Abstract
Dysphagia is a risk factor that impaires an individual’s experience of mealtimes. Few studies contribute to the knowledge on the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of citizens with oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) living independently. The aim of this study involves evaluating the HRQoL in citizens living independently and suffering from OD. This cross-sectional study was performed in seven municipalities in Denmark between March 2019 and December 2020. The 90 citizens included (54% female, mean age 76.6 years (SD 0.8)) were ≥18 years, as well as diagnosed with OD using the volume-viscosity swallow test and Minimal Eating Observation Form version II. The Dysphagia Handicap Index-DK, Barthel 20, and European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions were fulfilled. Of the participating citizens, 66% of them needed additional time to eat, 64% coughed while eating, and 58% coughed while drinking. Additionally, 60% reported having a dry mouth, 62% needed to drink to succeed with swallowing foods, and 57% had to swallow multiple times. About one-third felt embarrassed when eating with others. They could not enjoy eating in the same manner as they had previously, and/or felt handicapped or limited. OD was shown to have had a high impact on the QoL in citizens with OD living independently. Focus is needed on xerostomia, as well as on the psychological aspects pertainings to mealtimes for citizens with OD.
Keywords: swallowing difficulties, eating difficulties, swallowing disorder, quality of life, dysphagia, oropharyngeal dysphagia
1. Introduction
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines quality of life (QoL) as an “individual’s perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns” [1]. Clinicians and researchers often use the term health-related quality of fife (HRQoL), to measure the impact of a disease. The HRQoL provides information about the functional capacity and well-being of patients.
The prevalence of oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) varies from 45% in patients with stroke, 68% in Parkinson’s disease, 50% in hospitalized geriatric patients and 30–40% in independently living persons [2,3,4,5,6]. OD is well documented in influencing the QoL through physical consequences, such as aspiration, pneumonia, malnutrition, dehydration, frailty or death [7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16]. Furthermore, malnutrition in itself is negatively associated with the HRQoL [17]. OD also has psychological consequences and impacts mealtimes negatively, since eating a meal is closely related to social relationships, emotions, joy, dignity and forming memories [18,19]. A study by Ekberg et al. documented that 84% of nursing home residents with OD reported that eating should be enjoyable, but only 45% expressed that this was the case. Furthermore, 41% experienced anxiety and panic during eating due to OD, and 36% avoided eating with other people as a result hereof [18]. Lastly, the severity of swallowing difficulties negatively impacted the HRQoL, as individuals with more severe OD had the lowest HRQoL [20].
The majority of studies included in a review focusing on HRQoL and OD make it visible that the majority of studies so far focus on patients with cancer or neurological diseases [20]. To the author’s knowledge, only one study describes the experiences of citizens with OD in terms of their HRQoL when living independently or in a nursing home [18]. The present study aimed to evaluate the HRQoL and functional level in a group of citizens with OD living independtly or in a nursing home and the purpose is to generate knowledge that can be included in the clinics’ assessment and intervention of citizens with OD.
2. Materials and Methods
This cross-sectional study was conducted between March 2019 and October 2020. It was approved by the regional ethical committee of Northern Denmark (N-20180061 and the Danish Data Protection Authority (2008-58-0028)). A collaboration agreement was made with all participating municipalities. Verbal and written informed consent was obtained from the participants before their assessment was conducted and the questionnaires were completed.
2.1. Participants
Participants were recruited from seven municipalities in Denmark (Brøndby, Frederikshavn, Hjørring, Jammerbugt, Kolding, Odense and Tønder). The participants were all diagnosed with OD and were living independently, undergoing temporary rehabilitation, or living in a nursing home. Inclusion criteria were participants of ≥18 years of age, with documented OD as described below and living in one of the seven above-mentioned municipalities. Exclusion criteria took into account individuals with severe dementia or other cognitive impairments, individuals in the palliative stage of an illness, with feeding tubes or referred to training after head and neck cancer.
2.2. Procedure
In Denmark, occupational therapists (OTs) are typically responsible for the assessment and treatment of citizens with OD. Therefore, the citizens were introduced and recruited to the study by OTs. Some citizens were newly diagnosed with OD and the hospital would refer them to the municiaplity as part of a follow-up. Others were referred by nurses, healthcare workers or physical therapists in the municipality for assessment of OD.
An OT and a dietitian consulted the citizens in their own homes or in the nursing home where they lived. If possible, a family member or healthcare worker participated in the consultation. The citizens were tested using the volume viscosity swallow test (V-VST) [21] and the Minimal Eating Observation Form II (MEOF-II) [22]. If the citizen tested positive on one of the tests, it would be considered that OD was confirmed. If the citizen fulfilled the inclusion criteria, they received verbal and written information about the study. If they agreed to participate, they were obliged to sign a consent form.
All patients screened for participation in the project, were given the guidance of OT vs. consistencies and dieticians were also guided in the composition of the diet.
If the citizen was too exhausted on the day of inclusion, they fulfilled the questionnaire on the next visit, namely a few days after the first visit.
2.3. Measurements
The standardized questionnaires mentioned below reveal HRQoL in relation to dysphagia, QoL in general, ability to function, hand grip strength, and severity of dysphagia. In addition, information on energy intake has been collected.
The Dysphagia Handicap Index-Danish version (DHI-DK) is a diagnosis-specific questionnaire to examine how citizens experience problems with swallowing. The questionnaire covers 25 areas and has 3 possible answers, never, sometimes, or always.
Furthermore, citizens had to indicate the severity of their dysphagia as they experienced it according to an equal interval scale from 1 to 7, where 1 indicated ‘no difficulty at all’; 4 was ‘somewhat of a problem’; and 7 was ‘the worst problem you could have’ [23].
The Barthel 20 Index is a generic tool to assess functional disability and reduced activity of daily living (ADL). Citizens were assessed according to 10 basic activities and were scored on their dependence and need for assistance to perform the activity. This score was 0–3 points. The sum of all scores gave a maximum total score of 20 points. The higher the score, the greater citizen’s dependency [24,25].
European Quality of Life-5 dimensions (EQ-5D-5) is a generic tool to measure the citizens’ subjective HRQoL and functional ability in five areas, including mobility, personal hygiene, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. These questions can be answered using the following five subscales: no problem, some problem, moderate problem, big problem, cannot perform/extreme pain. The EQ-5D index was calculated using the Danish valuation set [26].
The citizens scored their overall self-reported health condition from the ‘worst thinkable health condition’ to ‘best possible health condition’ on a visual analogue scale from 0–100 [26].
All OTs and dietitians involved in the study participated in a two-day course, where they were trained in testing for OD and in the systematic use of the questionnaires.
2.4. Data
Study data were collected and managed using the Research Electronic Data Capture tool (REDCap) hosted at the North Denmark Region. REDCap is a secure, web-based software platform designed to support data capture for research studies [27,28]. Signed consent forms and data were stored in accordance with the General Data Protection Regulation.
2.5. Statistics
When reporting results, categorical data were presented using numbers and percentages. Continuous data were presented using means and standard deviations (SD) or medians and interquartile ranges, if non-normally distributed. As no regression analyses were performed, we chose to report the amount of missing data rather than perform imputation. All calculations were performed in R version 4.12, R Core Team, Vienna, Austria.
3. Results
As illustrated in Table 1, a total of 90 citizens were included in the period from March 2019 to October 2020. The descriptive data are shown in Table 1.
Table 1.
Demographic data.
| N = 90 | Missing | |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years) (range) | 78.0 (71.0; 84.5) | 0 |
| Female sex (number) (percentage) | 51 (54.4) | 0 (0.0) |
| BMI (score) (SD) | 25.8 ± 7.32 | 1 (1.1) |
| Underweight <18.5 (number) (percentage) | 10 (11.1) | |
| Normal weight 18.5–25 (number) ( percentage) | 35 (38.9) | |
| Overweight 25–30 (number) (percentage) | 26 (28.9) | |
| Obese >30 (number) (percentage) | 18 (20.0) | |
| EQ-5D VAS 0–100 (score) (range) | 50 (40; 75) | 9 (10.0) |
| Barthel Index (score) (range) | 80 (50; 95) | 0 (0.0) |
| DHI total score (score) (range) | 28 (18; 40) | 0 (0.0) |
| Physical sub score (number) (percentage) | 12 (8; 16) | 0 (0.0) |
| Functional sub score(number) (percentage) | 8 (5; 16) | 0 (0.0) |
| Emotional sub score (number) (percentage) | 5 (2; 12) | 0 (0.0) |
| History of stroke (number) (percentage) | 32 (35.6) | 0 (0.0) |
| Another neurological comorbidity(number) (percentage) |
15 (16.7) | 0 (0.0) |
| Respiratory comorbidity (number) (percentage) | 29 (32.2) | 0 (0.0) |
| Cardiac comorbidity(number) (percentage) | 26 (28.9) | 0 (0.0) |
| Ear, nose, and throat comorbidity (number) (percentage) |
4 (4.4) | 0 (0.0) |
| Rheumatological comorbidity (number) (percentage) | 27 (30.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Other diseases (number) (percentage) | 38 (42.2) | 0 (0.0) |
| FOIS score (score) (range) | 5 (5;6) | 1 (1.1) |
| Score 4 (number) (percentage) | 4 (4.4) | |
| Score 5 (number) (percentage) | 46 (51.1) | |
| Score 6 (number) (percentage) | 39 (43.3) | |
| Living situation | 16 (17.8) | |
| Independently living (number) (percentage) | 52 (57.8) | |
| Temporary rehabilitation (number) (percentage) | 13 (14.4) | |
| Nursing home (number) (percentage) | 9 (10.0) |
The data are presented either as n (%), mean ± SD or median (1st; 3rd quartiles). BMI—body mass index; EQ5D—European Quality of Life-5 dimensions; DHI—Dysphagia Handicap Index; FOIS—Functional Oral Intake Scale; VAS—Visual Analog Scale.
As shown in Table 2, the included participants had a relatively high level of function in accordance with the fact that the majority were living independently. Despite this, 52% of the participants needed help when bathing, 44% were unable to walk up or down stairs, and 41% needed assistance when they were eating.
Table 2.
Results for the Barthel 20 Index.
| Questions | N = 90 Answers |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Feeding | Unable | Requires assistance | Independent | |
| 0 (0) | 37 (41.1) | 53 (58.9) | ||
| Bathing | Dependent | Independent 43 | ||
| 47 (52.2) | (47.8) | |||
| Grooming | Needs help | Independent | ||
| 22 (24.4) | 68 (75.6) | |||
| Dressing | Dependent | Needs some help | Independent | |
| 12 (13.3) | 25 (27.8) | 53 (58.9) | ||
| Bowels | Incontinent | Occasional accident | Continent | |
| 8 (8.9) | 16 (17.8) | 66 (73.3) | ||
| Bladder | Incontinent or catharized | Occasional accident | Continent | |
| 19 (21.1) | 26 (28.9) | 45 (50.0) | ||
| Toilet use | Dependent | Needs some help | Independent | |
| 21 (23.3) | 9 (10.0) | 60 (66.7) | ||
| Transfers | Unable | Major help | Minor help | Independent |
| 2 (2.2) | 6 (6.7) | 18 (20.0) | 64 (71.1) | |
| Mobility | Immobile | Wheelchair | Walks with help | Independent |
| 8 (8.9%) | 12 (13.3%) | 9 (10.0%) | 61 (67.8%) | |
| Stairs | Unable | Needs help | Independent | |
| 40 (44.4) | 18 (20.0) | 32 (35.6) | ||
Data are presented as n (%).
As shown in Table 3, most of the participants reported that they coughed when they ate or drank. In order to clear the food bolus while swallowing, they needed to drink to perform extra swallowing, and required more time. Additionally, two-thirds of the participants reported that they struggled with having a dry or partially dry mouth. About one-third of the participants reported that they (1) felt embarrassed when they were eating with others, (2) were sad about not being able to eat everything, (3) could not enjoy eating as previously, and/or (4) felt handicapped or limited. The mean score for the DHI interval scale was 3.2 ± 1.58.
Table 3.
Results for DHI-DK.
| No | N = 90 Partial | Yes | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cough when drinking | 26 (28.9) | 51 (56.7) | 13 (14.4) |
| Cough when eating | 32 (35.5) | 43 (47.8) | 15 (16.7) |
| Dry mouth | 30 (33.3) | 17 (18.9) | 43 (47.8) |
| Need to drink to swallow | 28 (31.1) | 15 (16.7) | 47 (52.2) |
| Weight loss | 63 (70.0) | 12 (13.3) | 15 (16.7) |
| Avoid certain food | 34 (37.8) | 11 (12.2) | 45 (50.0) |
| Changed way of swallowing |
57 (63.3) | 7 (7.8) | 26 (28.9) |
| Embarrassed eating with others | 60 (66.7) | 13 (14.4) | 17 (18.9) |
| Need more time to eat | 24 (26.7) | 7 (7.8) | 59 (65.5) |
| Eat smaller meals, but more often | 72 (80.0) | 5 (5.6) | 13 (14.4) |
| Extra swallowing needed | 33 (36.7) | 22 (24.4) | 35 (38.9) |
| Sad about not being able to eat everything | 58 (64.4) | 9 (10.0) | 23 (25.6) |
| Cannot enjoy eating as previously |
52 (57.8) | 12 (13.3) | 26 (28.9) |
| Less social | 76 (84.5) | 3 (3.3) | 11 (12.2) |
| Avoid eating | 79 (87.8) | 7 (7.8) | 4 (4.4) |
| Eat less | 60 (66.7) | 13 (14.4) | 17 (18.9) |
| Nervous | 61 (67.8) | 11 (12.2) | 18 (20.0) |
| Feel handicapped or limited |
61 (67.8) | 18 (20.0) | 10 (12.2) |
| Angry with myself | 67 (74.4) | 9 (10.0) | 14 (15.6) |
| Choke on medicine | 72 (80.0) | 12 (13.3) | 6 (6.7) |
| Afraid of choking and failing to breathe |
70 (77.8) | 9 (10.0) | 12 (12.2) |
| Tube feeding | 90 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Changed diet | 55 (61.1) | 15 (16.7) | 20 (22.2) |
| Choking sensation | 63 (70.0) | 15 (16.7) | 12 (13.3) |
| Throwing up | 74 (82.3) | 13 (14.4) | 3 (3.3) |
Data are presented as n (%).
As shown in Table 4, 74% had moderate to severe problems with usual activities, such as housekeeping and daily activities. Sixty-three percent of the participants reported they had moderate to severe problems with mobility, and 47% reported moderate to severe pain or discomfort in general. Furthermore, 44% were challenged in terms of self-care, and 25% of the participants reported moderate to severe problems with anxiety/depression. The EQ-5D index scores were 0.55 and the EQ-VAS scores were 50 (40; 75).
Table 4.
EQ-5D subscale answers.
| N = 90 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 (No Problems) | 2 | 3 (Moderate Problems) | 4 | 5 (Severe Problems) | |
| Mobility | 16 (17.8) | 17 (18.9) | 22 (24.4) | 24 (26.7) | 11 (12.2) |
| Self-care | 26 (28.9) | 24 (26.7) | 17 (18.9) | 13 (14.4) | 10 (11.1) |
| Usual activities | 12 (13.4) | 11 (12.2) | 28 (31.1) | 20 (22.2) | 19 (21.1) |
| Pain/discomfort | 22 (24.4) | 25 (27.8) | 23 (25.6) | 18 (20.0) | 2 (2.2) |
| Anxiety/depression | 48 (53.9) | 19 (21.4) | 15 (16.8) | 5 (5.6) | 2 (2.3) |
Data are presented as n (%).
4. Discussion
The total DHI-DK score in the present study was 28 (18; 40), whereas five studies including people not suffering from OD documented a median DHI score ranging from 53 to 64 [23,29,30,31] and a study presented a DHI score of 27 [32].
We found that the participants reported that OD has a high impact on HRQoL in general and that the majority of the participants experienced some degree of xerostomia. Two out of three participants in this study reported they had a dry or partially dry mouth (xerostomia). This study did not examine the cause. Xerostomia is a frequent side effect of, for example, antipsychotics and medicine for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and multiple sclerosis [33]. It is well documented that xerostomia affects chewing, oral health, intake of protein, as well as the HRQoL [34,35,36]. Despite this, there is a limited focus on xerostomia in clinical examinations and the treatment of patients with dysphagia, as well in terms of research into this area [37,38]. Our results suggest that xerostomia is a major problem in patients with OD and this area needs to be explored further.
Most of the participants in the present study reported that they coughed while eating or drinking. Furthermore, they needed to drink to swallow multiple times and they needed more time as well to eat in order to clear the food bolus. These results confirm previous clinical studies [6,9,18,39].
It is well documented that OD influences the QoL, specifically in psychological terms [18,20,40]. This study confirmed this finding. About one-third of the participants reported that they felt embarrassed when they were eating with others, were sad about not being able to eat everything, could not enjoy eating as previously, and/or felt handicapped or limited. This information is important when planning the surroundings for the meal, e.g., in nursing homes or hospitals [41,42].
The study reported that 62% of the participants either partially or totally avoided certain types of food, although only 39% reported that they had changed their diet. This may be an expression of adaptation because the participants changed their food habits over a long period of time. Therefore, they no longer thought of it as a problem. Studies document that many citizens do not believe anything can be changed to help with their OD or believed dysphagia to be a normal part of ageing, meaning that they neglect the problem [17,43]. Our results suggest the same and this emphasizes the importance of information on what interventions can improve the consequences of OD.
In the present study, the participants reported an EQ-5D index score of 0.55 and an EQ-VAS score of 50, which is considered to be relatively low. A study including patients with OD and dysphonia after anterior cervical diskectomy reported an EQ-5D index score of 0.68 and an EQ-VAS score of 70.4 [44]. In patients treated with total laryngectomy, an EQ-5D-3L score at baseline was reported for the control group of 0.76 and for the intervention group a score of 0.85 [45]. A Danish study (n = 26,684) reported a mean EQ-5D index score of 0.889 in a healthy population [46]. It should be noted that it used different EQ-5D questionnaires, as the one used in the present study is EQ-5D-5L and the one used in the Danish study is EQ-5D-3L. The weights are calculated differently and are not one to one comparable.
A strength of this study was the fact that OD was confirmed with a standardized bedside test for all the participants included. Ideally, the diagnosis of OD would have been qualified using an instrumental assessment, but this was not possible in this study setup. Another strength of this study was the citizen-based approach by using standardized and validated questionnaires. The questionnaires were answered directly by the participants, instead of being based on an assessment by professionals or relatives. However, citizens with a cognitive dysfunction, e.g., dementia, were excluded due to this as well as ethical reasons, thereby limiting the external validity regarding this particular group of OD patients. Another strength to increase the external validity of this study was the inclusion of participants regardless of their diagnosis, since most citizens with OD suffer from multiple diseases. Lastly, a major strength was that the OTs and dietitians participating in the study completed a 2-day course where they were introduced to the study, the tests, and questionnaires to ensure they performed the tests to the same level.
A limitation of this study was the small sample size. It would have strengthened the study if data from a comparable control group were reported. Another weakness may be the risk of selection bias. The OTs invited and included the participants in the study, but we do not have information about the potential participants who were not offered participation in the study. Xerostomia is a typical side effect of many types of medicine. Unfortunately, it is not possible to collect valid data on what types of medicine citizens in the same municipality receive; therefore, medicine data are not reported in this study.
5. Conclusions
The findings of this study suggest that OD negatively impacts the QoL related to meals and the HRQoL in general in citizens living outside the hospital setting. These citizens have a high risk of xerostomia, which should be evaluated besides OD tests. Increased recognition among healthcare professionals is needed for how citizens with OD can optimize the psychological areas surrounding mealtimes.
Author Contributions
All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by D.M., S.W., D.J. and B.B.B. The first draft of the manuscript was written by B.B.B., D.J. and D.M. and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Institutional Review Board Statement
The study was approved by the regional ethical committee of Northern Denmark (N-20180061 and the Danish Data Protection Authority (2008-58-0028)).
Informed Consent Statement
Verbal and written informed consent were obtained from the participants before their assessment was conducted and the questionnaires were fully completed.
Data Availability Statement
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Funding Statement
This study was funded by the Danish Health Foundation (18-a-0055) and the Danish Occupational Association (PP1-18-R77-A1680).
Footnotes
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.