Short abstract
Linked article: Petrof et al. Br J Dermatol 2022; 186:843–848.
Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of rare and currently incurable inherited disorders characterized by fragility of the skin and mucous membranes. It has a major impact on affected persons, their families and caregivers, and healthcare systems. 1 Reliable epidemiological data, based on well‐characterized cohorts, are important for rare diseases like EB. 2 These data provide insight into the need for care and costs in the specific country, make it possible to identify epidemiological trends, and are invaluable for the design and execution of clinical trials and to estimate the number of patients who might benefit from a certain therapy.
In this issue of the BJD, Petrof et al. describe the EB population of England and Wales and provide epidemiological data from one of the largest EB cohorts reported until now, with over 2500 patients with EB. 3 They report a prevalence of 34·8 and an incidence of 67·8 per million. Former epidemiological studies on EB showed considerably varying figures, partly reflecting the challenge of epidemiological studies of EB, and rare diseases in general. The reported prevalences and incidences (per million) were, respectively, 22·4 and 41·3 in the Netherlands and 11·1 and 19·6 in the USA; prevalences (per million) were 10·3 in Australia, 19·5 in New Zealand, 6·7 in Iran and approximately 20 in Slovenia. 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 These varying figures can be explained by factors influencing case ascertainment, like demographic factors (country size, and number and distribution of EB centres) and factors related to healthcare systems (insurance aspects, diagnostic possibilities, awareness among non‐EB specialists about the disease, and centres of expertise). In addition, numbers may vary between cohorts because of population differences (founder mutations, consanguinity, cultural and religious beliefs).
The reported incidence and prevalence in England and Wales are higher than those from other countries cited, reflecting a combination of high case ascertainment and likely also population characteristics. A similar finding was reported in the Dutch cohort, indicating that EB appears to be more common than previously thought, which is crucial information with regards to estimations of the number of patients who might benefit from treatment, costs of (potential) therapies, and the design of clinical trials. Petrof et al. also provide longitudinal data and show a reduction of birth incidence over the 19‐year period for all types of EB, even when corrected for changes in total population and the number of live births over the period. 3 This shows the ability of robust epidemiological data from a cohort with high case ascertainment to be able to identify important trends.
In order to be able to provide the most accurate information on subpopulations of a disease – in the case of EB: EB simplex, junctional EB, dystrophic EB and Kindler EB – it is important that the population is well characterized, not only clinically but also by skin biopsy (blister level, protein expression) and affected gene. 10 The latter is particularly important in the light of future targeted therapies. We therefore would like to encourage upcoming epidemiological EB studies to provide the affected gene distribution of the population as well.
To conclude, well‐characterized EB cohorts with comprehensive case ascertainment and longitudinal data, like the England and Wales cohort presented by Petrof et al., are of the utmost importance for estimation of the impact of the disease on healthcare and costs, identification of trends, design and execution of clinical trials, and estimation of the number of patients who might benefit from a certain intervention or therapy.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Dr Peter van den Akker for kindly reviewing and commenting on this text.
Funding sources: DEBRA Netherlands and Stichting Vlinderkind (Dutch Butterfly Child Foundation) have attributed to this study by financially supporting the Clinical Research Fellowship of R.B.
Conflicts of interest: the authors declare they have no conflicts of interest.
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