Manipulating miR-31 alters ROS levels in PDAC cell lines. (A) ROS levels were assessed 20 min, 4 h, and 24 h post-radiation treatment (RT) and compared to the untreated control (0 Gy). Overexpressing miR-31 in BxPC-3 cells resulted in a significant increase in ROS levels 20 min (*** p < 0.001) and 4 h (* p = 0.0295) post-RT. Meanwhile, miR-VC cells displayed a significant increase in ROS levels at 20 min only (** p = 0.0018) post-RT, which had returned to baseline levels 4 h and 24 h post-RT. (B) Similarly, ROS levels were assessed 20 min, 4 h, and 24 h post-radiation treatment (RT) and compared to the untreated control (0 Gy). In miR-31-suppressed Panc-1 cells, ROS levels significantly increased 20 min (**** p < 0.0001) post-RT but returned to baseline 4 h and 24 h post-RT. Conversely, Panc-1 Zip-miR-VC cells displayed a significant elevation in ROS levels 20 min (**** p < 0.0001), 4 h (** p = 0.0086) and 24 h (** p = 0.0067) post-RT. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM (n = 3). Two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test was adopted for statistical analysis.