. Thus far, most of the research are concerned with realizing narrow and tunable resonance based on BSW, but it is rarely reported that the tunable and multichannel BSWs can be achieved simultaneously. Moreover, a novel Bi₂Se₃ platform for the excitation of BSWs is significant for two-dimensional integrated photonics.

The presented work shows the possibility of using a Bi₂Se₃–DBR composite structure for the excitation of BSWs. Angle dependence of the reflection and absorption spectra is studied through TMM. It is also found that the BSW response is strongly dependent on the thickness of the Bragg mirror layer, incident angle and refractive index of the prism. In addition, manipulating the reflection dips can be achieved by changing the thickness of the cavity layer. More importantly, the proposed design possesses the advantage in terms of easy fabrication and planar multilayer system, which holds great potential in efficient narrowband filters as well as beam splitters and deflectors.

2. Materials and Methods

The sample used for the BSW excitation consisted of a DBR and a Si cavity layer with a thin Bi₂Se₃ layer deposited on the top. As depicted in Figure 1, the DBR is composed of N pairs of alternately stacked TiO₂ (~96 nm) and SiO₂ (~172 nm) thin films deposited onto a prism substrate by means of ion beam sputtering. The incident light impinges on the structure from the prism with an angle of θ. d₀, d₁, d₂, and t stand for the thicknesses of Bi₂Se₃, TiO₂, SiO₂, and cavity layer Si, respectively. The period number of TiO₂/SiO₂ Bragg mirror is set as N. At the wavelengths of interest, the refractive index for Si is fixed at 3.45.

Figure 1.

Schematic and structure parameters of the planar Bi₂Se₃/DBR integrated with a prism.

Wavelength-dependent refractive indices for TiO₂ [26] and SiO₂ [27] as the high and low refractive index materials at a certain wavelength λ are given by:

$$n_{{\mathrm{TiO}}_2}=\sqrt{5.931+\frac{0.2441}{{\lambda }^2-0.0803}}$$ (1)

$$n_{{\mathrm{TiO}}_2}=\sqrt{1+\frac{0.6962{\lambda }^2}{{\lambda }^2-{0.0684}^2}+\frac{0.4079{\lambda }^2}{{\lambda }^2-{0.1162}^2}+\frac{0.8975{\lambda }^2}{{\lambda }^2-{9.8961}^2}}$$ (2)

The number of periods for DBR is N; the entire device is supposed to be fabricated on a prism substrate. The monochromatic plane wave with an electric field parallel to the y-axis is called transverse electric (TE) polarization. Bi₂Se₃ has attracted great attention due to its hyperbolic behavior in the near-infrared to visible spectrum [21]. Accurately modeling the permittivity is vital for evaluating the optical response in Bi₂Se₃-based optoelectronic applications. The real and imaginary parts of the dielectric function on an ac-facet and ab-facet are obtained from Ref. [21], which is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2.

Imaginary and real parts of relative permittivity retrieved from generalized spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements of Bi₂Se₃ with ac-facet and ab-facet.

We simulate plane wave interactions with such planar multi-layer structures by using the semi-analytical transfer matrix method (TMM) [14,28,29]:

$$E_{out}=\mathbf{M}{E}_{in}$$ (3)

where E_out is the electric field of the output side, E_in is the electric field of the incident light, and M is the transfer matrix of the whole structure, which can be expressed as follows:

$$\mathbf{M}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\begin{array}{l}{M}_{11}\\ M_{21}\end{array}& \begin{array}{l}{M}_{12}\\ M_{22}\end{array}\end{array}\right)={\left(m_{{\mathrm{TiO}}_2}{m}_{{\mathrm{SiO}}_2}\right)}^N{m}_{\mathrm{Si}}{m}_{{\mathrm{Bi}}_2{\mathrm{Se}}_3}$$ (4)

where $m_{{\mathrm{TiO}}_2}$, $m_{{\mathrm{SiO}}_2}$, m_Si and $m_{{\mathrm{Bi}}_2{\mathrm{Se}}_3}$ are the transmission matrix of light passing through each layer, and N is the period number of DBR.

The transmission matrix of incident light in each layer can be expressed as:

$$m_i=\left[\begin{array}{cc}\begin{array}{l}\cos {\delta }_i\\ -i{p}_i\sin {\delta }_i\end{array}& \begin{array}{l}-i{p}_i{}^{-1}\sin {\delta }_i\\ \cos {\delta }_i\end{array}\end{array}\right]$$ (5)

where δ_i = (2π/λ)n_id_icosθ_i, n_id_i is the optical thickness of the corresponding layer, θ_i is the angle between the light in the dielectric layer and the normal direction of the interface, and λ is the wavelength of the incident light. p_i has the following formulas for TE and TM polarization, respectively:

$$p_{i\mathrm{T}\mathrm{E}}=n_i\sqrt{{\epsilon }_0{\mu }_0}\cos {\theta }_i$$ (6)

$$p_{i\mathrm{T}\mathrm{M}}=n_i\sqrt{{\epsilon }_0{\mu }_0}/\cos {\theta }_i$$ (7)

where i = $m_{{\mathrm{TiO}}_2}$, $m_{{\mathrm{SiO}}_2}$, m_Si or $m_{{\mathrm{Bi}}_2{\mathrm{Se}}_3}$, ε₀ and μ₀ are the permeability of vacuum dielectric constant and vacuum dielectric constant, respectively.

The reflection (R) and the transmission (T) of light can be expressed as:

$$R={\left|\frac{\left(M_{11}+M_{12}\right)p_i-\left(M_{21}+M_{22}{p}_T\right)}{\left(M_{11}+M_{12}\right)p_i+\left(M_{21}+M_{22}{p}_T\right)}\right|}^2$$ (8)

$$T={\left|\frac{2p_i}{\left(M_{11}+M_{12}{p}_T\right)p_i+\left(M_{21}+M_{22}{p}_T\right)}\right|}^2$$ (9)

where subscript i and T represent the incident and transmission space, respectively. The absorbance can be deduced through A = 1 − R − T.

3. Results and Analysis

A possibility of the excitation of surface waves using an evanescent field in a DBR geometry is highly favorable. We first study the Bi₂Se₃/DBR integrated with a prism to examine the role of BSW resonance. Figure 3a plots the optical responses (absorption and reflection spectra) of the hybrid DBR system consisting of three pairs (N = 3) of TiO₂/SiO₂. The conditions of Bragg conditions are met by selecting a quarter optical thickness of the DBR resonant wavelength for TiO₂ and SiO₂ layers. The thickness of the Bi₂Se₃ layer is 25 nm, and Si is chosen with a thickness of 80 nm as the cavity. It is clear that a deep reflection dip appears under 62.6° at the resonance wavelength of 1000 nm), indicating the BSW excitation at the Bi₂Se₃/air interface. With the increase of the number of periodic layers N, the absorption peaks of the structure gradually change, as shown in Figure 3b–d. When the angle of incident light is greater than the total reflection critical angle, an evanescent wave arising from total internal reflection (TIR) is formed. With an optimal thickness of TiO₂/SiO₂ bilayers, the energy of an evanescent wave can be transferred into the periodic stack resulting in the excitation of waveguide modes (WGMs). Thus, when the number N increases from three to nine pairs continuously, more absorption peaks appear.

Figure 3.

Absorption and reflection spectra of the DBR conjugated with the Bi₂Se₃ layer at a different period number of TiO₂/SiO₂ Bragg mirror under TE polarization. (a) N = 3, (b) N = 5, (c) N = 7 and (d) N = 9. The Bi₂Se₃ layer thickness is d₀ = 25 nm, and the other parameters are set as d₁ = 96 nm, d₂ = 172 nm and t = 80 nm. The SF10 prism is used as the matrix (with refractive index n_p = 1.7).

Figure 4a–d show the reflection and absorption spectra with different N for TE polarization. It is evident that more resonance will appear with the increasing N. Reflection dips have been observed and are considered as the WGMs, and the incident waves are well localized within the DBR mirror. The different dips in the spectrum are related to the different order of guiding modes inside the multilayers. In the following study, we will restrict the study to a TE polarization monochromatic plane wave.

Figure 4.

Absorption and reflection spectra of the DBR conjugated with the Bi₂Se₃ layer at a different period number of TiO₂/SiO₂ Bragg mirror under TM polarization. (a) N = 3, (b) N = 5, (c) N = 7 and (d) N = 9. The other parameters are the same as in Figure 3.

In addition to the number of DBR pairs, the dependence of optical reflection on the refractive index of the prism is also investigated, as depicted in Figure 5a,b, respectively. It is a key point that our design can achieve TIR, and the critical angle can be calculated ${\theta }_c=\arcsin \left(n_{eff}/n_p\right)$ according to Snell’s law. n_eff is defined as the effective refractive index of TiO₂/SiO₂ pairs. Figure 5a shows the reflectance spectra of the structure for the TE waves at different n_p and angles θ of incidence of the radiation onto the structure. It is evident that with a larger refractive index, more resonance can occur with the blue shift of the resonance angles. The reflectivity spectrum undergoes four pronounced reflection dips at 39.23°, 47.65°, 54.92° and 59.89°, which suggests that multiple BSW states are excited simultaneously when n_p = 2.45 is in the near-infrared region.

Figure 5.

(a) Reflectivity spectra as a function of n_p and the incident angle with N = 5, d₁ = 96 nm, d₂ = 172 nm and t = 80 nm. (b) Simulated reflection spectra of the planar structure with n_p = 2.45.

To explore the physics mechanism of the existence of BSW states, a comprehensive reflectivity map, which is on the plane of incident angle and thickness of cavity layer (t), is illustrated in Figure 6. It is interesting to observe that the resonance of BSW is continuously variable with t, and the interval between the two neighboring stripes strictly equals λ/2n_Si for a given wavelength λ.

Figure 6.

Reflectivity map on the plane of the incident angle and t with n_p = 1.7. The other parameters are the same as used in Figure 3.

The propagation properties of the BSW mode on the platform can be altered by changing the thickness of the DBR layer. Their thicknesses define the location of the dispersion line in the band gap of the multilayers. Variation of reflection in the proposed geometry as a function of d₁ and d₂ when λ_central = 1 μm. For the tunability of the working wavelength, we break the constraint that the optical thickness of the SiO₂ and TiO₂ layer is a quarter of λ_central. It is clear from Figure 7a that, with a fixed d₁ (96 nm), as d₂ increases to 800 nm, the device shows two bands of resonance with minimum reflection. This multiband response of the device increases the flexibility of the device preparation at a targeted wavelength. With a fixed d₂ (172 nm), as d₁ increases from 0.25 μm to 1.25 μm, multiple band gaps appear in the reflection map (shown in Figure 7b). Overall, it is convenient for one to obtain targeted optical responses by adjusting the thicknesses of planar films in DBR.

Figure 7.

Contour map of reflection spectra as a function of (a) d₂ and (b) d₁.

In Figure 8, the numerical experimental angle-resolved reflection spectra in the wavelength range 0.4–1.4 μm and incident angle 0–90° are shown for different prism refractive indices. We observe several optical modes that indicate the presence and location of a PBG of the multilayer structure. The BSW modes are excited because of the surface defect. Although such modes are intrinsically present at Bi₂Se₃–air interfaces, they are non-radiative in nature, as their momentum is larger than the free-space wave momentum [30,31]. Thus, we use a prism to provide additional momentum to the incident wave to excite BSWs.

Figure 8.

Evolution of absorption spectrum from the multilayer structure with the light incident angle θ when (a) n_p = 1.7 and (b) n_p = 2.45, respectively.

4. Conclusions

In summary, we have demonstrated an angle-interrogated BSW device structure by exploiting the surface properties by introducing a Bi₂Se₃ layer on top of a prism-coupled photonic crystal. Comprehensive investigations regarding the effects of the structural parameters on the reflection and absorption properties have been conducted. The number of periodic layers N plays an important role in the occurrence of multiple BSWs in this structure. It was also found that the BSW response is strongly dependent on the thickness of the cavity layer, Bragg mirror layer, light incident angle and refractive index of the prism. Compared with other BSW-based devices of different types, it is shown that the proposed interfaces can support bound surface modes that differ significantly from the surface plasmon polaritons. These devices can be applied as efficient narrowband filters, beam splitters, and deflectors and also extend the usage of Bi₂Se₃.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, H.L. and G.Z.; methodology, G.Z.; software, H.L.; investigation, H.L. and G.Z.; writing—original draft preparation, H.L.; writing—review and editing, G.Z.; funding acquisition, G.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding Statement

This research was funded by the Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Province, grant number (BK20191396).