Stoic attitude in patients with cancer from the NEOcoping study: Cross-sectional study

David Gomez; Alberto Carmona-Bayonas; Raquel Hernandez; Oliver Higuera; Jacobo Rogado; Vilma Pacheco-Barcia; María Valero; Mireia Gil-Raga; Mª Mar Muñoz; Rafael Carrión-Galindo; Paula Jimenez-Fonseca; Caterina Calderon

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0269712

. 2022 Jul 28;17(7):e0269712. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269712

Stoic attitude in patients with cancer from the NEOcoping study: Cross-sectional study

David Gomez ¹, Alberto Carmona-Bayonas ², Raquel Hernandez ³, Oliver Higuera ⁴, Jacobo Rogado ⁵, Vilma Pacheco-Barcia ⁶, María Valero ⁷, Mireia Gil-Raga ⁸, Mª Mar Muñoz ⁹, Rafael Carrión-Galindo ¹⁰, Paula Jimenez-Fonseca ¹¹, Caterina Calderon ^12,^*

Editor: Ted CT Fong¹³

¹Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Central of Asturias, IPSA, Oviedo, Spain

²Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), UMU, Murcia, Spain

³Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain

⁴Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain

⁵Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, Madrid, Spain

⁶Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Central de la Defensa Gomez Ulla, Madrid, Spain

⁷Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Quirón salud Sagrado Corazón, Sevilla, Spain

⁸Department of Medical Oncology, Consorcio Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain

⁹Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Virgen de La Luz, Cuenca, Spain

¹⁰Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario del Sureste, Arganda del Rey-Madrid, Spain

¹¹Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), País Vasco, Spain

¹²Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

¹³University of Hong Kong, HONG KONG

Competing Interests: he authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

^✉

* E-mail: ccalderon@ub.dedu

Roles

David Gomez: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Alberto Carmona-Bayonas: Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Raquel Hernandez: Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Oliver Higuera: Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Jacobo Rogado: Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Vilma Pacheco-Barcia: Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

María Valero: Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Mireia Gil-Raga: Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Mª Mar Muñoz: Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Rafael Carrión-Galindo: Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Paula Jimenez-Fonseca: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Caterina Calderon: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Ted CT Fong: Editor

PMCID: PMC9333303 PMID: 35901019

Abstract

Aim

Stoicism has been applied to describe a wide range of behaviors in the face of disease and influences an individual’s use of coping strategies. This study tested the relationship between stoicism and social support, optimism, psychological distress, and coping strategies in patients with cancer.

Method

NEOcoping is a multicenter, cross-sectional study. Participants’ data were collected using a standardized, self-report form and LSS, MSPSS, Mini-MAC, BSI-18, and LOT-R questionnaires. Linear regression analyses were used to assess the association between stoicism and distress scores in both genders. A total of 932 individuals with non-metastatic, resected cancer were recruited.

Results

Males perceived a higher risk of recurrence and toxicity with adjuvant chemotherapy and obtained higher stoic attitude scores than females. Women scored higher on somatization, depression, and anxiety. Patients with high stoicism scores were older and experienced more maladaptive coping (helplessness, anxious preoccupation), and depression, while those with lower stoicism scores had greater perceived social support, optimism, and positive attitude. In both males and females, stoicism correlated negatively with perceived social support, optimism, and positive attitude, and positively with helplessness, anxious preoccupation, and depression. In men, stoicism was directly and negatively associated with social support and optimism, and positively with anxious preoccupation. In women, stoicism was positively associated. In women, stoicism was directly and negatively associated with social support and positively with age and optimism. Stoicism was directly and positively associated with helplessness.

Discussion

A stoic attitude was associated with lower social support, reduced optimism, and passive coping strategies (helplessness and anxious preoccupation) in this series of patients with cancer.

Introduction

Stoicism, the school of philosophy created by Zeno of Citium (332–263 BC), is one of the philosophical doctrines with the most rebirths throughout history, influencing numerous modern, psychological, humanistic, and moral currents of thought [1]. Originally, stoicism sought a balanced solution to the dichotomy of determinism-free will, advocating a virtue that resided in knowledge of the laws of the cosmos and pragmatic acceptance of them. However, in its modern psychological conception, stoicism has come to denote a construct based on the suppression of all emotional expression, increased tolerance for suffering, and the acceptance of the vicissitudes of life without complaint [2].

Despite the potential explanatory capacity of different attitudes, stoicism has been ignored in health-related spheres [1]. One of the causes lies in the cultural and personality-based parameters that define stoicism. Spiers’ theory of stoicism has provided a model for describing a wide range of behaviors in the face of disease ranging from silence, resilience to adversity, or being able to endure pain without complaint [3, 4]. For Spiers, stoic traits would be adaptive in the area of health, as they would increase self-efficacy by perceiving one’s own limits and prompting the adoption of proactive measures to control symptoms through the use of reason [3, 4]. Some studies have shown that stoicism would be very sensitive to the health setting, and this could have implications for the patient’s treatment and prognosis [5, 6]. Maintaining a stoic attitude towards pain and knowing one’s own limits could be particularly beneficial for the patient and allow them to adopt a more adaptive coping style [3], or conversely, the stoic attitude could restrict attempts at medical intervention if the patient does not report their real clinical situation (i. e., the patient feels pain, but does not show it). Therefore, according to other researchers, stoic characteristics hinder seeking care, delay diagnosis, and prevent the implementation of improvements in psychological care [1].

In oncology, an issue worth exploring is whether a stoic attitude has an influence, not only in terminal disease [7–9], but also in the early stages of localized, potentially curable cancers. As cancer is a stressful event associated with fear and prognostic uncertainty, it is common for patients to employ coping strategies to deal with it. Stoicism and emotional distress (anxiety, depression, and somatization) may interfere with coping by increasing anxious preoccupation [10]. Dispositional optimism may act as a resource that maintains a positive mood, provides a more flexible coping style to face with the inability to control stressful stimuli, and protects patients from the possible negative effects of cancer treatment and cancer itself in case of recurrence [11, 12]. Likewise, social support, defined as the perception that others are willing to help, appears to operate similarly to optimism and is a critical factor in decreasing negative psychological affect in individuals with cancer, which can contribute to better adjustment to the disease [13].

Overall, the interrelationships between social support, optimism, stoicism, coping strategies and psychological distress remain to be further investigated. In the oncology field, little has been explored about the pathways through which stoicism influences coping in cancer patients. Some authors suggest that men and older people have higher levels of stoicism than women [2, 14] or younger people [1]. Other authors have suggested that men and older adults are more stoic because they find it more difficult to identify and express their emotions [15], which would have a negative influence on seeking psychological help [16]. Meanwhile, other research suggests that the stoic attitude is more related to the ability to self-regulate one’s emotions [17].

In this perspective, our study has assessed the fit of an adapted stoicism model [3, 4] using data collected from a large sample of patients who had cancer resected with curative intent. This adapted model of stoicism represents key constructs (social support, optimism, psychological distress, stoicism, and coping strategies), as well as the relationships between the variables used to operationalize the constructs. We presume that: a) social support and optimism will positively affect stoicism and coping strategies; b) stoicism will be related to coping strategies; and c) the relationships between social support, optimism and coping strategies will be mediated by stoicism.

Methods

Study design and population

NEOcoping is a cross-sectional, observational, and multicenter study sponsored by the Continuous Care Group of the Spanish Society of Medical Oncology (SEOM). Patients were recruited consecutively in eleven Spanish university hospitals between 2017 and 2019. After providing written informed consent, eligible patients were included during their first visit to a medical oncology department, which they attended in the month following resection of non-metastatic cancer. The structure of the first visit followed the standard practice of each center, requiring, at the very least, that the diagnosis, prognosis or risk of cancer recurrence, and therapeutic alternatives, with their incumbent risks of toxicity and benefits be explained. Once the decision whether or not to receive chemotherapy was made, the subject was invited to participate in this study, making the decision to accept systemic adjuvant treatment completely independent of recruitment. The ethics review board at each of the participating institutions and the Spanish Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (AEMPS) approved the study and all procedures were in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration.

Inclusion criteria were ≥18 years of age with resected, non-metastatic cancer for which the clinical practice guidelines recommended adjuvant chemotherapy. Exclusion criteria were cognitive impairment, any neoadjuvant therapy, adjuvant treatment consisting solely of radiotherapy, hormone therapy or other treatment modalities other than chemotherapy, any contraindication for adjuvant chemotherapy (poor functional status, age, comorbidities, etc.). Of the 1.016 patients screened, 84 were not eligible (23 did not meet inclusion criteria, 28 met exclusion criteria, and data were missing for 33). A total of 932 individuals with non-metastatic, curable resected cancer were recruited.

Instruments and data collection

Data were collected from the individuals and from clinical records. Psychometric questionnaires were completed by the patients at home and delivered at the next medical visit during which the oncologist clarified any doubts surrounding the questions in the questionnaires. Participants were informed that the answers would be treated anonymously and that there were no "right" or "wrong" answers, with the aim of minimizing the risk of random response. Data were collected through the centralized web platform www.neocoping.es that controls for lost data, inconsistencies, and errors in real time, and double-checks the study variables, with telephone and on-line monitoring (PJF).

Liverpool Stoicism Scale (LSS) is a self-report questionnaire designed to measure stoicism. It contains 20 items, including lack of emotional involvement, dislike for openly expressing emotion, and the ability to withstand emotion. The Spanish version was translated and validated by our group [6]. Responses were recorded on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree, yielding a sum score of between 20 and 100. Higher scores indicate greater stoicism. The scale has good internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.83) [6].

Multidimensional scale of perceived social support (MSPSS) is a brief scale that assesses three sources of support: family, friends, and significant other. Items were measured on a 5-point Likert scale [18]. A higher score indicates more perceived support. The scale in this study has good internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.90).

Mini-Mental Adjustment to Cancer (Mini-MAC) scale is one of the most widely used instruments to quantify coping responses in individuals with cancer [19]. The 29-item mini-MAC assesses five cognitive coping responses: helplessness (e.g., ‘Can’t handle it’), anxious preoccupation (e.g., ‘I am apprehensive’), fighting spirit, fatalism (e.g., ‘At the moment I take one day at a time’), and cognitive avoidance (e.g., ‘Not thinking about it helps me cope’). For this study, the version with a 4-factor structure validated in Spanish was used, grouping fighting spirit and fatalism into a single factor, positive attitude [20]. Each item is scored from 1 to 4. High scores indicate that coping styles are used more often. Satisfactory reliability was found for scales, Cronbach’s alpha ranged from 0.52 to 0.90 [21].

Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI-18) includes 18 symptoms to evaluate the degree of distress on a 5-point Likert scale [22]. The scale groups symptoms into somatization, depression, and anxiety. Cronbach’s alpha ranged from 0.81 to 0.90 [23].

Revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R) consists of optimism and pessimism scales, with ten items (three items assess optimism, three evaluate pessimism, and four are fillers). Respondents indicated the extent to which they agreed with each item on a 5-point Likert scale. In this study, Cronbach’s alpha ranged between 0.74 and 0.78.

Patients were asked to predict their risk of cancer recurrence with and without chemotherapy, as well as their risk of severe toxicity with chemotherapy, using a numerical rating scale from 0 to 100.

Demographic data

The following data were obtained with respect to the sample’s medical and demographic characteristics. Patient characteristics included gender; age; marital status; educational level; occupational field; tumor site, stage, and time since diagnosis. Clinical estimations were obtained from the medical oncologist who cared for the patient at their first appointment to assess the suitability of administering adjuvant treatment after surgery with curative intent.

Data analysis

Demographic information was reported by frequency analyses. Gender and stoicism differences on age, perception of life expectancy, and risk of toxicity, and psychological scales were measured using independent samples t-tests. Chi-squared analyses were used to investigate potential differences between men and women. Effect sizes were calculated by Cohen’s statistics. Cohen’s d was reported as an indicator of the effect size of the differences, with d > 0.2 representing a small, d > 0.5 a medium and d > 0.8 a large effect size [24]. Bivariate correlations were calculated between stoicism (LSS) and psychological scales (MSPSS, Mini-Mac, BSI-18, and LOT-R) and sociodemographic factors. All data were checked for normality, outliers, and the assumptions of multicollinearity and homoscedasticity. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is a method for building, estimating, and testing theoretical models of the relationships between variables. It can be used instead of multiple regression and other methods to analyze the strength of correlations between individual variable indicators in a specific population [25]. In this study, the previously determined significant factors were used in the SEM to identify the relationship between stoicism and psychological scales. Standardized direct, indirect, and total effects with corresponding 95% bias-corrected confidence intervals (CI) were measure using the bootstrapping methods [25, 26]. The model fit was tested using the normed χ² value (NC; desired value < 2.0, desired significance P > 0.05), the goodness-of-fit index; the Comparative Fit Index (CFI), the Tucker-Lewis index (TLI), the Normed Fit index (NFI) (>0.95 indicating an excellent fit); root mean square of approximation (RMSEA; desired value< 0.06) [25]. For all the tests carried out, bilateral statistical significance was set at p < .05. Statistical analyses were performed using the IBM-SPSS 23.0 statistical and AMOS 23.0 software package for Windows PC.

Results

Patients’ baseline characteristics

Mean age was 62.1 years (standard deviation [SD] = 12.1, range 24–85), 61% (n = 566) were female and 39% (n = 366) were male. Baseline characteristics are presented in Table 1. The most frequent tumor types were adenocarcinomas of the colon (42%), breast (34.4%), and stomach (4.5%). Approximately half (43.8%) were stage III. Most subjects were married or living with a partner (76.3%), had at least primary education (53.6%), and claimed to be unemployed or retired (58.0%). The estimated risk of relapse with chemotherapy was 21.1%, and 37.7% without chemotherapy.

Table 1. Patient characteristics (n = 932).

Characteristic	N	%
Gender
Female	566	60.7
Males	366	39.3
Age, years
Less than 45	144	15.5
46–55	203	21.8
56–65	265	28.4
More than 66	320	34.3
Cancer type
Colon	391	42.0
Breast	321	34.4
Stomach	42	4.5
Others	178	19.1
Cancer stage
I	130	14.0
II	390	41.9
III	408	43.8
Missing	3	0.3
Educational level
Less than high school	500	53.6
More than high school	432	46.4
Marital status
Married/ partnered	710	76.3
Single	80	8.4
Separated/ divorced	79	8.5
Widowed	63	6.8
Employment status
Full or part-time	540	58.0
Retired, homemaker, unemployed	392	42.0

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Gender differences with respect to age, perception of risk of recurrence and toxicity, stoicism, and psychological scales in patients with cancer

Overall, 27% of patients had low (PD≤ 46), and 33% had high stoicism scores (PD≥64). The men in this sample were older (t = 6.549; p<0.001, Cohen’s d = 0.43) and estimated a higher risk of recurrence without chemotherapy (t = 2.711; p = 0.007, Cohen’s d = 0.19) and lower risk of toxicity with chemotherapy (t = -3.717; p = 0.001, Cohen’s d = 0.25) than women. No differences were found between the two genders in the perception of the risk of recurrence with chemotherapy, Table 2.

Table 2. Gender differences in age, perception of risk of recurrence and toxicity, stoicism, and psychological scales in patients with cancer.

	Men (n = 366)		Women (n = 566)		t-value
Variables	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	T	P
Age (years)	62.1	12.1	56.9	11.8	6.549	0.001^*
Perception of risk of:
Recurrence with CT	78.6	22.1	78.1	21.6	0.320	---
RRecurrence without CT	36.7	21.4	32.4	22.5	2.711	0.007^*
CT-related toxicity	53.7	22.7	59.4	22.4	-3.717	0.001^*
LSS. Stoicism	58.4	7.2	54.2	7.7	8.388	0.001^*
MSPSS. Social support	74.7	9.3	75.7	8.9	-1.634	---
Mini-MAC. Helplessness	19.8	19.1	19.2	19.5	0.536	---
Mini-MAC. Anxious preoccupation	36.7	21.6	42.2	23.6	-3.554	0.001^*
Mini-MAC. Positive attitude	74.5	17.1	76.1	15.7	-1.404	---
Mini-MAC. Cognitive avoidance	51.5	26.3	54.8	26.0	-1.887	---
BSI-18. Somatization	59.7	6.7	61.8	6.9	-4.547	0.001^*
BSI-18. Depression	59.2	6.7	61.5	6.0	-5.802	0.001^*
BSI-18. Anxiety	59.7	7.0	63.0	6.9	-7.384	0.001^*
LOT-R. Optimism	20.7	3.7	21.1	4.2	-1.478	---

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Abbreviations: SD, Standard Deviation; CT, chemotherapy; LSS, Liverpool Stoicism Scale; MSPSS, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support; Mini-MAC, Mini-Mental Adjustment to Cancer; BSI, Brief Symptom Inventory; LOT-R, Life Orientation Test-Revised

* Statistically significant differences.

Males scored higher for stoic attitude than women (t = 8.388; p<0.001, Cohen’s d = 0.56). Women, on the other hand, scored higher for somatization, depression, and anxiety (t = -4.547, t = -5.802 and t = -3.002; all p<0.001), as well as for anxious preoccupation (t = -3.554; p<0.001, Cohen’s d = 0.24). The remaining differences were not statistically significant (p>0.05). In terms of primary cancer, patients with colon cancer scored higher on stoicism than patients with breast cancer (M: 57.4 vs M 53.8; F = 10.445, p = 0.001; IJ: 3.544, p = 0.001, respectively).

Stoicism differences by age, perception of risk of recurrence and toxicity, and psychological scales in patients with cancer

Of the 932 subjects, 33.5% (n = 312) scored high in stoicism (percentile>75), and 26.8% (n = 250) low (percentile<25) on the LSS. Patients with high stoicism scores were older than those who scored lower on this domain; mean age 64.4 versus 61.4 years, respectively (t = -6.941; p<0.001, Cohen’s d = 0.25), and more depressed (t = -2.609; p = 0.009, Cohen’s d = 0.23) Table 3. As for individuals’ estimation of the risk of relapse and toxicity with chemotherapy based on their level of stoicism, no statistically significant differences were found. Participants with lower stoicism scores had greater perceived social support, positive attitude, and higher levels of optimism than more stoic individuals. On the other hand, subjects with high stoicism scores had more maladaptive coping based on helplessness and anxious preoccupation than patients with low scores. The remaining differences between the two groups were not statistically significant, Table 3.

Table 3. Comparison of cancer patients with high and low stoicism by age, perception of risk of recurrence and toxicity, and psychological scales.

	Low stoicism (PC <25)		High stoicism (PC >75)		t-test for equality of means^a
	n = 250		n = 312		t-test for equality of means^a
Variables	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	t	P
Age (years)	64.4	12.1	61.4	11.6	-6.941	0.001^*
Perception of risk of:
Recurrence with CT	78.2	21.4	78.9	22.1	-0.412	---
Recurrence without CT	32.9	23.3	36.8	23.6	-1.932	---
Toxicity with CT	58.7	23.1	57.4	23.0	0.673	---
MSPSS. Social support	78.7	6.4	71.9	10.6	8.857	0.001^*
Mini-MAC. Helplessness	13.8	16.9	20.8	19.9	-4.393	0.001^*
Mini-MAC. Anxious preoccupation	39.1	22.6	42.4	24.5	-2.610	0.009^*
Mini-MAC. Positive attitude	78.6	14.8	70.9	17.8	5.498	0.001^*
Mini-MAC. Cognitive avoidance	51.6	26.8	52.3	26.1	-0.325	---
BSI-18. Somatization	61.6	6.9	61.3	7.2	0.487	---
BSI-18. Depression	60.2	5.5	61.6	6.5	-2.609	0.009^*
BSI-18. Anxiety	62.1	7.7	62.3	8.3	-0.229	---
LOT-R. Optimism	22.1	4.2	20.0	3.9	5.990	0.001^*

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Abbreviation: PC, percentile, SD, Standard Deviation; CT, chemotherapy; LSS, Liverpool Stoicism Scale; MSPSS, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support; Mini-MAC, Mini-Mental Adjustment to Cancer; BSI, Brief Symptom Inventory; LOT-R, Life Orientation Test-Revised.

^a Before t-test analysis, Levene’s test for equality of variances was applied.

* Statistically significant differences.

Relation between stoicism and social and psychological scales in men and women

Correlations were calculated between stoicism and the main study variables in men and women (Table 4). Bivariate correlations between LSS and psychological scales were inconsistent with the notion of stoicism as a factor in psychological resilience. In males, stoicism correlated negatively with perceived social support, coping strategy (positive attitude), and optimism, and positively with maladaptive coping (helplessness and anxious preoccupation), anxiety, depression and estimation of the risk of recurrence without chemotherapy. In women, stoicism correlated negatively with perceived social support, positive attitude and optimism, and positively with age, coping strategies (helplessness, and anxious preoccupation), and depression.

Table 4. Correlation between stoicism, perception of risk of recurrence and toxicity, psychological scales in men and women with cancer.

	Men		Women
Variables^**	r	p	r	p
Age (years)	0.044	0.398	0.261	0.001^*
Perception of risk of:
Recurrence with CT	-0.031	---	0.020	---
Recurrence without CT	0.139	0.008^*	-0.050	---
Toxicity with CT	-0.051	---	-0.030	---
MSPSS. Social support	-0.304	0.001^*	-0.286	0.001^*
Mini-MAC. Helplessness	0.130	0.013^*	0.189	0.001^*
Mini-MAC. Anxious preoccupation	0.199	0.001^*	0.101	0.018^*
Mini-MAC. Positive attitude	-0.198	0.001^*	-0.149	0.038^*
Mini-MAC. Cognitive avoidance	0.018	---	0.079	---
BSI-18. Somatization	0.041	---	0.012	---
BSI-18. Depression	0.176	0.001^*	0.144	0.001^*
BSI-18. Anxiety	0.133	0.011^*	0.052	---
LOT-R. Optimism	-0.276	0.001^*	-0.257	0.001^*

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Abbreviations: SD, Standard Deviation; LSS, Liverpool Stoicism Scale; MSPSS, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support; Mini-MAC, Mini-Mental Adjustment to Cancer; BSI, Brief Symptom Inventory; LOT-R, Life Orientation Test-Revised.

* Statistically significant differences

**Criterion variable: stoicism according to LSS scale.

Trajectory analysis results: Relationship among stoicism and psychological variables

In men, as displayed in Fig 1, social support and optimism were directly, and negatively associated with stoicism (β = -0.17 and β = -0.23, respectively). Stoicism was directly, and positively associated with anxious preoccupation (β = 0.12). Social support was positively associated with positive aptitude (β = 0.17), and depression was positively associated with anxious preoccupation (β = 0.56). The model fitted the data perfectly, X² = 11.318, p = 0.045; CFI = 0.97; TLI = 0.95; NFI = 0.96; RMSEA = 0.05 (90% CI [0.001, 0.074]).

In women, as displayed in Fig 2, stoicism was directly, and negatively associated with social support and positively with age (β = -0.21 and β = 0.21, respectively). Optimism was directly, and negatively associated with stoicism (β = -0.14), and positively with anxious preoccupation and helplessness (β = 0.26 and β = -0.30, respectively). Stoicism was directly, and positively associated with helplessness (β = 0.12). The model fitted the data perfectly, X² = 14.447, p = 0.044; CFI = 0.98; TLI = 0.95; NFI = 0.97M RMSEA = 0.04 (90% CI [0.000, 0.064]).

Discussion

This study examined the relationships among stoicism, social support, optimism, psychological distress and coping in patients with a resected cancer, as proposed in the adapted stoicism model. Our results validated the findings of previous studies showing that stoicism was more a risk factor than a protective one [6, 27], since more stoic individuals perceived less social support, less optimism, and used passive coping strategies as anxious preoccupation and helplessness. This led the high stoicism-scoring participants to adapt worse to their disease. These results endorse the notion of Pinnock et al., who pointed out that stoicism could potentially be a maladaptive behavior with negative attitudes toward seeking psychological help [28].

In line with earlier studies, stoicism and psychological suffering were more common in males than women [1, 2, 28–30]. In our series, the males were older, with little age dispersion [mean age, 62.1; mode, 68]; colon was the most frequent cancer. In contrast, among the women, there were two age groups, a younger one in which breast cancer was the most common tumor site and another, older group [mean age, 56.9; mode, 48] with predominance of breast and colon cancer. As such, stoicism was unrelated to age in the men insofar as most of them were older, whereas age did impact stoicism in women. Younger females were less stoic than older ones, as reflected in the literature [1]. It is possible that stoicism increases with development in adults and age-related maturity, given the acceptance that loss is inevitable. Likewise, some authors have explained it as a cohort effect; i.e., that older people have grown up in a culture in which giving up, resignation, and stoic attitudes are particularly valued [1]. Similarly, some authors suggest that males are more stoic because it is more difficult for them to identify and express their emotions or that they are afraid of appearing weak and ‘unmanly’ in light of their illness [1, 16, 31]. These differences in the characteristics of the sample are also reflected in stoicism, with colon cancer patients having higher scores on stoicism than breast cancer patients who were mostly female and younger.

Despite these discrepancies, there are more similarities than differences between men and women who have high stoicism scores. The most salient of them being that they express having less social support and are more pessimistic. Thus, it may be that if the stoic does not articulate much what is happening to them, the people around them adapt to this style and ask fewer questions to ‘not to bother them’ and the patient perceives it as a lack of support.

We did not detect any relationship between stoicism and the perception of risk of relapse or of toxicity. Nevertheless, there were differences between the genders, inasmuch as males perceived a greater risk of relapse without chemotherapy that might be associated with their greater pessimism in facing cancer. Likewise, males exhibited less anxiety and depression than females. A classic study conducted by Pettingale KW et al. in females with early stage breast cancer found that recurrence-free survival was significantly more common among patients who had initially reacted to the cancer with denial or a fighting spirit than among patients who had responded with stoic acceptance or feelings of helplessness and hopelessness [32]. In our study, social support, optimism, and coping based on positive attitude explained less stoicism in men. Stoic individuals who perceive less social support, are less optimistic, and display a passive style of coping with illness, tend to be more withdrawn—all related with worse adjustment to their disease. In contrast, Behen JM and Rodriguez JR found no correlation between resignation, social support, and coping with illness [33]. A review of eleven studies concluded that the experience of living with cancer in old age is characterized by profound ambiguity and a predominance of social withdrawal [34]. In women, stoicism was more common in older aged individuals [1] and was associated with less perceived social support and lower levels of optimism. In line with our series, Schou I et al. found a correlation between pessimism as quantified by the LOT-R scale, maladaptive coping, and depression in their study of women with breast cancer conducted one year following surgery [35].

This study has certain limitations. First, given its cross-sectional design, a causal interpretation cannot be made of the association between stoicism and psychological variables. Longitudinal research would be necessary to test the model and examine the relationship between the variables of interest. Stoic perspective could only be assessed at a given point in time and not throughout the entire process of adapting to cancer. Secondly, we have evaluated patients’ subjective appraisal of their social network without estimating the actual amount of support they received, or the support perceived by the family. Thirdly, stoicism and psychological traits were not evaluated prior to the diagnosis of cancer; as a result, the impact cancer had on them cannot be estimated.

In conclusion, stoicism was a factor that was associated with worse adaptation to cancer and was more common in males and in older participants. A stoic attitude correlated with perception of less social support, decreased optimism, and passive coping strategies (helplessness and anxious preoccupation).

Supporting information

S1 Table. The table shows the sex, age and patients scores on psychological scales.

(PDF)

Click here for additional data file.^{(756.2KB, pdf)}

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the investigators of the NEOcoping study, the Supportive Care Working Group of the Spanish Society of Medical Oncology (SEOM), Priscilla Chase Duran for editing the manuscript.

Ethics approval

The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Principality of Asturias (19 January 2015) and by the Spanish Agency of Medicines and Medical Devices (AEMPS) (number to: L34LM-MM2GH-Y925U-RJDHQ).

Data Availability

All relevant data for this study are within the paper and its Supporting information files. Additional data are available from www.neocoping.es for researchers who meet the criteria for access to confidential data.

Funding Statement

This work was supported by the FSEOM-Onvida 2015 grant for Projects on Long Survivors and Quality of Life. The sponsor of this research has not participated in data collection, analysis, or interpretation, in writing the report, or in the decision to submit the article for publication.

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PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269712.r001

Decision Letter 0

Jamie Males

13 Dec 2021

PONE-D-20-38896Stoic attitude in 932 patients with cancer from the NEOcoping study: cross-sectional studyPLOS ONE

Dear Dr. Calderón,

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Reviewer #1: This manuscript explored the association of stoicism with coping, psychological distress, optimism, perceived social support, and estimated risk of recurrence in cancer patients. The present study has several strengths: a well-written manuscript, clinical relevance of the study objective to the cancer survivorship and a relatively large sample size. Nevertheless, the reviewer has the following comments and criticism on the conceptual framework and methodology of the study, particularly on the incremental value of stoicism over existing cancer coping strategies.

1) Introduction: Stoicism is a interesting concept that has rarely been examined in the context of coping with cancer. The authors brought up this innovative construct and could potentially contribute to the existing literature. However, the current introduction is too brief and much more information is needed to establish the importance of the concept of stoicism in the context of cancer. The first two paragraphs are just overall introduction of stoicism without specific relevance to cancer. The authors need to provide a more focused background of the study while adding more citations from relevant literature. There are currently only 6 references in the Introduction!

2) What does the last sentence in Introduction “Finally, we have developed a model of stoicism correlating with coping, psychological stress, optimism, and perceived social support” mean? Is it one of the study objectives?

3) Given the cross-sectional nature of this study, implications of the current results are limited and measurement of the estimated risk of future recurrence might not be appropriate and relevant.

4) Mini-MAC: In page 4, the authors wrote that the Mini-MAC assesses five cognitive coping responses, but they only listed helplessness, anxious preoccupation, positive attitude, and cognitive avoidance as the 4 factors. It seems the authors have somehow adopted the 4-factor structure for Mini-MAC advocated in the Norwegian version they cited in [10]. However, as the authors have quoted, the Mini-MAC is generally perceived to have 5 factors with “positive attitude” being distinguished into fighting spirit (4 items) and 5) fatalism (5 items). The authors need to better a stronger justification not to opt for the conventional factor structure for the Mini-MAC given it is a well-established and validated scale of cancer coping.

5) Incremental value of stoicism: Following the last comment on Mini-MAC, the authors need to delineate the conceptual distinction between stoicism and existing cancer coping strategies such as fatalism and cognitive avoidance as Mini-MAC factors. It seems to the reviewer that stoicism has conceptual overlap with both fatalism and cognitive avoidance. It is essential to specify the conceptual difference between stoicism and existing cancer coping strategies to establish the need for the present study.

6) Analysis: The authors conduct tests on gender and age differences in stoicism and other psychological variables. Did they consider ANOVAs to test the potential interaction effects between age and gender? This should be feasible given the large sample size. The findings presented in Tables 2 – 4 are mostly t-tests and correlational analysis, which are rather basic and do not take full account of the complex relationships among the variables.

7) Why did the authors dichotomize the continuous stoicism score into high and low stoicism subgroups? What is the added value of conducting t-tests across the high-low subgroups over correlation as in Table 4? The results in Tables 3 and 4 appear to be redundant without new information added.

8) The authors conducted the correlation analyses in male and female subsamples separately in Table 4. Are the gender differences significant? Most of the correlations in Table 3 are rather small and < 0.30. Do they bear much clinical relevance to the participants?

9) Most of the variables in the study are coping strategies (social support, Mini-MAC, optimism). Why did the authors use these variables to predict stoicism in Table 5? Is stoicism perceived as a predictor of cancer symptoms/distress or outcome of other coping strategies in this study? Even though this study is only cross-sectional in nature and could not answer the causal direction among the study variables, it would be better if the authors could provide a clearer conceptual framework of the study variables related to the main construct of stoicism.

10) The authors wrote they conducted structural equation models for the regression analyses. However, a lot of information is missing for the SEM analysis, such as model specification, model fit, model modification, control variables in the model. How can they conduct SEM in SPSS 23.0 and have F-values in the results in SEM analysis? Presentation of the last part of results is too brief for the reviewer and readers to understand. Did the authors use latent factors of the predictors or outcomes in the SEM analysis?

Reviewer #2: In the article there is no theoretical background of concepts measured in the study, except stoic attitude. The other variables included in the research should be also described in the introduction.

In the methodological part, we have little information about specific cancer diagnosis. Cancer patients have different e. g. coping styles or depressive symptopms regarding the specific diagnosis. For example, patients may differ in depression level regarding to the diagnosis. It should be explained, why Authors of the manuscript did not expect and measure any differences in stoic attutude among patient with different diagnosis.

In the article there are some grammatical mistakes which need to be corrected, such as: p. 5 "Gender and stoicism differences on age, perception of life expectancy, and risk of toxicity, and psychological scales were measures using

independent samples t-tests." - should be ..."were measured". p. 8: "In our study, social support, optimism, and coping based on positive attitude explined less stoicism in men." - should be: "... explained...".

**********

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Reviewer #1: No

Reviewer #2: No

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PLoS One. 2022 Jul 28;17(7):e0269712. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269712.r002

Author response to Decision Letter 0

4 Feb 2022

Well aware of the value your critical reading brings to our text, we would like to begin by thanking the reviewer for having read the text and for considering that it may be of scientific interest and for having captured the highlights and strengths of this work. Please find below our response to each of the comments made by the reviewer.

In response to this question, we have expanded the explanation of the relevance and implication of stoicism in cancer patients and the available scientific evidence on this issue.

To clarify this point, the following paragraph has been added to the Introduction section:

“A study of men with prostate cancer of any stage suggests that stoicism is neither adaptive nor maladaptive for distress and quality of life outcomes and is not highly correlated with male self-esteem or psychological flexibility. The authors hypothesized that this may mean that men use stoicism to cope with prostate cancer in line with their own masculine values*. In another study by Mah et al., younger, and older patients with advanced cancer showed unique biopsychosocial correlates of pain-related stoicism and caution** Cognitive avoidance of distressing thoughts was intrapersonal, associated with greater concealment, self-doubt, and reticence in the elderly. Older adults were more likely to regulate emotions, to be less expressive about negative events and avoidance of negative information in relation to a more stoic attitude.”

*McAteer G, Gillanders D. Investigating the role of psychological flexibility, masculine self-esteem and stoicism as predictors of psychological distress and quality of life in men living with prostate cancer. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 2019;28(4):e13097..

**Mah K, Tran KT, Gauthier LR, et. Do Correlates of Pain-Related Stoicism and Cautiousness Differ in Younger and Older People With Advanced Cancer? J Pain. 2018;19(3):301-316.

The final sentence of the introduction does not correspond to either of the two objectives mentioned above and has therefore been deleted.

3) Given the cross-sectional nature of this study, implications of the current results are limited and measurement of the estimated risk of future recurrence might not be appropriate and relevant.

As the reviewer refers, cross-sectional nature of this study is a limiting factor and this is stated in the first limitation in the discussion section: "First, given its cross-sectional design, a causal interpretation cannot be made of the association between stoicism and psychological variables. Stoic perspective could only be assessed at a given point in time and not throughout the entire process of adapting to cancer.”

Patients were asked about their perceived risk of recurrence before starting chemotherapy adjuvant/complementary to surgery with curative intent. Since tumor stage was similar, the influence of stoicism, gender and other psychological variables on patients' perception of their risk of cancer recurrence was assessed.

Therefore, the patient's perception of their risk of cancer recurrence was considered, but no calculation of the risk of recurrence was made based on any of the variables studied. Therefore, the analyses do not establish causal relationships in oncological outcomes.

The authors of this paper validated the Spanish version of the Mini-MAC in a Spanish series of cancer patients*.

The results of the factor analysis indicated a 4-factor structure. Three subscales have similar psychometric properties to the Helplessness, Anxious preoccupation, and Cognitive avoidance subscales of the original Mini-MAC and the Fighting Spirit and Fatalism subscales were combined into the Positive Attitude scale. The scale scores derived from the four factors showed acceptable accuracy for individual measures, as well as stability across test-retest assessments at 6 months. Validity assessments found meaningful relations between the derived scale scores, and Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) depression and anxiety scores and Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT) spiritual well-being scores.

Therefore, given that our team had validated and confirmed in previous work the accuracy of a 4-factor based scale, it was decided to use it in this work.

In the method section, we have added the following clarification regarding this point:

“The 29-item mini-MAC assesses five cognitive coping responses: helplessness, anxious preoccupation, fighting spirit, fatalism and cognitive avoidance. For this study, the version with a 4-factor structure validated in Spanish was used, grouping fighting spirit and fatalism into a single factor, positive attitude*.”

*Calderon C, Lorenzo-Seva U, Ferrando PJ, et al. Psychometric properties of Spanish version of the Mini-Mental Adjustment to Cancer Scale. Int J Clin Health Psychol. 2021;21(1):100185. doi: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2020.06.001.

The term fatalism refers to the belief in the determinism of events, directed by causes independent of human will. This notion of fatalism carries a negative connotation. While Stoicism is based on the notion of control over life-disturbing emotions, the goal is based on tolerance and self-control. We have made changes to the introduction to delineate the concepts.

You are right, it would be interesting to analyze the interaction between stoicism and sex and age and we will take that into account for future studies. The objective of the present study was to analyze the differences between patients with high and low levels of stoicism.

To carry out the statistical analyzes presented in tables 2 and 4, we rely on the scientific literature that indicates that significant differences are observed between men and women in stoicism. The correlation of stoicism with the psychological variables according to sex was carried out first, in order to know which of these would be predictive in explaining stoicism (Table 5), also differentiating it by sex.

Our study aims to explain the percentage of explained variance of various psychological variables in stoicism, it does not try to explain how stoicism develops, for this we would need to carry out a longitudinal study. Following your recommendations, we have improved the conceptual framework of the introduction.

As described in Data Analysis, in the manuscript we use two linear regression analyzes to predict the association between stoicism and psychological scales in men and women. In subsequent statistical analyses, stoicism served as the criterion variable in regression analyses, while social support (according to the MSPSS), coping strategies (Mini-MAC), psychological distress (BSI-18) and optimism (LOT-R) were used as predictors.

We have not used SEM. We are sorry.

In response to the reviewer's request, we have added the following paragraph in the introduction section relating to the other items, coping, psychological distress, optimism, and perception of social support:

“As cancer is a stressful event associated with fear and prognostic uncertainty, it is common for patients to employ coping strategies to deal with it. Stoicism and emotional distress (anxiety, depression, and somatization) may interfere with coping by increasing anxious preoccupation*. Dispositional optimism may act as a resource that maintains a positive mood, provides a more flexible coping style to face with the inability to control stressful stimuli, and protects patients from the possible negative effects of cancer treatment and cancer itself in case of recurrence**,***. Likewise, social support, defined as the perception that others are willing to help, appears to operate similarly to optimism and is a critical factor in decreasing negative psychological affect in individuals with cancer****.”

*Jimenez-Fonseca P, Calderón C, Hernández R, et al. Factors associated with anxiety and depression in cancer patients prior to initiating adjuvant therapy. Clin Transl Oncol. 2018;20(11):1408-1415. doi: 10.1007/s12094-018-1873-9.

**Ciria-Suarez L, Calderon C, Fernández Montes A, et al. Optimism and social support as contributing factors to spirituality in Cancer patients. Support Care Cancer. 2021;29(6):3367-3373. doi: 10.1007/s00520-020-05954-4.

***Ciria-Suarez L, Jiménez-Fonseca P, Palacín-Lois M, et al. Breast cancer patient experiences through a journey map: A qualitative study. PLoS One. 2021 Sep 22;16(9):e0257680. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257680.

****Calderon C, Gomez D, Carmona-Bayonas A, et al. Social support, coping strategies and sociodemographic factors in women with breast cancer. Clin Transl Oncol. 2021;23(9):1955-1960. doi: 10.1007/s12094-021-02592-y

In the methodological part, we have little information about specific cancer diagnosis. Cancer patients have different e. g. coping styles or depressive symptoms regarding the specific diagnosis. For example, patients may differ in depression level regarding to the diagnosis. It should be explained, why Authors of the manuscript did not expect and measure any differences in stoic attitude among patient with different diagnosis.

Analyzing the differences in depression and coping strategies among cancer patients is very interesting, but it is not the objective of our study.

Following the reviewer's indications, we have checked the text in detail and corrected the two spelling mistakes and one other error that we have detected.

We have highlighted them in blue in the text.

Cognizant of the contribution their insightful and critical observations have made to enhancing the quality of the text, the researchers of this study would again like to thank the Editor and reviewers for their time and effort.

Attachment

Submitted filename: Stoicism Response to Reviewers FINAL.docx

Click here for additional data file.^{(27.1KB, docx)}

PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269712.r003

Decision Letter 1

Ted CT Fong

18 Mar 2022

PONE-D-20-38896R1Stoic attitude in patients with cancer from the NEOcoping study: cross-sectional studyPLOS ONE

Dear Dr. Calderón,

To preserve transparency and uphold the integrity of the scientific process, I acknowledge my previous reviewer role in this decision letter to the authors. We were fortunate to have the insightful comments from four expert reviewers on the revised manuscript. The authors have in general conducted a satisfactory revision on the manuscript in view of the previous reviewer comments. However, the manuscript still needs to address the methodological concerns raised by Reviewer 3 regarding statistical analysis. As Reviewer 3 pointed out, it is necessary to carry out and include some additional statistical methods of greater capacity to predict more complex relational maps.

Please submit your revised manuscript by May 02 2022 11:59PM. If you will need more time than this to complete your revisions, please reply to this message or contact the journal office at plosone@plos.org. When you're ready to submit your revision, log on to https://www.editorialmanager.com/pone/ and select the 'Submissions Needing Revision' folder to locate your manuscript file.

Please include the following items when submitting your revised manuscript:

A rebuttal letter that responds to each point raised by the academic editor and reviewer(s). You should upload this letter as a separate file labeled 'Response to Reviewers'.
A marked-up copy of your manuscript that highlights changes made to the original version. You should upload this as a separate file labeled 'Revised Manuscript with Track Changes'.
An unmarked version of your revised paper without tracked changes. You should upload this as a separate file labeled 'Manuscript'.

We look forward to receiving your revised manuscript.

Kind regards,

Ted C.T. Fong

Academic Editor

PLOS ONE

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Reviewers' comments:

Reviewer's Responses to Questions

Comments to the Author

1. If the authors have adequately addressed your comments raised in a previous round of review and you feel that this manuscript is now acceptable for publication, you may indicate that here to bypass the “Comments to the Author” section, enter your conflict of interest statement in the “Confidential to Editor” section, and submit your "Accept" recommendation.

Reviewer #2: (No Response)

Reviewer #3: (No Response)

Reviewer #4: (No Response)

Reviewer #5: All comments have been addressed

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2. Is the manuscript technically sound, and do the data support the conclusions?

Reviewer #2: Yes

Reviewer #3: Partly

Reviewer #4: Partly

Reviewer #5: Yes

**********

3. Has the statistical analysis been performed appropriately and rigorously?

Reviewer #2: Yes

Reviewer #3: No

Reviewer #4: Yes

Reviewer #5: Yes

**********

4. Have the authors made all data underlying the findings in their manuscript fully available?

Reviewer #2: Yes

Reviewer #3: Yes

Reviewer #4: Yes

Reviewer #5: Yes

**********

5. Is the manuscript presented in an intelligible fashion and written in standard English?

Reviewer #2: No

Reviewer #3: Yes

Reviewer #4: Yes

Reviewer #5: Yes

**********

6. Review Comments to the Author

Reviewer #2: The article has been improved but there are still some issues to explain.

The Authors still did not refer to the question: "...why Authors of the manuscript did not expect and measure any differences

in stoic attitude among patients with different diagnosis? (diagnosis of type of cancer of course).

There are still many linguistic errors and the style should be improved (e.g. in the sentense: "Stoicism has been associated with being male, and Wagstaff and Rowledge found that men exhibited higher stoicism scores; nevertheless, no studies on the associations with stoicism specifically in men and women with cancer").

Reviewer #3: The manuscript addresses a topic that is consistent with the scope and aims of this Journal

It contributes new knowledge to the specialty in an important issue for health.

Writing style, organization, and clarity is adequate.

The study shows new findings.

The use of language is clear and precise.

The ideas are presented in an economical way.

The content is interesting.

The content is well organized with logical flow.

The work is grounded in recently published literature.

The purpose of the manuscript is important for health:

the aim was to explore associations of stoicism with other outcomes in patients with non-metastatic cancer, and assess gender differences in age, perception of the risk of cancer relapse, the risk of adjuvant chemotherapy-related toxicity, coping, psychological stress, optimism, and perceived social support.

The sample appears to be adequate with appropriate data:

In general, the scales in this study have good internal consistency.

Internal consistency was analyzed using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Values of α above 0.70 were considered adequate, confirming that the items were sufficiently correlated

The statistical analyses performed are adequate but too simple (frequency, correlation, comparision of means, regression) to generate a novel impact or significant conclusions from the research question posed. It would be necessary to consider a greater impact of the data from analyses that allow more predictive conclusions.

They informed that the margin error of the sample size was calculated (Cohen’s statistis).. The effect size has to be indicated as a relevant information in comparison of means in order to be able to properly interpret the statistical power of the result found.

A structural equation model (SEM) is needed for these prediction objectives and this big size of sample. Particularly, the structural equation model, (SEM) the estimate provided by the robust method of maximum likelihood estimation (ML), recommended to correct the possible absence of multivariate normality, is recommended to be applied in all cases. A structural equation model could be done to predict dependent variables through independent variables. In addition, multigroup have to be conducted to test the moderating effect of variables such as gender, type of cancer, severity of the disease (measured by variables such as prognosis, cancer stage, risk of cancer recurrence, toxicity)

For example, in consideration of the dropout rate according to the criteria of Bae (2017) at least 200 participants required in path analysis with 12 or fewer observation. In this study we have a sample over 900 participants.

The QCA allows the quantitative analysis even in cases of a small number of participants (that is not particularly the case of this study), but using Boolean algebra as a formal tool to identify which of a series of factors (independent variables or causal conditions) are associated with the presence of a given result (criterion variable or result condition). Thus, it allows proposing pathways (which combine a particular interaction between the variables) to optimize the prediction of the independent variable.

It is necessary to carry out and include some additional statistical method of greater capacity to predict more complex relational maps.

Reviewer #4: This is an interesting study that will start an important conversation about the role of stocism in coping with cancer. There are several weaknesses that need to be addressed:

1. The introductory section does not really create the right background to the paper even though it was amended from the original. The authors need to present an argument that provides the basis for exploring stocism in cancer.

2. This is a substudy of a larger study I take it. That said the aims of the larger study are not articulated and there are no aims for this study or research questions that guided the analysis.

3. The lack of an aim and research questions limits that discussion of findings and is a weakness. I was also disappointed that the discussion did not point to the potential clinical relevance of the construct, how you might assess in practice or point to the sort of research that is now needed if the construct has merit for further investigation.

I have also made some notes on the manuscript as at times the authors make comments that suggest a causal or directional relationship that the study is not set up to demonstrate.

Reviewer #5: This manuscript entitled Stoic attitude in patients with cancer from the NEOcoping study: cross-sectional study aimed to explore the association of stoicism with coping, psychological distress, optimism, perceived social support, and estimated risk of recurrence in cancer patients. I congratulation the authors for this well-written manuscript that covers an importante subject that may guide care for cancer survivors. The revised version is much better than the original one. I have only minor concerns related to some points that I listed below

The aim of this study should be the same in the abstract and at the end of the introduction.

It was stated in method that 932 individuals were recruited. It should be mentioned in methods how many participants were included and whow many were male or female.

**********

7. PLOS authors have the option to publish the peer review history of their article (what does this mean?). If published, this will include your full peer review and any attached files.

If you choose “no”, your identity will remain anonymous but your review may still be made public.

Do you want your identity to be public for this peer review? For information about this choice, including consent withdrawal, please see our Privacy Policy.

Reviewer #2: No

Reviewer #3: No

Reviewer #4: No

Reviewer #5: No

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PLoS One. 2022 Jul 28;17(7):e0269712. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269712.r004

Author response to Decision Letter 1

3 May 2022

Reviewers' comments:

Reviewer #2: The article has been improved but there are still some issues to explain.

The Authors still did not refer to the question: "...why Authors of the manuscript did not expect and measure any differences in stoic attitude among patients with different diagnosis? (diagnosis of type of cancer of course).

Comment: Following your suggestion, we have performed the calculation and the results indicate that there are differences depending on the primary tumor (F= 10.445, p=0.001). Patients with colon cancer score higher on stoicism than patients with breast cancer (M: 57.4 vs M 53.8, IJ: 3.544, p=0.001, respectively).

-Colon (M: 57.4, SD: 7.3)

- Breast (M: 53.8, SD: 7.9)

- Stomach (M: 56.8; SD: 7.1)

- Others (M: 55.9; SD: 7.8)

We have included these in the manuscript (result section):

“In terms of primary cancer, patients with colon cancer scored higher on stoicism than patients with breast cancer (M: 57.4 vs M 53.8; F= 10.445, p=0.001; IJ: 3.544, p=0.001, respectively).”

Comment: The text was translated by a professional translator who has revised it again after the response to the queries, making modifications. In particular, this sentence has been removed from the text. The authors hope that this new version of the article will be better written for the reviewer.

Reviewer #3: The manuscript addresses a topic that is consistent with the scope and aims of this Journal. The purpose of the manuscript is important for health: the aim was to explore associations of stoicism with other outcomes in patients with non-metastatic cancer, and assess gender differences in age, perception of the risk of cancer relapse, the risk of adjuvant chemotherapy-related toxicity, coping, psychological stress, optimism, and perceived social support.

The statistical analyses performed are adequate but too simple (frequency, correlation, comparison of means, regression) to generate a novel impact or significant conclusions from the research question posed. It would be necessary to consider a greater impact of the data from analyses that allow more predictive conclusions. They informed that the margin error of the sample size was calculated (Cohen’s statistics). The effect size has to be indicated as a relevant information in comparison of means in order to be able to properly interpret the statistical power of the result found.

Comment:

We thank the reviewer for this suggestion, which has helped to increase the rigor and precision of the results.

Following this suggestion, we have included information on how to interpret the statistical power of the analyses performed and on the use of a Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to estimate the correlation between variables. This is the text added in the methods section:

“Effect sizes were calculated by Cohen’s statistics. Cohen’s d was reported as an indicator of the effect size of the differences, with d > 0.2 representing a small, d > 0.5 a medium and d > 0.8 a large effect size [27]. Bivariate correlations were calculated between stoicism (LSS) and psychological scales (MSPSS, Mini-Mac, BSI-18, and LOT-R) and sociodemographic factors. All data were checked for normality, outliers, and the assumptions of multicollinearity and homoscedasticity. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is a method for building, estimating, and testing theoretical models of the relationships between variables. It can be used instead of multiple regression and other methods to analyze the strength of correlations between individual variable indicators in a specific population [28]. In this study, the previously determined significant factors were used in the SEM to identify the relationship between stoicism and psychological scales. Standardized direct, indirect, and total effects with corresponding 95% bias-corrected confidence intervals (CI) were measure using the bootstrapping methods [28,29]. The model fit was tested using the normed χ2 value (NC; desired value < 2.0, desired significance P > 0.05), the goodness-of-fit index; the Comparative Fit Index (CFI), the Tucker-Lewis index (TLI), the Normed Fit index (NFI) (>0.95 indicating an excellent fit); root mean square of approximation (RMSEA; desired value< 0.06) [28].”

Statistical analyses based on regression are adequate for prediction but trying a Path analysis, SEM or QCA analysis could improve the prediction capacity with such a big sample and could answer the predicting objectives of this study in a more complete way. A structural equation model (SEM) is needed for these prediction objectives and this big size of sample. Particularly, the structural equation model, (SEM) the estimate provided by the robust method of maximum likelihood estimation (ML), recommended to correct the possible absence of multivariate normality, is recommended to be applied in all cases. A structural equation model could be done to predict dependent variables through independent variables. In addition, multigroup have to be conducted to test the moderating effect of variables such as gender, type of cancer, severity of the disease (measured by variables such as prognosis, cancer stage, risk of cancer recurrence, toxicity). For example, in consideration of the dropout rate according to the criteria of Bae (2017) at least 200 participants required in path analysis with 12 or fewer observation. In this study we have a sample over 900 participants.

The QCA allows the quantitative analysis even in cases of a small number of participants (that is not particularly the case of this study) but using Boolean algebra as a formal tool to identify which of a series of factors (independent variables or causal conditions) are associated with the presence of a given result (criterion variable or result condition). Thus, it allows proposing pathways (which combine a particular interaction between the variables) to optimize the prediction of the independent variable. It is necessary to carry out and include some additional statistical method of greater capacity to predict more complex relational maps.

Comment: As suggested, we have adapted the stoicism theoretical model of Furnham et al., 2003; Spiers, 2006, described in the introduction. This stoicism model represents the relationship between several key constructs among stoicism, social support, optimism, and coping strategies.

We presume that: a) social support and optimism will positively affect patients' stoicism and coping strategies; b) stoicism will be related to coping strategies; c) and the relationships between social support and optimism and coping strategies will be mediated by stoicism.

We have also carried out additional statistical analyses (using SEM) to predict this model and have modified the last results section by adding a new text and two new figures:

“Trajectory analysis results: relationship among stoicism and psychological variables

In men, as displayed in Figure 1, social support and optimism were directly, and negatively associated with stoicism (β =-0.17 and β =-0.23, respectively). Stoicism was directly, and positively associated with anxious preoccupation (β =0.12). Social support was positively associated with positive aptitude (β =0.17), and depression was positively associated with anxious preoccupation (β =0.56). The model fitted the data perfectly, X2=11.318, p=0.045; CFI=0.97; TLI=0.95; NFI=0.96; RMSEA=0.05 (90% CI [0.001, 0.074]).

In women, as displayed in Figure 2, stoicism was directly, and negatively associated with social support and positively with age (β =-0.21 and β =0.21, respectively). Optimism was directly, and negatively associated with stoicism (β =-0.14), and positively with anxious preoccupation and helplessness (β =0.26 and β =-0.30, respectively). Stoicism was directly, and positively associated with helplessness (β =0.12). The model fitted the data perfectly, X2= 14.447, p=0.044; CFI= 0.98; TLI= 0.95; NFI= 0.97M RMSEA= 0.04 (90% CI [0.000, 0.064]).”

Figure 1. Tested study model: relationship between stoicism and psychological variables in men. Note: Dashed lines indicate statistically non-significant paths. *p<0.01; **p<0.001.

Figure 2. Tested study model: relationship between stoicism and psychological variables in women.

Note: Dashed lines indicate statistically non-significant paths. *p<0.01; **p<0.001.

Reviewer #4: This is an interesting study that will start an important conversation about the role of stocism in coping with cancer. There are several weaknesses that need to be addressed:

Comment: we have modified several sections of the introduction to present a robust and well-argued theoretical framework to justify the study of the influence of stoicism on psychological variables associated with coping with cancer.

At the end of paragraph 2 of the introduction we have added this text:

“Some studies have shown that stoicism would be very sensitive to the health setting, and this could have implications for the patient's treatment and prognosis [6, 7]. Maintaining a stoic attitude towards pain and knowing one's own limits could be particularly beneficial for the patient and allow them to adopt a more adaptive coping style [4], or conversely, the stoic attitude could restrict attempts at medical intervention if the patient does not report their real clinical situation (i. e., the patient feels pain, but does not show it). Therefore, according to other researchers, stoic characteristics hinder seeking care, delay diagnosis, and prevent the implementation of improvements in psychological care [1].”

At the end of the introduction, we have added a fourth paragraph:

“Overall, the interrelationships between social support, optimism, stoicism, coping strategies and psychological distress remain to be further investigated. In the oncology field, little has been explored about the pathways through which stoicism influences coping in cancer patients. Some authors suggest that men and older people have higher levels of stoicism than women [2,17] or younger people [1]. Other authors have suggested that men and older adults are more stoic because they find it more difficult to identify and express their emotions [18], which would have a negative influence on seeking psychological help [19]. Meanwhile, other research suggests that the stoic attitude is more related to the ability to self-regulate one's emotions [12].”

2. This is a substudy of a larger study I take it. That said the aims of the larger study are not articulated and there are no aims for this study or research questions that guided the analysis.

Comment: In response to this comment, we have included the following text with the hypotheses to make it easier to read and to better express what we expect to find:

“In this perspective, our study has assessed the fit of an adapted stoicism model [4,5] (figure 1) using data collected from a large sample of patients who had cancer resected with curative intent. This adapted model of stoicism represents key constructs (social support, optimism, psychological distress, stoicism, and coping strategies), as well as the relationships between the variables used to operationalize the constructs. We presume that: a) social support and optimism will positively affect stoicism and coping strategies; b) stoicism will be related to coping strategies; and c) the relationships between social support, optimism and coping strategies will be mediated by stoicism.”

Comment: We hope that the manuscript has been improved by the rewriting of the theoretical framework in the introduction, the inclusion of concise objectives and hypotheses, and explanations in the discussion that make clear the relevance, pertinence and applicability of this research. We have also included the prevalence of stoicism:

“Overall, 27% of patients had low (PD≤ 46), and 33% had high stoicism scores (PD≥64).”

I have also made some notes on the manuscript as at times the authors make comments that suggest a causal or directional relationship that the study is not set up to demonstrate.

Comment: we have included a new analysis with Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to support the assertions we made in the manuscript and which we have explained in detail in the questions raised by reviewer #3. This is the text added to the statistical method section:

“In this study, the previously determined significant factors were used in the SEM to identify the relationship between stoicism and psychological scales. Standardized direct, indirect, and total effects with corresponding 95% bias-corrected confidence intervals (CI) were measure using the bootstrapping methods [28,29]. The model fit was tested using the normed χ2 value (NC; desired value < 2.0, desired significance P > 0.05), the goodness-of-fit index; the Comparative Fit Index (CFI), the Tucker-Lewis index (TLI), the Normed Fit index (NFI) (>0.95 indicating an excellent fit); root mean square of approximation (RMSEA; desired value< 0.06) [28].”

Reviewer #5: The revised version is much better than the original one. I have only minor concerns related to some points that I listed below. The aim of this study should be the same in the abstract and at the end of the introduction.

It was stated in method that 932 individuals were recruited. It should be mentioned in methods how many participants were included and who many were male or female.

Comment: we have reviewed the objective of the abstract and the text and adjusted them to match. We have added how many patients were women and men through the following text (results section): “Mean age was 62.1 years (standard deviation [SD]=12.1, range 24-85), 61% (n=566) were female and 39% (n=366) were male.”

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PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269712.r005

Decision Letter 2

Ted CT Fong

27 May 2022

Stoic attitude in patients with cancer from the NEOcoping study: cross-sectional study

PONE-D-20-38896R2

Dear Dr. Calderón,

We’re pleased to inform you that your manuscript has been judged scientifically suitable for publication and will be formally accepted for publication once it meets all outstanding technical requirements.

Within one week, you’ll receive an e-mail detailing the required amendments. When these have been addressed, you’ll receive a formal acceptance letter and your manuscript will be scheduled for publication.

An invoice for payment will follow shortly after the formal acceptance. To ensure an efficient process, please log into Editorial Manager at http://www.editorialmanager.com/pone/, click the 'Update My Information' link at the top of the page, and double check that your user information is up-to-date. If you have any billing related questions, please contact our Author Billing department directly at authorbilling@plos.org.

If your institution or institutions have a press office, please notify them about your upcoming paper to help maximize its impact. If they’ll be preparing press materials, please inform our press team as soon as possible -- no later than 48 hours after receiving the formal acceptance. Your manuscript will remain under strict press embargo until 2 pm Eastern Time on the date of publication. For more information, please contact onepress@plos.org.

Kind regards,

Ted C.T. Fong

Guest Editor

PLOS ONE

Additional Editor Comments (optional):

Please address the remaining comment from Reviewer 4 and revise the abstract to reflect the altered analysis.

Reviewers' comments:

Reviewer's Responses to Questions

Comments to the Author

Reviewer #2: All comments have been addressed

Reviewer #3: All comments have been addressed

Reviewer #4: All comments have been addressed

Reviewer #5: All comments have been addressed

**********

2. Is the manuscript technically sound, and do the data support the conclusions?

Reviewer #2: (No Response)

Reviewer #3: Yes

Reviewer #4: Yes

Reviewer #5: Yes

**********

3. Has the statistical analysis been performed appropriately and rigorously?

Reviewer #2: (No Response)

Reviewer #3: Yes

Reviewer #4: Yes

Reviewer #5: Yes

**********

4. Have the authors made all data underlying the findings in their manuscript fully available?

Reviewer #2: (No Response)

Reviewer #3: Yes

Reviewer #4: Yes

Reviewer #5: Yes

**********

5. Is the manuscript presented in an intelligible fashion and written in standard English?

Reviewer #2: (No Response)

Reviewer #3: Yes

Reviewer #4: Yes

Reviewer #5: Yes

**********

6. Review Comments to the Author

Reviewer #2: (No Response)

Reviewer #3: All comments have been addressed, I recommend "Accept".

The effect size has been indicated as a relevant information in comparison of means in order to be able to properly interpret the statistical power of the result found. They have included information on how to interpret all the statistical power of the analyses performed. They have done new anaylisis, a Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to estimate the correlation between variables.

Reviewer #4: The abstract needs to be revised to address the altered analysis.

Otherwise the authors have addressed reviewer comments.

**********

7. PLOS authors have the option to publish the peer review history of their article (what does this mean?). If published, this will include your full peer review and any attached files.

If you choose “no”, your identity will remain anonymous but your review may still be made public.

Do you want your identity to be public for this peer review? For information about this choice, including consent withdrawal, please see our Privacy Policy.

Reviewer #2: No

Reviewer #3: No

Reviewer #4: No

Reviewer #5: No

PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269712.r006

Acceptance letter

Ted CT Fong

8 Jul 2022

PONE-D-20-38896R2

Stoic attitude in patients with cancer from the NEOcoping study: cross-sectional study

Dear Dr. Calderon:

I'm pleased to inform you that your manuscript has been deemed suitable for publication in PLOS ONE. Congratulations! Your manuscript is now with our production department.

If your institution or institutions have a press office, please let them know about your upcoming paper now to help maximize its impact. If they'll be preparing press materials, please inform our press team within the next 48 hours. Your manuscript will remain under strict press embargo until 2 pm Eastern Time on the date of publication. For more information please contact onepress@plos.org.

If we can help with anything else, please email us at plosone@plos.org.

Thank you for submitting your work to PLOS ONE and supporting open access.

Kind regards,

PLOS ONE Editorial Office Staff

on behalf of

Dr. Ted C.T. Fong

Guest Editor

PLOS ONE

Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

S1 Table. The table shows the sex, age and patients scores on psychological scales.

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Data Availability Statement

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PERMALINK

Stoic attitude in patients with cancer from the NEOcoping study: Cross-sectional study

David Gomez

Alberto Carmona-Bayonas

Raquel Hernandez

Oliver Higuera

Jacobo Rogado

Vilma Pacheco-Barcia

María Valero

Mireia Gil-Raga

Mª Mar Muñoz

Rafael Carrión-Galindo

Paula Jimenez-Fonseca

Caterina Calderon

Roles

Abstract

Aim

Method

Results

Discussion

Introduction

Methods

Study design and population

Instruments and data collection

Demographic data

Data analysis

Results

Patients’ baseline characteristics

Table 1. Patient characteristics (n = 932).

Gender differences with respect to age, perception of risk of recurrence and toxicity, stoicism, and psychological scales in patients with cancer

Table 2. Gender differences in age, perception of risk of recurrence and toxicity, stoicism, and psychological scales in patients with cancer.

Stoicism differences by age, perception of risk of recurrence and toxicity, and psychological scales in patients with cancer

Table 3. Comparison of cancer patients with high and low stoicism by age, perception of risk of recurrence and toxicity, and psychological scales.

Relation between stoicism and social and psychological scales in men and women

Table 4. Correlation between stoicism, perception of risk of recurrence and toxicity, psychological scales in men and women with cancer.

Trajectory analysis results: Relationship among stoicism and psychological variables

Fig 1. Tested study model: Relationship between stoicism and psychological variables in men.

Fig 2. Tested study model: Relationship between stoicism and psychological variables in women.

Discussion

Supporting information

Acknowledgments

Ethics approval

Data Availability

Funding Statement

References

Decision Letter 0

Jamie Males

Roles

Author response to Decision Letter 0

Decision Letter 1

Ted CT Fong

Roles

Author response to Decision Letter 1

Decision Letter 2

Ted CT Fong

Roles

Acceptance letter

Ted CT Fong

Roles

Associated Data

Supplementary Materials

Data Availability Statement

ACTIONS

PERMALINK

RESOURCES

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