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. 2022 Jul 21;14(7):1511. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071511

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Viral and cellular targets of tylophorine-based compounds in HCoV-OC43-infected cells. (A) Tylophorine compounds interacted with HCoV-OC43 viral genomic RNA and nucleocapsid (N) protein. Biotinylated tylophorine interacted with HCoV-OC43 viral RNA (a) and N protein (b). (B) Tylophorine compounds interacted with host cellular IκBα mRNA and caprin-1 protein. Biotinylated tylophorine interacted with IκBα mRNA (a) and caprin-1 protein (b). (C) dbq33b diminished IκBα and viral antigen N protein levels in HCoV-OC43-infected HCT-8 cells. Lysates of HCoV-OC43-infected HCT-8 cells at the indicated post-infection time were subjected to pull-down experiments prior to RT-PCR or western analyses to examine the components (RNAs and proteins) in the association of biotinylated tylophorine with viral and cellular ribonucleoprotein complexes (A,B). The resultant lysates of HCoV-OC43-infected HCT-8 cells at the indicated post-infection time and treated dosage, respectively, were subjected to western analysis to examine the effect of tylophorine-based dbq33b on the viral and cellular protein levels of N protein, IκBα, p-p65, p65, and the internal control GAPDH (C). Shown results are representative of three independent experiments and AVE ± S.D. from three independent experiments. (ns: no significancy, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 for student’s t-test; # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, ### p < 0.001 for two-way ANOVA test).