Summary
Background
We aimed to evaluate the use of baricitinib, a Janus kinase (JAK) 1–2 inhibitor, for the treatment of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19.
Methods
This randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial (Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy [RECOVERY]), is assessing multiple possible treatments in patients hospitalised with COVID-19 in the UK. Eligible and consenting patients were randomly allocated (1:1) to either usual standard of care alone (usual care group) or usual care plus baricitinib 4 mg once daily by mouth for 10 days or until discharge if sooner (baricitinib group). The primary outcome was 28-day mortality assessed in the intention-to-treat population. A meta-analysis was done, which included the results from the RECOVERY trial and all previous randomised controlled trials of baricitinib or other JAK inhibitor in patients hospitalised with COVID-19. The RECOVERY trial is registered with ISRCTN (50189673) and ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04381936) and is ongoing.
Findings
Between Feb 2 and Dec 29, 2021, from 10 852 enrolled, 8156 patients were randomly allocated to receive usual care plus baricitinib versus usual care alone. At randomisation, 95% of patients were receiving corticosteroids and 23% were receiving tocilizumab (with planned use within the next 24 h recorded for a further 9%). Overall, 514 (12%) of 4148 patients allocated to baricitinib versus 546 (14%) of 4008 patients allocated to usual care died within 28 days (age-adjusted rate ratio 0·87; 95% CI 0·77–0·99; p=0·028). This 13% proportional reduction in mortality was somewhat smaller than that seen in a meta-analysis of eight previous trials of a JAK inhibitor (involving 3732 patients and 425 deaths), in which allocation to a JAK inhibitor was associated with a 43% proportional reduction in mortality (rate ratio 0·57; 95% CI 0·45–0·72). Including the results from RECOVERY in an updated meta-analysis of all nine completed trials (involving 11 888 randomly assigned patients and 1485 deaths) allocation to baricitinib or another JAK inhibitor was associated with a 20% proportional reduction in mortality (rate ratio 0·80; 95% CI 0·72–0·89; p<0·0001). In RECOVERY, there was no significant excess in death or infection due to non-COVID-19 causes and no significant excess of thrombosis, or other safety outcomes.
Interpretation
In patients hospitalised with COVID-19, baricitinib significantly reduced the risk of death but the size of benefit was somewhat smaller than that suggested by previous trials. The total randomised evidence to date suggests that JAK inhibitors (chiefly baricitinib) reduce mortality in patients hospitalised for COVID-19 by about one-fifth.
Funding
UK Research and Innovation (Medical Research Council) and National Institute of Health Research.
Introduction
In patients admitted to hospital with severe COVID-19, the host immune response is thought to play a key role in driving an acute inflammatory process resulting in hypoxic respiratory failure that might require mechanical ventilator support or lead to death.1, 2 It has previously been shown that the use of dexamethasone and other corticosteroids reduces the risk of death in patients with severe hypoxic COVID-19 and that the addition of an interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor blocker further reduces the risk of death in these patients.3, 4, 5, 6
Baricitinib is an inhibitor of Janus kinase (JAK)1 and JAK2, which is licensed in the UK for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and atopic dermatitis. The JAKs are a family of four transmembrane protein kinases (JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, and tyrosine kinase 2 [TYK2]) that mediate intracellular signalling of a range of extracellular cytokines and interferons.7 JAK inhibition prevents downstream phosphorylation and hence activation of signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT). Since the JAK-STAT pathway mediates the effect of several cytokines, including IL-6, which are raised in severe COVID-19, JAK inhibitors have been proposed as a potential therapeutic option for severe COVID-19.8, 9 Baricitinib also has moderate inhibitory activity against TYK2 and genetic data support a causal link between high TYK2 expression and life-threatening COVID-19.10 Baricitinib was also predicted, by use of artificial intelligence, to reduce endocytosis of SARS-CoV-2 into lung cells by inhibiting AP2-associated protein kinase 1 and cyclin G associated kinase.8
Research in context.
Evidence before this study
We searched MEDLINE, Embase, MedRxiv and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform for trials published between Sept 1, 2019, and Feb 13, 2022, for randomised controlled trials evaluating the effect of baricitinib or another Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor in patients hospitalised with COVID-19 using the search terms (“SARS-CoV-2.mp” OR “SARS-CoV2” OR “SARSCoV2.mp” OR “COVID.mp” OR “COVID-19.mp” OR “COVID19.mp” OR “2019-nCoV.mp” OR “Coronavirus.mp” or “Coronavirinae/”) AND (“JAK inhibitor.mp or Janus kinase inhibitor/” OR “Janus kinase inhibitor.mp” OR “Baricitinib.mp or baricitinib/” OR terms for other specific JAK inhibitors (listed in the appendix p 28) and using validated filters to select for randomised controlled trials. No language restrictions were applied.
We identified eight relevant randomised trials with results available that assessed JAK inhibitors in patients hospitalised with COVID-19: three assessed baricitinib, three assessed ruxolitinib, and two assessed tofacitinib. Six of the trials had been fully published of which four were considered to have low risk of bias for the 28-day mortality outcome with two having some concerns (one because of lack of information about prespecified analyses and some imbalances between randomised groups of other interventions given during the trial; the other because of lack of information about the randomisation process, inconsistency in reporting of outcome endpoint timing, and lack of information about prespecified analyses). A meta-analysis of these eight trials, which included a total of 425 deaths among 3732 patients, suggested that allocation to a JAK inhibitor was associated with a 43% proportional reduction in 28-day mortality (rate ratio 0·57 [95% CI 0·45–0·72]).
Added value of this study
The Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy (RECOVERY) trial is the largest randomised trial of the effect of a JAK inhibitor in patients hospitalised with COVID-19. We found that in 8156 patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19, baricitinib reduced 28-day mortality by 13%, increased the probability of discharge alive within 28 days, and, among patients who were not receiving invasive mechanical ventilation at randomisation, reduced the probability of progression to the composite outcome of invasive mechanical ventilation or death. The benefits were consistent in all subgroups of patients, including those receiving a systemic corticosteroid or an interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor blocker.
Implications of all the available evidence
The randomised evidence from all nine completed JAK inhibitor trials to date suggest that treatment with baricitinib or an alternative JAK inhibitor reduces mortality by about one-fifth (rate ratio 0·80 [95% CI 0·72–0·89]) in patients hospitalised with COVID-19, including those already receiving a systemic corticosteroid or an IL-6 receptor blocker.
Baricitinib was tested in combination with remdesivir in the Adaptive Covid-19 Treatment Trial-2 (ACTT-2) and was shown to improve time to recovery compared with remdesivir alone (rate ratio for recovery 1·16, 95% CI 1·01–1·32). There was also a suggestion that 28-day mortality might be reduced by baricitinib (hazard ratio 0·65, 95% CI 0·39–1·09).11 As a consequence, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued an emergency use authorisation for the use of baricitinib for the treatment of COVID-19 in patients who are hospitalised and requiring oxygen, invasive mechanical ventilation, or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.12 Since then, a further seven randomised trials of JAK inhibitors have reported (NCT04362137, NCT04377620 13, 14, 15, 16, 17), of which two have reported a significant reduction in mortality (NCT0437762016). Here we report the results of a large randomised controlled trial of baricitinib in patients hospitalised with severe COVID-19.
Methods
Study design and participants
The Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy (RECOVERY) trial is an investigator-initiated, individually randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial to evaluate the effects of potential treatments in patients hospitalised with COVID-19. Details of the trial design and results for other possible treatments (dexamethasone, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir–ritonavir, azithromycin, tocilizumab, convalescent plasma, colchicine, aspirin, and casirivimab plus imdevimab) have been published previously.3, 5, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 The trial is underway at 177 hospital organisations in the UK supported by the National Institute for Health Research Clinical Research Network (appendix pp 3–27). Of these, 159 UK hospitals enrolled participants in the evaluation of baricitinib. The trial is coordinated by the Nuffield Department of Population Health at the University of Oxford (Oxford, UK), the trial sponsor. The trial is done in accordance with the principles of the International Conference on Harmonisation–Good Clinical Practice guidelines and approved by the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency and the Cambridge East Research Ethics Committee (reference 20/EE/0101). The protocol and statistical analysis plan are available in the appendix (pp 68–145) with additional information available on the study website.
Patients aged at least 2 years admitted to hospital were eligible for the study if they had clinically suspected or laboratory confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and no medical history that might, in the opinion of the attending clinician, put the patient at substantial risk if they were to participate in the trial. Patients were ineligible for the comparison of baricitinib versus usual care if younger than 2 years, had estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of less than 15 mL/min per 1·73 m2 or were on dialysis or haemofiltration, had a neutrophil count of less than 0·5 × 109 per L, had evidence of active tuberculosis infection, or were pregnant or breastfeeding. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients, or a legal representative if patients were too unwell or unable to provide consent.
Randomisation and masking
Baseline data were collected by means of a web-based case report form that included demographics, amount of respiratory support, major comorbidities, suitability of the study treatment for a particular patient, SARS-CoV-2 vaccination status, and treatment availability at the study site (appendix pp 38–42).
Eligible and consenting patients were assigned in a 1:1 ratio to either usual standard of care plus baricitinib or usual standard of care alone, by means of web-based simple (unstratified) randomisation with allocation concealed until after randomisation (appendix pp 33–37). For some patients, baricitinib was unavailable at the hospital at the time of enrolment or was considered by the managing physician to be either definitely indicated or definitely contraindicated. These patients were excluded from the randomised comparison between baricitinib versus usual care. Patients allocated to baricitinib were to receive baricitinib 4 mg daily for 10 days (or until discharge if sooner). The dose was to be reduced for patients with eGFR of less than 60 mL/min per 1·73 m2 or receiving probenecid, and for children younger than 9 years (see appendix p 30 for dosing details). Previous or subsequent administration of tocilizumab was permitted at the discretion of the managing physician who was also responsible for considering the risk of infection and gastrointestinal perforation (particularly in the context of corticosteroid use).
As a platform trial, and in a factorial design, patients could be simultaneously randomised to other treatment groups: colchicine versus usual care, aspirin versus usual care, dimethyl fumarate versus usual care, casirivimab plus imdevimab versus usual care, and empagliflozin versus usual care. Further details of when these factorial randomisations were open are provided in the appendix (pp 38–39). Participants and local study staff were not masked to the allocated treatment. The Trial Steering Committee, investigators, and all other individuals involved in the trial were masked to outcome data during the trial.
Procedures
An online follow-up form was completed by site staff when patients were discharged, had died, or at 28 days after randomisation, whichever occurred first (appendix pp 45–50). Information was recorded on adherence to allocated trial treatment, receipt of other COVID-19 treatments, duration of admission, receipt of respiratory or renal support, new cardiac arrhythmia, thrombosis, clinically significant bleeding, non-COVID-19 infection, and vital status (including cause of death). In addition, routinely collected health-care and registry data were obtained, including information on vital status at day 28 (with date and cause of death); discharge from hospital; and receipt of respiratory support or renal replacement therapy.
Outcomes
Outcomes were assessed at 28 days after randomisation, with further analyses specified at 6 months. The primary outcome was 28-day all-cause mortality. Secondary outcomes were time to discharge from hospital, and, among patients not on invasive mechanical ventilation at randomisation, the composite outcome of invasive mechanical ventilation (including extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation) or death. Prespecified subsidiary clinical outcomes were use of invasive or non-invasive ventilation among patients not on any ventilation at randomisation, time to successful cessation of invasive mechanical ventilation (defined as cessation of invasive mechanical ventilation within, and survival to, 28 days), and use of renal dialysis or haemofiltration. Prespecified safety outcomes were cause-specific mortality, major cardiac arrhythmia, thrombotic and major bleeding events, and other infections. Information on suspected serious adverse reactions was collected in an expedited fashion to comply with regulatory requirements. Details of the methods used to ascertain and derive outcomes are provided in the appendix (pp 146–66).
Statistical analysis
For all outcomes, intention-to-treat analyses compared patients randomly assigned to baricitinib with patients randomly assigned to usual care. Through the play of chance in the unstratified randomisation, patients in the baricitinib group were slightly older than patients in the usual care group (table 1). In accordance with the prespecified statistical analysis plan for dealing with baseline imbalances in important prognostic factors (appendix p 130), estimates of the effect of allocation to baricitinib on major outcomes were adjusted for age in three groups (<70 years, ≥70 to <80 years, and ≥80 years). Sensitivity analyses were done without this adjustment and, separately, with further adjustment for other predefined subgroups of interest.
Table 1.
Baseline characteristics
| Baricitinib group (n=4148) | Usual care group (n=4008) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 58·5 (15·4) | 57·7 (15·5) | |
| <70 | 3142 (76%) | 3086 (77%) | |
| ≥70 to <80 | 665 (16%) | 655 (16%) | |
| ≥80 | 341 (8%) | 267 (7%) | |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 2740 (66%) | 2638 (66%) | |
| Female | 1408 (34%) | 1370 (34%) | |
| Ethnicity | |||
| White | 3323 (80%) | 3203 (80%) | |
| Black, Asian, and minority ethnic | 457 (11%) | 469 (12%) | |
| Unknown | 368 (9%) | 336 (8%) | |
| Time since symptom onset, days | 9 (6–12) | 9 (6–11) | |
| Time since admission to hospital, days | 1 (1–3) | 1 (1–3) | |
| Respiratory support received | |||
| None | 228 (5%) | 237 (6%) | |
| Simple oxygen | 2770 (67%) | 2743 (68%) | |
| Non-invasive ventilation | 1016 (24%) | 911 (23%) | |
| Invasive mechanical ventilation | 134 (3%) | 117 (3%) | |
| Laboratory measurements | |||
| C-reactive protein, mg/L | 84 (42–146) | 87 (44–143) | |
| Creatinine, μmol/L | 76 (63–93) | 77 (63–94) | |
| Previous diseases | |||
| Diabetes | 961 (23%) | 941 (23%) | |
| Heart disease | 782 (19%) | 706 (18%) | |
| Chronic lung disease | 882 (21%) | 783 (20%) | |
| Tuberculosis | 0 | 0 | |
| HIV | 13 (<1%) | 9 (<1%) | |
| Severe liver disease* | 33 (1%) | 33 (1%) | |
| Severe kidney impairment† | 101 (2%) | 79 (2%) | |
| Any of the above | 1957 (47%) | 1834 (46%) | |
| SARS-CoV-2 PCR test result | |||
| Positive | 3969 (96%) | 3873 (97%) | |
| Negative | 43 (1%) | 32 (1%) | |
| Unknown | 136 (3%) | 103 (3%) | |
| Received a COVID-19 vaccine | 1755 (42%) | 1665 (42%) | |
| Use of other treatments | |||
| Corticosteroids | 3962 (96%) | 3809 (95%) | |
| Remdesivir | 878 (21%) | 789 (20%) | |
| Tocilizumab | 951 (23%) | 921 (23%) | |
| Plan to use tocilizumab within the next 24 h | 391 (9%) | 365 (9%) | |
| Other randomly assigned treatments | |||
| Colchicine | 401 (10%) | 401 (10%) | |
| Aspirin | 462 (11%) | 453 (11%) | |
| Casirivimab–imdevimab | 440 (11%) | 449 (11%) | |
Data are mean (SD), n (%), or median (IQR). 33 children and 4 post-partum women were randomly assigned.
Defined as requiring ongoing specialist care.
Defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate <30 mL/min per 1·73 m2.
For the primary outcome of 28-day mortality, the hazard ratio from an age-adjusted Cox model was used to estimate the mortality rate ratio. We constructed Kaplan-Meier survival curves to display cumulative mortality over the 28-day period. We used the same method to analyse time to hospital discharge and successful cessation of invasive mechanical ventilation, with patients who died in hospital right-censored on day 29. Median time to discharge was derived from Kaplan-Meier estimates. For the prespecified composite secondary outcome of progression to invasive mechanical ventilation or death within 28 days (among those not receiving invasive mechanical ventilation at randomisation), and the subsidiary clinical outcomes of receipt of ventilation and use of haemodialysis or haemofiltration, the precise dates were not available and so a log-binomial regression model was used to estimate the age-adjusted risk ratio. Estimates of rate and risk ratios (both denoted RR) are shown with 95% CIs.
Prespecified analyses of the primary outcome were done in subgroups defined by six characteristics at the time of randomisation (age, sex, ethnicity, days since symptom onset, amount of respiratory support, and use of corticosteroids) with tests of heterogeneity or trend, as appropriate. The full database is held by the study team which collected the data from study sites and did the analyses at the Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford.
The independent data monitoring committee reviewed unmasked analyses of the study data and any other information considered relevant to the trial at intervals of around 2 to 4 weeks (depending on speed of enrolment) and was charged with establishing whether, in their view, the randomised comparisons in the study provided evidence on mortality that was strong enough (with a range of uncertainty around the results that was narrow enough) to affect national and global treatment strategies (appendix p 51).
As stated in the protocol, appropriate sample sizes could not be estimated when the trial was being planned. On the advice of the trial steering committee, recruitment to this comparison was closed on Dec 29, 2021 when over 8150 patients had been randomly assigned and the masked 28-day mortality rate was 12·9% (suggesting there would be at least 1050 deaths), giving at least 90% power to detect a proportional risk reduction in the primary outcome of one-fifth at a two-sided significance level of 1%. The trial steering committee and all other individuals involved in the trial were masked to outcome data until after the close of recruitment.
For the primary outcome of 28-day mortality, the results from the RECOVERY trial were subsequently included in a meta-analysis of results from all previous randomised controlled trials of a JAK inhibitor for patients hospitalised with COVID-19. Details of the systematic search methods are provided in the appendix (pp 30–32). For each trial, we compared the observed number of deaths among patients allocated to the JAK inhibitor with the expected number if all patients were at equal risk (ie, we calculated the observed minus expected statistic [o–e], and its variance v). For RECOVERY, these were estimated from the age-adjusted mortality log rate ratio and its standard error but for other trials, where the exact timing of each death was not available, these were calculated from standard formulae for 2 × 2 contingency tables. We then combined trial results using the log of the mortality rate ratio calculated as the inverse-variance weighted average S/V with variance 1/V (and hence with 95% CI S/V ±1·96/√V), where S is the sum over all trials of (o–e) and V is the sum over all trials of v.25 Such meta-analyses do not make any assumptions about the nature of any true heterogeneity in the log of the mortality rate ratio between different trials (in particular it does not assume that it is zero). Analyses were done by means of SAS version 9.4 and R version 4.0.3. The trial is registered with ISRCTN (50189673) and ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04381936).
Role of the funding source
The funders of the study had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or writing of the report.
Results
Between Feb 2 and Dec 29, 2021, 8156 (75%) of 10 852 patients enrolled into the RECOVERY trial were eligible to be randomly allocated to baricitinib (ie, the treatment was available in the hospital at the time and the attending clinician was of the opinion that the patient had no known indication for or contraindication to it, figure 1). 4148 patients were randomly allocated to baricitinib and 4008 were randomly allocated to usual care. The mean age of study participants in this comparison was 58·1 years (SD 15·5) with a chance imbalance whereby patients randomly allocated to baricitinib were, on average, 0·8 years older than those allocated to the usual care group (table 1). At randomisation, 7771 (95%) patients were receiving corticosteroids and 1872 (23%) were receiving tocilizumab (with planned use within the next 24 h recorded for a further 756 [9%]; table 1, appendix p 53). About two-thirds were receiving simple oxygen and one-quarter were receiving non-invasive ventilation, with small numbers receiving invasive mechanical ventilation or no respiratory support at all. 3420 (42%) patients had received at least one dose of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.
Figure 1.
Trial profile
Baricitinib unavailable and baricitinib considered unsuitable are not mutually exclusive. *Number recruited overall during period that adult participants could be recruited into the baricitinib comparison.
The follow-up form was completed for 4098 (99%) patients in the baricitinib group and 3969 (99%) patients in the usual care group. Among patients with a completed follow-up form, 92% allocated to baricitinib were reported to have received the treatment compared with less than 1% allocated to usual care (figure 1, appendix p 54). Use of other treatments for COVID-19 was broadly similar among patients allocated to baricitinib and among those allocated to usual care, with nine-tenths receiving a corticosteroid, one-fifth receiving remdesivir, and one-tenth receiving casirivimab plus imdevimab, although use of tocilizumab during the follow-up period was slightly lower in the baricitinib group than in the usual care group (26% vs 29%; appendix p 54).
Primary and secondary outcome data are known for more than 99% of randomly assigned patients. Allocation to baricitinib was associated with a significant reduction in the primary outcome of 28-day mortality compared with usual care alone: 514 (12%) of 4148 patients in the baricitinib group died vs 546 (14%) of 4008 patients in the usual care group (age-adjusted rate ratio 0·87; 95% CI 0·77–0·99; p=0·028; table 2, figure 2). Similar proportional risk reductions were seen in sensitivity analyses adjusted for all prespecified subgroups (as listed in figure 3) and without adjustment for the 0·8-year age imbalance between randomised groups (appendix p 55), and when restricted to participants with a positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR test (age-adjusted rate ratio 0·90, 0·80–1·02).
Table 2.
Effect of allocation to baricitinib on key study outcomes
|
Treatment allocation |
RR (95% CI) | p value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baricitinib (n=4148) | Usual care (n=4008) | ||||
| Primary outcome | |||||
| 28-day mortality | 514 (12%) | 546 (14%) | 0·87 (0·77–0·99) | 0·028 | |
| Secondary outcomes | |||||
| Time to being discharged alive, days | 8 (5–17) | 8 (5–20) | .. | .. | |
| Discharged from hospital within 28 days | 3338 (80%) | 3136 (78%) | 1·10 (1·04–1·15) | 0·0002 | |
| Receipt of invasive mechanical ventilation or death* | 633/4014 (16%) | 678/3891 (17%) | 0·89 (0·81–0·98) | 0·016 | |
| Invasive mechanical ventilation | 287/4014 (7%) | 333/3891 (9%) | 0·85 (0·73–0·99) | 0·033 | |
| Death | 475/4014 (12%) | 502/3891 (13%) | 0·89 (0·80–1·00) | 0·049 | |
| Subsidiary clinical outcomes | |||||
| Receipt of ventilation† | 595/2998 (20%) | 638/2980 (21%) | 0·93 (0·84–1·03) | 0·16 | |
| Non-invasive ventilation | 587/2998 (20%) | 623/2980 (21%) | 0·94 (0·85–1·04) | 0·23 | |
| Invasive mechanical ventilation | 131/2998 (4%) | 149/2980 (5%) | 0·89 (0·71–1·12) | 0·32 | |
| Successful cessation of invasive mechanical ventilation‡ | 61/134 (46%) | 43/117 (37%) | 1·28 (0·87–1·90) | 0·21 | |
| Use of haemodialysis or haemofiltration§ | 87/4139 (2%) | 110/4003 (3%) | 0·78 (0·59–1·03) | 0·08 | |
Data are n (%), n/N (%), or median (IQR). RR=rate ratio for the outcomes of 28-day mortality, hospital discharge, and successful cessation of invasive mechanical ventilation, and risk ratio for other outcomes. Estimates of the RR and its 95% CI are adjusted for age in three categories (<70 years, 70–79 years, and 80 years or older).
Analyses exclude those on invasive mechanical ventilation at randomisation.
Analyses exclude those on any form of ventilation at randomisation.
Analyses restricted to those on invasive mechanical ventilation at randomisation.
Analyses exclude those on haemodialysis or haemofiltration at randomisation.
Figure 2.
Effect of allocation to baricitinib on 28-day mortality
Figure 3.
Effect of allocation to baricitinib on 28-day mortality by baseline characteristics
Subgroup-specific rate ratio estimates are represented by squares (with areas of the squares proportional to the amount of statistical information) and the lines through them correspond to the 95% CIs. The days since onset and use of corticosteroids subgroups exclude those with missing data, but these patients are included in the overall summary diamond.
The proportional effect of baricitinib on mortality was consistent across all six prespecified subgroups (all interaction p values >0·18; figure 3), including by amount of respiratory support received and use of dexamethasone at randomisation and, in five exploratory subgroups, including by use of tocilizumab or remdesivir at baseline (all interaction p values >0·10; appendix p 64). There was no evidence that the effect of baricitinib on mortality varied depending on concurrent randomised allocation to colchicine, aspirin, or casirivimab–imdevimab (all interaction p values >0·32).
Discharge alive within 28 days was more common among those allocated to baricitinib compared with usual care (80% vs 78%; age-adjusted rate ratio 1·10, 95% CI 1·04–1·15; median 8 days [IQR 5–17] vs 8 days [IQR 5–20]; table 2). Among patients not on invasive mechanical ventilation at baseline, allocation to baricitinib was associated with a lower risk of progressing to the composite secondary outcome of invasive mechanical ventilation or death (16% vs 17%, age-adjusted risk ratio 0·89, 0·81–0·98; table 2 and appendix p 65). The proportional effects of baricitinib versus usual care on these secondary outcomes were similar across all prespecified subgroups (appendix pp 65–66). Results for the 33 children included in this comparison are shown in the appendix (p 56).
There were no significant differences in the prespecified subsidiary clinical outcomes of cause-specific mortality other than a reduction in death due to COVID-19 (appendix p 57) or in use of ventilation, successful cessation of invasive mechanical ventilation, or receipt of haemodialysis or haemofiltration (table 2). There were no significant differences in the rates of non-SARS-CoV-2 infection, thrombotic events, or clinically significant bleeding, but allocation to baricitinib was associated with a nominally significant reduction in new onset cardiac arrythmia (2·3% vs 3·2%, p=0·017; appendix p 58). In exploratory analyses, allocation to baricitinib versus usual care was not associated with any significant differences in non-COVID-19 causes of death or infection among those recorded as having been treated with tocilizumab at baseline (appendix pp 59–60). There were 12 reports of a serious adverse reaction believed to be related to treatment with baricitinib (appendix p 61), including four participants with a serious non-SARS-CoV-2 infection, three with a bowel perforation, and two with a pulmonary embolism. Our systematic search identified eight previous trials of a JAK inhibitor for the treatment of patients hospitalised with COVID-19, involving a total of 3732 randomly assigned patients and 425 deaths (figure 4, appendix p 62).11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 In these eight trials, allocation to a JAK inhibitor was associated with a significant 43% proportional reduction in mortality (rate ratio 0·57; 95% CI 0·45–0·72). This was significantly greater than the mortality risk reduction seen in RECOVERY (test for heterogeneity, p=0·0012). After inclusion of the results from RECOVERY into this meta-analysis, the average mortality rate ratio from all nine trials, now involving 11 888 randomised patients and 1485 deaths, was 0·80 (0·72–0·89; p<0·0001).
Figure 4.
Meta-analysis of mortality in randomised controlled trials of a JAK inhibitor in patients hospitalised with COVID-19
JAK=Janus kinase. O–E=observed–expected. Var=variance. RR=mortality rate ratio. Details of the individual studies, including the use of placebo or other treatments in the control group are shown in the appendix (p 62). *For RECOVERY, the O–E and and its variance are calculated from the age-adjusted log RR and its standard error. For the other trials, the O–E statistics and their variances are calculated from 2 × 2 tables. Rate ratio is calculated by taking ln rate ratio to be (O–E)/V with normal variance 1/V, where V=Var (O–E). Subtotals or totals of (O–E) and of V yield inverse-variance weighted averages of the ln rate ratio values. †These trials assessed a JAK inhibitor other than baricitinib. If the meta-analysis was restricted to RECOVERY plus the three other trials of baricitinib, the RR would be 0·81 (95% CI 0·73–0·91). ‡For balance, controls in the n:1 studies count n times in the control totals and subtotals, but only count once when calculating their O–E or V values.
Discussion
In this large, randomised trial, allocation to baricitinib significantly reduced 28-day mortality by about one-eighth. This is somewhat less than had been suggested by eight previous randomised controlled trials of a JAK inhibitor which, together, suggested that allocation to a JAK inhibitor in patients with COVID-19 reduces 28-day mortality by about two-fifths. RECOVERY was more than three times the size (in terms of statistical information) of these eight previous trials put together. When combined in an updated meta-analysis, allocation to baricitinib or another JAK inhibitor in these nine trials was associated with a significant reduction in 28-day mortality of one-fifth. Although not as large as perhaps previously thought, this still represents an important reduction in mortality risk for patients hospitalised because of COVID-19.
Strengths of the RECOVERY trial included that it was randomised, had a large sample size, had broad eligibility criteria, and more than 99% of patients were followed up for the primary outcome. The study has some limitations: this randomised trial is open label (ie, participants and local hospital staff are aware of the assigned treatment). However, the outcomes are unambiguous and were ascertained without bias through linkage to routine health records. Use of tocilizumab during the follow-up period was slightly lower among those allocated to baricitinib compared with control (26% vs 29%). Based on what we already know about the effects of tocilizumab, this would, if anything, lead to a small underestimate of the effects of baricitinib. Furthermore, use of anti-viral or immunomodulatory treatments known to reduce mortality in this setting was similar in those allocated to baricitinib and those allocated to usual care. Information on radiological, virological, or physiological outcomes was not collected. This evaluation of baricitinib was done only in the UK, with low rates of HIV among trial participants (<1%) and no participants with active tuberculosis, since active tuberculosis was a contraindication to inclusion in the baricitinib comparison. The effect of baricitinib on non-SARS-CoV-2 infections might be different in populations with a higher prevalence of tuberculosis or HIV.
The smaller effect size observed in RECOVERY compared with earlier trials of baricitinib might simply be a chance effect. However, several other factors could have contributed. The patient population in RECOVERY might have been broader than some of the other trials, which might have been enriched for patients more likely to benefit from immunomodulatory therapy. The use of concomitant therapies has varied between the trials. For example, the ACTT-2 trial11 did not permit the use of dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19, and ACTT-2, COV-BARRIER,16 RUXCOVID, and the study by Guimarães and colleagues15 all excluded the use of an IL-6 receptor blocker (NCT04362137). Other factors that might be different between the trials include the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and the predominant circulating SARS-CoV-2 variant. However, there is no clear reason to believe that, among patients admitted to hospital with severe COVID-19 requiring oxygen or ventilatory support, the proportional risk reduction in mortality with baricitinib, a host-directed therapy, would differ by vaccination status or SARS-CoV-2 variant—and we found no evidence of this. Despite the heterogeneity of effect between RECOVERY and the previous eight trials combined, the overall result of the meta-analysis (which makes no assumptions about the nature of any true differences in treatment effects between the different populations studied) provides the best guide of the proportional benefits that might be expected from the use of baricitinib in clinical practice. The size of the RECOVERY trial allows exploration of the effects of treatment among different subgroups of patients. The benefits of baricitinib on 28-day mortality were consistent across all subgroups, including by age, sex, ethnicity, and amount of respiratory support received (although over 90% of participants were either on simple oxygen or receiving non-invasive mechanical ventilation). The benefits of baricitinib were also consistent regardless of concomitant treatment with remdesivir, a systemic corticosteroid or an IL-6 receptor blocker (tocilizumab or sarilumab), or previous receipt of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Reassuringly, we found no evidence that allocation to baricitinib was associated with excess rates of non-COVID-19 mortality, non-SARS-CoV-2 infection, or thrombosis by comparison with usual care.
On Nov 19, 2020, the FDA granted emergency use authorisation for baricitinib in combination with remdesivir, which was revised on July 28, 2021 to no longer require co-administration with remdesivir. On May 10, 2022 the FDA issued a new indication for the use of baricitinib in adults hospitalised with COVID-19 requiring supplemental oxygen, non-invasive or invasive mechanical ventilation, or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.12, 26 US National Institutes of Health guidelines updated in February, 2022 recommend the use of baricitinib for patients on dexamethasone who have rapidly increasing oxygen needs and systemic inflammation.27 In January, 2022, the World Health Organization updated their COVID-19 therapeutics guidelines to include a strong recommendation for the use of baricitinib as an alternative to an IL-6 receptor blocker, in combination with corticosteroids, in patients with severe or critical COVID-19.28 The results from the RECOVERY trial and our meta-analysis considerably strengthen the evidence that baricitinib can reduce mortality and other adverse clinical outcomes in patients hospitalised with COVID-19 and support the co-administration of baricitinib with dexamethasone or an IL-6 receptor blocker.
In summary, this large, randomised trial confirms evidence from previous smaller trials that treatment with baricitinib can reduce mortality in patients hospitalised with COVID-19, although the size of the benefit is about half that previously thought. The benefits appear to be consistent regardless of treatment with remdesivir, systemic corticosteroids, or an IL-6 receptor blocker such as tocilizumab. The results support the use of baricitinib in addition to other immunosuppressive therapies in patients hospitalised with COVID-19.
Data sharing
The protocol, consent form, statistical analysis plan, definition and derivation of clinical characteristics and outcomes, training materials, regulatory documents, and other relevant study materials are available online. As described in the protocol, the trial steering committee will facilitate the use of the study data and approval will not be unreasonably withheld. De-identified participant data will be made available to bona fide researchers registered with an appropriate institution within 3 months of publication. However, the steering committee will need to be satisfied that any proposed publication is of high quality, honours the commitments made to the study participants in the consent documentation and ethical approvals, and is compliant with relevant legal and regulatory requirements (eg, relating to data protection and privacy). The steering committee will have the right to review and comment on any draft manuscripts before publication. Data will be made available in line with the policy and procedures. Those wishing to request access should complete the form and email it to data.access@ndph.ox.ac.uk.
For more on this policy see https://www.ndph.ox.ac.uk/files/about/ndph-independence-of-research-policy-jun-20.pdf
For policy and procedures see https://www.ndph.ox.ac.uk/data-access
For the form see https://www.ndph.ox.ac.uk/files/about/data_access_enquiry_form_13_6_2019.docx
For the trial details see www.recoverytrial.net
For more on the RECOVERY trial see www.recoverytrial.net
Declaration of interests
The authors declare no competing interests or financial relationships relevant to the submitted work. No form of payment was given to anyone to produce the manuscript. All authors have completed and submitted the International Committee of Journal Editors form for disclosure of potential conflicts of interest. The Nuffield Department of Population Health at the University of Oxford has a staff policy of not accepting honoraria or consultancy fees directly or indirectly from industry.
Acknowledgments
Acknowledgments
Above all, we thank the thousands of patients who participated in this trial. We also thank the many doctors, nurses, pharmacists, other allied health professionals, and research administrators at National Health Service hospital organisations across the whole of the UK, supported by staff at the National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Clinical Research Network, NHS DigiTrials, Public Health England, Department of Health & Social Care, the Intensive Care National Audit & Research Centre, Public Health Scotland, National Records Service of Scotland, the Secure Anonymised Information Linkage at the University of Swansea, and the NHS in England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. The RECOVERY trial is supported by grants to the University of Oxford from UK Research and Innovation and NIHR (MC_PC_19056), the Wellcome Trust (grant reference 222406/Z/20/Z) through the COVID-19 Therapeutics Accelerator, and by core funding provided by the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, the Wellcome Trust, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, Health Data Research UK, the Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, the NIHR Health Protection Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, and NIHR Clinical Trials Unit Support Funding. TJ is supported by a grant from UK Medical Research Council (MC_UU_00002/14). WSL is supported by core funding provided by NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre. Tocilizumab was provided free of charge for this trial by Roche Products. Regeneron Pharmaceuticals supported the trial through provision of casirivimab and imdevimab. Baricitinib was provided from routine NHS stock. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR, or the Department of Health and Social Care. For the purpose of Open Access, the author has applied a CC BY public copyright licence to any Author Accepted Manuscript version arising from this submission.
Writing committee (on behalf of the RECOVERY Collaborative Group)
Peter W Horby, Jonathan R Emberson, Marion Mafham, Mark Campbell, Leon Peto, Guilherme Pessoa-Amorim, Enti Spata, Natalie Staplin, Catherine Lowe, David R Chadwick, Christopher Brightling, Richard Stewart, Paul Collini, Abdul Ashish, Christopher A Green, Ben Prudon, Timothy Felton, Anthony Kerry, J Kenneth Baillie, Maya H Buch, Jeremy Day, Saul N Faust, Thomas Jaki, Katie Jeffery, Edmund Juszczak, Marian Knight, Wei Shen Lim, Alan Montgomery, Andrew Mumford, Kathryn Rowan, Guy Thwaites, Richard Haynes, Martin J Landray. PWH, JRE, and MM made an equal contribution. RH and MJL made an equal contribution.
Contributors
This manuscript was initially drafted by PWH and MJL, further developed by the writing committee, and approved by all members of the trial steering committee. PWH and MJL vouch for the data and analyses, and for the fidelity of this report to the study protocol and data analysis plan. PWH, MM, JKB, MHB, JD, SNF, TJ, EJ, KJ, WSL, AMo, AMu, KR, RH, and MJL designed the trial and study protocol. MM, LP, MC, GP-A, CL, DRC, CB, RS, PC, AA, CAG, BP, TF, AK, and the Data Linkage team at the RECOVERY Coordinating Centre, and the Health Records and Local Clinical Centre staff listed in the appendix collected the data. NS and JRE had access to the study data and did the statistical analysis. All authors contributed to data interpretation and critical review and revision of the manuscript. PWH and MJL had access to the study data and had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication.
Data monitoring committee
Peter Sandercock, Janet Darbyshire, David DeMets, Robert Fowler, David Lalloo, Mohammed Munavvar, Adilia Warris, Janet Wittes.
Contributor Information
RECOVERY Collaborative Group:
Obbina Abani, Ali Abbas, Fatima Abbas, Joshua Abbas, Kasim Abbas, Mustafa Abbas, Sadia Abbasi, Hakam Abbass, Alfie Abbott, Alison Abbott, Nabeel Abdallah, Ammar Abdelaziz, Ashraf Abdelaziz, Mohamed Abdelfattah, Bushra Abdelqader, Audrey Abdul, Basir Abdul, Siddiqui Abdul, Althaf Abdul Rasheed, Ajibode Abdulakeem, Rezan Abdul-Kadir, Abdullah Abdullah, Abdulfatahi Abdulmumeen, Rasheed Abdul-Raheem, Niyaz Abdulshukkoor, Kula Abdusamad, Yazeed Abed El Khaleq, Mai Abedalla, Abeer Ul Amna, Lynn Abel, Katrina Abernethy, Movin Abeywickrema, Chandra Abhinaya, Affyarsyah Abidin, Adebanke Aboaba, Abigail Aboagye-Odei, Heba Aboelela, Hani Abo-Leyah, Karim Abouelela, Ahmed Abou-Haggar, Mahmoud Abouibrahim, Ahmed Abousamra, Mona Abouzaid, Miriam Abraham, Tizzy Abraham, Abraheem Abraheem, Judith Abrams, Rebecca Abrams, Hyacinth-John Abu, Ahmed Abu-Arafeh, Syed Mohamed Abubacker, Akata Abung, Yousuf Abusamra, Yaa Aceampong, Amaka Achara, Devikumar Acharya, Prince Acheampong, Sarah Acheampong, Janet Acheson, Shiella Achieng, Andres Acosta, Rebecca Acquah, Catherine Acton, Jacqueline Adabie-Ankrah, Paul Adair, Fiona Adam, Matthew Adam, Huzaifa Adamali, Marta Adamczyk, Carol Adams, Charlotte Adams, Daniel Adams, Kate Adams, Laura Adams, Nikkita Adams, Richard Adams, Tim Adams, Laura Adamu-Ikeme, Krishma Adatia, Kirsty Adcock, Afua Addo, Oluwatobi Adeagbo, Ade Adebiyi, Ogunlana Adedeji, Yewande Adegeye, Ken Adegoke, Vicki Adell, Sherna Adenwalla, Femi W Adeoye, Oluwasegun A Adesemoye, Emmanuel O Adewunmi, Adedamola Adeyanju, Joyce Adeyemi, Tenifayo Adeyemo, Binay Adhikari, Rina Adhikary, Adhikarla Aditya, Gabrielle Adkins, Adnan Adnan, John Aeron-Thomas, Debbie Affleck, Carmel Afnan, Muhammad Afridi, Zainab A Aftab, Meenakshi Agarwal, Rachel Agbeko, Chris Agbo, Sunil Aggarwal, Arameh Aghababaie, Laura Aguilar Jimenez, Shafana Ahamed Sadiq, Mohamed H Ahammed Nazeer, Mohammad Ahmad, Syed Ahmad, Afshan Ahmed, Ashar Ahmed, Asim Ahmed, Basheer A R Ahmed, Bilal Ahmed, Forizuddin Ahmed, Hamze Ahmed, Hanad Ahmed, Irshad Ahmed, Khaled Ahmed, Khalil Ahmed, Liban Ahmed, Mahin Ahmed, Maria C Ahmed, Muhammad S Ahmed, Naseer Ahmed, Nausheen Ahmed, Osama Ahmed, Rajia A Ahmed, Rawya Ahmed, Rizwan Ahmed, Saif Ahmed, Sammiya Ahmed, Sana G Ahmed, Syed Ahmed, Syed H Ahmed, Roa Ahmed Ali, Bilal Ahmed Mohamud, Sana Ahmed, Sana Ahmer, Augustine Ahonia, Christine Aiken, Dhiraj Ail, Mark Ainsworth, Myriam Aissa, Lindianne Aitken, Bini Ajay, Abdulakeem Ajibode, Ayesha Ajmi, Nasim Akhtar, Nauman Akhtar, Suha Akili, Bolutito Akinbiyi, Oludoyinsola Akindolie, Yinka Akinfenwa, Olugbenga Akinkugbe, Ibrahim Akinpelu, Mohammad Akram, Olugbenro Aktinade, Uzayr Akudi, Ahmad S A R Al Aaraj, Asma Al Balushi, Majd Al Dakhola, Aladdin Al Swaifi, Eslam Al-Abadi, Adegoke Alabi, Narendra Aladangady, Mohamed Alafifi, Ayaz Alam, Sajid Alam, Abbas Al-Asadi, Kyriaki Alatzoglou, Paul Albert, Lorraine Albon, Angela Alcala, Gemma Alcorn, Stephen Alcorn, Aggie Aldana, David Alderdice, Abdullah Aldesouki, Rayan Aldouri, Jonathan Aldridge, Nicolas Aldridge, Ram M Ale, Ana Alegria, Alison Alexander, Courtney Alexander, John Alexander, Peter D G Alexander, Julyan Al-fori, Laith Alghazawi, Osama Alhabsha, Bahij Al-Hakim, Rafil Alhameed, Mohammed Al-Hayali, Shams Al-Hity, Ali Ali, Amanda Ali, Asad Ali, Fawzia R Ali, Jawad Ali, Mariam Ali, Mohamed Ali, Mohammad Ali, Muhammad S Ali, Nayab Ali, Oudai Ali, Ramla Ali, Sakina Ali, Syed Ali, Emilio Aliberti, Jade Alin, Abid Alina, Analyn Alipustain, Fine Aliyuda, Katrin Alizadeh, Maithem Al-Jibury, Saba Al-Juboori, Majid Al-Khalil, Abdullah Alkhudhayri, Moutaz Alkhusheh, Fiona Allan, Nataliya Allan, Alison Allanson, Robert Allcock, Eireann Allen, Jade Allen, Kerry Allen, Louise Allen, Poppy Allen, Rebecca Allen, Sam Allen, Sharon Allen, Simon Allen, Tania Allen, Abiola Alli, Kathryn Allison, Bethan Allman, Helen K Allsop, Lynne Allsop, David Allsup, Amal F T Almahroos, Hassan Al-Moasseb, Magda Al-Obaidi, Lina Alomari, Akram Al-Rabahi, Bahar Al-Ramadhani, Zayneb Al-Saadi, Riyam Al-Sammarraie, Inji Alshaer, Rustam Al-Shahi Salman, Warkaq Al-Shamkhani, Fadia Alsheikh, Bashar Al-Sheklly, Sara Altaf, Amanda Alty, Mary Alvarez, Maria Alvarez Corral, Edward Alveyn, Maysaa Alzetani, Susan Amamou, Noor Amar, Sakkarai Ambalavanan, Robert Ambrogetti, Chris Ambrose, Amir Ameen, Katharine Ames, Maria R Amezaga, Allison Amin, Amina Amin, Kanish Amin, Syed Amin, Tara Amin, Badshah Amit, Amjad Amjad, Neelma Amjad, Victoria Amosun, Muhammad Amsal, Khaled Amsha, Noelia Amutio Martin, Pugh Amy, Ann Anada, Atul Anand, Samantha Anandappa, Satya D Anantapatnaikuni, Ellen Anderson, Julie Anderson, Laura Anderson, Marina Anderson, Michelle Anderson, Nicola Anderson, Rachel Anderson, Rebecca Anderson, Rory Anderson, Samantha Anderson, Wendy Anderson, Prematie Andreou, Angela Andrews, Antonette Andrews, Jill Andrews, Joyann Andrews, Kanayochukwu Aneke, Andrew Ang, Wan Wei Ang, Tammy Angel, Aramburo Angela, Paola Angelini, Lazarus Anguvaa, Oleg Anichtchik, Millicent Anim-Somuah, Krishnan Aniruddhan, Jessica Annett, Louise Anning, Patrick J Anstey, Rebekah Anstey, Alpha Anthony, Aaron Anthony-Pillai, Philip Antill, Zhelyazkova Antonina, Varghese Anu, Muhammad Anwar, Elena Apetri, Aristeidis Apostolopoulos, Sarah Appleby, Diane Appleyard, Maia F Aquino, Bianca Araba, Samuel Aransiola, Mariana Araujo, Ann Archer, Denise Archer, Samuel Archer, Simon Archer, Daniele Arcoria, Christian Ardley, Ana-Maria Arias, Oluwatoyin Aribike, Ryoki Arimoto, Charlotte Arkley, Charlotte Armah, Ilianna Armata, Jennifer Armistead, Adam Armitage, Ceri Armstrong, Maureen Armstrong, Sonia Armstrong, Wendy Armstrong, Philippa Armtrong, Heike Arndt, Clare Arnison-Newgass, David Arnold, Rachael Arnold, Andrew Arnott, Dhawal Arora, Kavan Arora, Pardeep Arora, Rishi Arora, Arslam Arter, Armena Arumaithurai, Ayush Arya, Rita Arya, Denisa Asandei, Adeeba Asghar, Malik Asghar, Arif Ashab, Catherine Ashbrook-Raby, Helen Ashby, Jan Ashcroft, John Ashcroft, Samuel Ashcroft, Georgia Asher, Zakariya Ashfak, Ayesha Ashfaq, Abdul Ashish, Dawn Ashley, Sally Ashman-Flavell, Sundar Ashok, Abd-El-Aziz Ashour, Muhammad Z Ashraf, Saima Ashraf, Mohammad B Ashraq, Deborah Ashton, Susan Ashton, Andrew Ashworth, Fiona J Ashworth, Rebecca Ashworth, Arshia Aslam, I Aslam, Suhail Aslam, Laura Aslett, Harshini Asogan, Atif Asrar, Omar Assaf, Raine Astin-Chamberlain, Deborah Athorne, Billie Atkins, Christopher Atkins, Stacey Atkins, John Atkinson, Vicki Atkinson, Abolaji Atomode, Brygitta Atraskiewicz, Abdul A Attia, Eva Attubato, Marie Attwood, Paula Aubrey, Zoltan Auer, Avinash Aujayeb, Aye C T Aung, Hnin Aung, Hnin W W Aung, Ko K Aung, Kyaw T Aung, Nwe Aung, Yin Aung, Zaw M Aung, Emily Austin, Karen Austin, Abdusshakur Auwal, Malcolm Avari, Miriam Avery, Nicholas Aveyard, Joanne Avis, Georgina Aviss, Cristina Avram, Paula Avram, Abuzar Awadelkareem, Gabriel Awadzi, Mahmoud Awaly, Atia Awan, Aszad Aya, Eman Ayaz, Amanda Ayers, Jawwad Azam, Ahmed Azeem, Mohammed Azharuddin, Ammar Aziz, Ghazala Aziz, Imran Aziz, N Aziz, Ali Azkoul, Ashaari Azman Shah, Giada Azzopardi, Hocine Azzoug, Fiyinfoluwa Babatunde, Melvin Babi, Babiker Babiker, Gayna Babington, Matthew Babirecki, Marta Babores, Adetona O Babs-Osibodu, Sammy Bacciarelli, Roudi Bachar, Michel-Elie Bachour, Gina Bacon, Jenny Bacon, Bibi Badal, Maryuma Bader, Gurpreet R Badhan, Shreya Badhrinarayanan, Joseph P Bae, Alice Baggaley, Amy Baggott, Graham Bagley, Dinesh Bagmane, Lynsey Bagshaw, Kasra Bahadori, Angela Bailey, James Bailey, Katie Bailey, Lindsey Bailey, Liz Bailey, Lucy Bailey, Maria A Bailey, Morgan Bailey, Pippa Bailey, Sarah Bailey, Hamish Baillie, J Kenneth Baillie, Jennifer Bain, Vikram Bains, David Baird, Eilidh Baird, Kevin Baird, Susan Baird, Tracy Baird, Yolanda Baird, Aiysha Bajandouh, Danielle C Baker, Elizabeth Baker, Evelyn Baker, Johanne Baker, Josephine Baker, Kenneth Baker, Mark Baker, Rebecca Baker, Terri-Anne Baker, Victoria Baker, Hugh Bakere, Nawar Bakerly, Michelle Baker-Moffatt, Ameet Bakhai, Nauman Bakhtiar, Panos Bakoulas, Dhanalakshmi Bakthavatsalam, Niranjan Balachandran, Andrea Balan, Prasath Balasingam, Theodosios Balaskas, Madhu Balasubramaniam, Nicola Balatoni, Alison Balcombe, Alexander Baldwin, Ashley Baldwin, Caron Baldwin, Danielle Baldwin, Fiona Baldwin, Rebekah Baldwin-Jones, Nichola Bale, James Balfour, Matthew Ball, Robert Ball, K Ballard, Ismael Balluz, Craig Balmforth, Emese Balogh, Abeir Baltmr, Amir Baluwala, Gabby Bambridge, Alasdair Bamford, Amy Bamford, Peter Bamford, Adefunke Bamgboye, Elizabeth Bancroft, Hollie Bancroft, Joyce Banda, Krishna Bandaru, Srini Bandi, Nageswar Bandla, Somaditya Bandyopadhyam, Amit Banerjee, Ritwik Banerjee, Omar Bani-Saad, Harrison Banks, Luke Banks, Paul Banks, Claudia Bann, Helen Bannister, Oliver Bannister, Laura Banton, Tran Bao, Mariamma Baptist, Tanya Baqai, Ananya M Baral, Desislava Baramova, Russel Barber, Emma Barbon, Monica Barbosa, Jamie Barbour, Alexander Barclay, Amanda Barclay, Claire Barclay, George Bardsley, Stephanie Bareford, Shahedal Bari, Morris Barimbing, Amy Barker, Debbie Barker, Erandi Barker, Helen Barker, Joseph Barker, Leon Barker, Lesley Barker, Oliver Barker, Kerry Barker-Williams, Sinha Barkha, Juliana Barla, Gavin Barlow, Richard Barlow, Valerie Barlow, James Barnacle, Alex Barnard, Debi Barnes, Nicky Barnes, Rory Barnes, Theresa Barnes, Calum Barnetson, Amy Barnett, Ashton Barnett-Vanes, William Barnsley, Andrew Barr, David Barr, James Barr, Charlotte Barr, Nina Barratt, Shaney Barratt, Manuella Barrera, Amy Barrett, Fiona Barrett, Jessica Barrett, Sue Barrett, Esther Barrow, Jazz Bartholomew, Claire Bartlett, Georgina Bartlett, James Bartlett, Louise Bartlett, Shauna Bartley, Sandra Bartolmeu-Pires, Anna Barton, Greg Barton, Jill Barton, Lorna Barton, Rachael Barton, Rosaleen Baruah, Sonia Baryschpolec, Hannah Bashir, Archana Bashyal, Betsy Basker, Buddha Basnyat, Ayten Basoglu, Alexander Basran, John Bassett, G Bassett, Chris Bassford, Bengisu Bassoy, Victoria Bastion, Anup Bastola, Anupam Basumatary, Precious Basvi, Vipula R Bataduwaarachchi, Tristan Bate, Harry J Bateman, Kathryn Bateman, Vhairi Bateman, Eleanor Bates, Hayley Bates, Michelle Bates, Simon Bates, Sally Batham, Ana Batista, Amit Batla, Dushyant Batra, Harry Batty, Thomas Batty, Alice Batty, Miranda Baum, Rachel Baumber, Carina Bautista, Fareha Bawa, Tanveer Bawa, Fatima S Bawani, Simon Bax, Matt Baxter, Nicola Baxter, Zachary Baxter, Hannah Bayes, Lee-Ann Bayo, Farid Bazari, Rohit Bazaz, Ahmad Bazli, Laura Beacham, Wendy Beadles, Kirsten Beadon, Philip Beak, Andy Beale, Kathy Beard, Jack Bearpark, Alanna Beasley, Sandee Beattie, Karen Beaumont, Dawn Beaumont-Jewell, Theresa Beaver, Sarah Beavis, Christy Beazley, Sarah Beck, Virginia Beckett, Rosie Beckitt, Sarah Beckley, Heidi Beddall, Seonaid Beddows, Deborah Beeby, Sophia Beeby, Gail Beech, Michelle Beecroft, Nigel Beer, Sally Beer, Jane Beety, Gabriela Bega, Alison Begg, Susan Begg, Sara Beghini, Ayesha Begum, Salman Begum, Selina Begum, Teresa Behan, Roya Behrouzi, Jon Beishon, Claire Beith, James Belcher, Holly Belfield, Katherine Belfield, Ajay Belgaumkar, Dina Bell, Gareth Bell, Gillian Bell, Jessica Bell, Lauren Bell, Louise Bell, Nicholas Bell, Pippa Bell, Stephanie Bell, Jennifer Bellamu, Mary Bellamy, Tammy Bellamy, Arianna Bellini, Amanda Bellis, Fionn Bellis, Lesley Bendall, Naveena Benesh, Nicola Benetti, Leonie Benham, Guy Benison-Horner, Sarah Benkenstein, Tracey Benn, Ann Bennett, Caroline Bennett, Denise Bennett, Gillian Bennett, Kaytie Bennett, Kristopher Bennett, Lorraine Bennett, Miriam R Bennett, Sara Bennett, Karen Bennion, Gautham Benoy, Vivienne Benson, Andrew Bentley, James Bentley, Ian Benton, Eva Beranova, Matthew Beresford, Colin Bergin, Malin Bergstrom, Jolanta Bernatoniene, Thomas Berriman, Zoe Berry, Frida Best, Kimberley Best, Ans-Mari Bester, Yvonne Beuvink, Emily Bevan, Sarah Bevins, Tom Bewick, Andrew Bexley, Sonay Beyatli, Fenella Beynon, Arjun Bhadi, Sanjay Bhagani, Shiv Bhakta, Rekha Bhalla, Khushpreet Bhandal, Kulbinder Bhandal, Ashwin Bhandari, Lila N Bhandari, Sangam Bhandari, Jennifer Bhanich Supapol, Aashutosh Bhanot, Ravina Bhanot, Swati Bhasin, Abdul Bhat, Prashanth Bhat, Rahul Bhatnagar, Karan Bhatt, Janki Bhayani, Deepika Bhojwani, Parminder Bhuie, Salimuzzaman Bhuiyan, Anna Bibby, Fatima Bibi, Naheeda Bibi, Salma Bibi, Tihana Bicanic, Sarah Bidgood, Julie Bigg, Sarah Biggs, Alphonsa Biju, Andras Bikov, Sophie Billingham, Jessica Billings, Alice Binns, Muhammad BinRofaie, Oliver Bintcliffe, Catherine Birch, Janine Birch, Jenny Birch, Katherine Birchall, Sam Bird, Sumedha Bird, Sarah Bird, Mark Birt, Claire Bishop, Kilanalei Bishop, Linda Bishop, Lisa Bishop, Karen Bisnauthsing, Nibedan Biswas, Sahar Biuk, Karen Blachford, Ethel Black, Helen Black, Karen Black, Mairead Black, Polly Black, Virginia Black, Hayley Blackgrove, Bethan Blackledge, Joanne Blackler, Samantha Blackley, Helen Blackman, Caroline Blackstock, Cameron Blair, Francesca Blakemore, Helen Blamey, Alison Bland, Sujata Blane, Simon Blankley, Parry Blaxill, Katie Blaylock, Jane Blazeby, Natalie Blencowe, Ben Bloom, Jack Bloomfield, Angela Bloss, Alex Blowers, Samuel Blows, Hannah Bloxham, Susan Blrd, Louise Blundell, Andrew Blunsum, Mark Blunt, Tadhg Blunt, Ian Blyth, Kevin Blyth, Andrew Blythe, Karen Blythe, Marilyn Boampoaa, Sarah Board, Boniface Bobie, Karen Bobruk, Pritesh N Bodalia, Neena Bodasing, Marianne Boden, Tanya Bodenham, Gabriele Boehmer, Marta Boffito, Katherine Bohanan, Kristyna Bohmova, Niamh Bohnacker, Sumit Bokhandi, Maria Bokhar, Saba Bokhari, Sakina Bokhari, Syed O Bokhari, Idan Bokobza, Ambrose Boles, Clare Bolger, Charlotte Bond, Helena Bond, Stuart Bond, Thomas Bond, Alice Bone, Georgia Boniface, Lizzy Bonney, Lauren Booker, Sarah Boot, Matthew Boothroyd, Joanne Borbone, Naomi Borman, Samantha Bosence, Kirsty Bostock, Neil Botting, Fiona Bottrill, Hannah Bouattia, Laura Bough, Hayley Boughton, Zoe Boult, Tarek Boumrah, Miriam Bourke, Stephen Bourke, Michelle Bourne, Rachel Bousfield, Lucy Boustred, Alexandra Bowes, Amy Bowes, Philip Bowker, Tabitha Bowker, Helen Bowler, Louise Bowman, Simon Bowman, Rachel Bowmer, Angie Bowring, Helen Bowyer, Aileen Boyd, Jenny Boyd, Laura Boyd, Nicola Boyer, Namoi Boyle, Pauline Boyle, Rosalind Boyle, Louise Boyles, Leanna Brace, Abbey Bracken, Jodie Bradder, Clare J Bradley, Pamela Bradley, Patrick Bradley, Paul Bradley, Joanne Bradley-Potts, Lynne Bradshaw, Zena Bradshaw, Clare Brady, Rebecca Brady, Shirin Brady, Pedro Braga Sardo, Denise Braganza, Megan Braithwaite, Susan Brammer, Marie Branch, Thomas Brankin-Frisby, Jamie Brannigan, Sophie Brattan, Fiona Bray, Nancy Bray, Manny Brazil, Lucy Brear, Tracy Brear, Stephen Brearey, Laura Bremner, Morwenna Brend, Carolin Bresges, Catherine Bressington, Giovanna Bretland, Chris Brewer, Michael Bridgett, Gavin Bridgwood, Sara Brigham, John Bright, Christopher Brightling, Tracey Brigstock, Lutece Brimfield, Philip Brinksman, Elaine Brinkworth, Robin Brittain-Long, Vianne Britten, Hannah Britton, Lauren Broad, Sarah Broadhead, Rosie Broadhurst, Andrew Broadley, Marie Broadway, Christopher Brockelsby, Megan Brocken, Tomos Brockley, Mary Brodsky, Fiona Brogan, Liz Brohan, Felicity Brokke, Jacob Brolly, David Bromley, Hannah Brooke-Ball, Verity Brooker, Matthew Brookes, Deirdre Brooking, Alison Brooks, Daniel Brooks, Jolene Brooks, Karen Brooks, Nicole Brooks, Philip Brooks, Rachel Brooks, Samuel Brooks, Sophie Brooks, Malcolm Broom, Natalie Broomhead, Chloe Broughton, Nathaniel Broughton, Matt Brouns, Alison Brown, Ammani Brown, Andrew Brown, Ashley Brown, Caitlin Brown, Carly Brown, Catrin Brown, Ellen Brown, Heather Brown, Janet Brown, Jo Brown, Louise Brown, Niall Brown, Nicola Brown, Pauline Brown, Richard Brown, Robert Brown, Steven Brown, Tom Brown, Bria Browne, Charlotte Browne, Duncan Browne, Mitchell Browne, Stephen Brownlee, Alba Brraka, Johanna Bruce, Michelle Bruce, 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Aaron Butler, Emily Butler, Jessica Butler, Joanne Butler, Joshua Butler, Peter Butler, Susan Butler, Jenny Butler, Al-Tahoor Butt, Massawer Butt, Mohammad M Butt, Caryl Butterworth, Nicola Butterworth-Cowin, Robert Buttery, Tom Buttle, Heather Button, Daniel Buttress, Hannah Bye, Jane Byrne, Wendy Byrne, Victoria Byrne-Watts, Amanda Cabandugama, Luisa Cabrero, Simone Caddy, Ruth Cade, Anthony Cadwgan, Zhen Cahilog, Ajeng Cahyareny, Donna Cairney, James Calderwood, Darren Caldow, Emily Cale, Giorgio Calisti, Debbie Callaghan, Jennifer Callaghan, Claire Callens, Donaldson Callum, Caroline Calver, Melissa Cambell-Kelly, Tracey Camburn, David R Cameron, Eleanor Cameron, Fraser Cameron, Sheena Cameron, Christian Camm, Renee F D Cammack, Alison Campbell, Amy Campbell, Barbara Campbell, Bridget Campbell, Debbie Campbell, Helen Campbell, Hilary Campbell, Jonathan Campbell, Karen Campbell, Marion Campbell, Mark Campbell, Rachael Campbell, Robyn Campbell, Wynny Campbell, Quentin Campbell 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Heidi Cate, Anelise Catelan Zborowski, Susanne Cathcart, Katrina Cathie, Darwin Catibog, Christine Catley, Laura Catlow, Matthew Caudwell, Anna Cavazza, Ashleigh Cave, Luke Cave, Simon Cavinato, Frianne Cawa, Kathryn Cawley, Chloe Caws, Kay Cawthorne, Hankins Cendl, Hannah Century, Jeva Cernova, Mansur Cesay, Ed Cetti, Stephanie Chabane, Manish Chablani, Cathleen Chabo, Cyril Jacob Chacko, David Chadwick, Julie Chadwick, Robert Chadwick, Ela Chakkarapani, Arup Chakraborty, Mallinath Chakraborty, Mollika Chakravorty, Petya Chalakova, Bimal S Chalise, James Chalmers, Richard Chalmers, Georgina Chamberlain, Sarah Chamberlain, Emma Chambers, Jonathan Chambers, Lucy Chambers, Naomi Chambers, Alex Chan, Carmen Chan, Cheuk Chan, Evelyn Chan, Jay M Chan, Kawai Chan, Kayen Chan, Kimberley Chan, Ping Chan, Rebekah (Pui-Ching) Chan, Xin Hui S Chan, Chris Chandler, Heidi Chandler, Kim J Chandler, Stuart Chandler, Zoe Chandler, Sumit Chandra, Navin Chandran, Badrinathan Chandrasekaran, Yvonne Chang, Grace Chaplin, Josephine Chaplin, Graeme Chapman, John Chapman, Katie Chapman, Laura Chapman, Lianne Chapman, Matthew Chapman, Polly Chapman, Timothy Chapman, Lucy Chappell, Amanda Charalambou, Bethan Charles, Dianne Charlton, Sam Charlton, Kevin Chatar, Calvin Chatha, Debra Chatterton, Ritesh Chaube, Muhammad Y N Chaudhary, Iram Chaudhry, Zain Chaudhry, Nazia Chaudhuri, Muhammad Chaudhury, Anoop Chauhan, Ruchi S Chauhan, Alexander Chavasse, Nicola Chavasse, Vipal Chawla, Lindsay Cheater, James Cheaveau, Charlotte Cheeld, Michelle Cheeseman, Fang Chen, Hui Min Chen, Terence Chen, Floria Cheng, Lok Yin Cheng, Zhihang Cheng, Helen Chenoweth, Chun How Cheong, Shiney Cherian, Mary Cherrie, Helen Cheshire, Chee Kay Cheung, Elaine Cheung, Kayan Cheung, Michelle Cheung, Claire Cheyne, Swati Chhabra, Wei Ling Chia, Eric Chiang, Angela Chiapparino, Rosavic Chicano, Moses Chikungwa, Zviedzo A Chikwanha, Gemma Chilcott, Sam Chilcott, Alison Chilvers, Phillipa Chimbo, KokWai Chin, Wen Jie Chin, Rumbidzai Chineka, Amol Chingale, Ezomike Chinonso, Chloe Chin-Saad, Margaret Chirgwin, Heather Chisem, Claire Chisenga, Catherine Chisholm, Ben Chisnall, Carolyn Chiswick, Sunder Chita, Nihil Chitalia, Matthew Chiu, Laura Chiverton, Brenda Chivima, Catherine Chmiel, Soha Choi, Willy Choon Kon Yune, Meena Chopra, Michelle Chopra, Vandana Choudhary, Omur Choudhury, Sarah Choudhury, Bing-Lun Chow, Mahibbur Chowdhury, Shahid Chowdhury, Angela Chrisopoulou, Victoria Christenssen, Peter Christian, Alexander Christides, Fiona Christie, Daniel Christmas, Georgios Christoforou, Thereza Christopherson, Anna Christou, Mark Christy, Paris Chrysostomou, Yunli Chua, Dip Chudgar, Richard Chudleigh, Srikanth Chukkambotla, Michael E Chukwu, Izu Chukwulobelu, Chi Yee Chung, Elaine Church, Sara R Church, David Churchill, Nicole Cianci, Paola Cicconi, Paola Cinardo, Zdenka Cipinova, Bessie Cipriano, Sarah Clamp, Bridget Clancy, Melanie Clapham, Edel Clare, Sarbjit Clare, Andrew Clark, Charlotte 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Cohen, Jonathan Cohen, Oliver Cohen, David Cohen, Mike Cohn, Louise Coke, Olutoyin Coker, Nicholas Colbeck, Roghan Colbert, Esther Cole, Jade Cole, Joby Cole, Garry Coleman, Matt Coleman, Nick Coleman, Holly Coles, Macleod Colin, Alicia Colino-Acevedo, Julie Colley, Kathleen Collie, Alexandra Collier, Danielle Collier, Dawn Collier, Heather Collier, Terry Collingwood, Paul Collini, Emma Collins, Jaimie Collins, Joanne Collins, Kayleigh Collins, Megan Collins, Nicola Collins, Sally Collins, Vicky Collins, Andrew Collinson, Bernadette Collinson, Jennifer Collinson, Matthew Collis, Madeleine Colmar, Hayley E Colton, James Colton, Katie Colville, Carolyn Colvin, Edward Combes, David Comer, Alison Comerford, Dónal Concannon, Alison Condliffe, Robin Condliffe, Emma Connell, Lynne Connell, Natalie Connell, Karen Connelly, Gavin Connolly, Emma Connor, Antonia Conroy, Kevin Conroy, Veronica Conteh, Rory Convery, Francesca Conway, Grainne Conway, Rhiannon Conway, Robert Conway, Jo-Anna 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Cunliffe, Neil Cunningham, Nicola Cunningham, Jason Cupitt, Hollie Curgenven, Gerens Curnow, David Curran, Simon Curran, Craig Currie, Jacqueline Currie, Scarlett Currie, Susan Currie, Susie Currie, Jonathan Curtis, Katrina Curtis, Matthew Curtis, Olivia Curtis, Thomas Curtis, Rebecca Cuthbertson, Jennifer Cuthill, Sean Cutler, Sarah Cutts, Marta Czekaj, Patrycja Czylok, Shane D'Souza, Joana da Rocha, Mohammed Dafalla, Andrew Dagens, Helen Daggett, Jacqui Daglish, Sandeep Dahiya, Anne Dale, Katie Dale, Michaela Dale, Sam Dale, Susan Dale, Jolyon Dales, Helen Dalgleish, Helen Dallow, Carlo D'aloia, Dermot Dalton, Morag Dalton, Zoe Daly, Mansi Damani, Eleanor Damm, Akila Danga, Joanne Dangerfield, Amelia Daniel, Priya Daniel, Allison Daniels, Adela Dann, Sandra Danso-Bamfo, Suzanne Darby, Alex Darbyshire, Janet Darbyshire, Paul Dargan, Paul Dark, Kate Darlington, Sarah Darnell, Tom Darton, Guledew Darylile, Avisnata Das, Manjusha Das, Sukamal Das, Martin Daschel, Joanne Dasgin, Dibyendu Datta, Anna Daunt, Vaishali Dave, Emily Davenport, Mark Davey, Miriam Davey, Molly Davey, Mini David, Alexander Davidson, Laura Davidson, Neil Davidson, Richard Davidson, Albert Davies, Alison Davies, Amanda Davies, Amy Davies, Angela Davies, Bethan Davies, Caroline Davies, Carolyn Davies, Catrin Davies, Dawn Davies, Drew Davies, Elaine Davies, Elinor Davies, Ellie Davies, Ffyon Davies, Gwyneth Davies, Helen Davies, Jennifer Davies, Jim Davies, Karen Davies, Kelly Davies, Kim Davies, Llinos Davies, Louisa Davies, Matthew Davies, Michelle Davies, Nina Davies, Owen Davies, Patrick Davies, Rachel Davies, Rhys Davies, Ruth Davies, Sally Davies, Sarah Davies, Simon Davies, Sue Davies, Alison Davis, Julie-Ann Davis, Katherine Davis, Peter Davis, Andrea Davis-Cook, Alexander Davison, Christine Dawe, H Dawe, Mark Dawkins, Angela Dawson, Danielle Dawson, Elizabeth Dawson, Joy Dawson, Lucinda Dawson, Mike Dawson, Susan Dawson, Tom Dawson, Isla Dawson, Andrew Daxter, Andrew Day, Jacob Day, Jeremy N Day, Jamie D'Costa, Parijat De, Pradip De, Duneesha de Fonseka, Toni de Freitas, Roberta De Pretto, Frederico De Santana Miranda, Eleanor de Sausmarez, Shanika de Silva, Thushan de Silva, Jessica De Sousa, Paulo De Sousa, James de Souza, Phillip De Souza, Anthony De Soyza, Natasha de Vere, Johannes de Vos, Bethan Deacon, Sharon Dealing, Anna Dean, Julie Dean, Katrina Dean, Stephen Dean, Tessa Dean, Jill Deane, James Dear, Effie Dearden, Catherine Deas, Samuel Debbie, Gabor Debreceni, Vashist Deelchand, Matthew Deeley, Joanne Deery, Emmanuel Defever, Manuela Del Forno, Arnold Dela Rosa, Gonzalo De-La-Cedra, Amanda Dell, Pamela De Los Santos Dominguez, Carrie Demetriou, David DeMets, Jane Democratis, Jacqueline Denham, Emmanuelle Denis, Laura Denley, Craig Denmade, Alexandra Dent, Kathy Dent, Martin Dent, Elise Denton, Tom Denwood, Nishigandh Deole, Darshita Depala, Maria Depante, Susan Dermody, Amisha Desai, Asmita Desai, Purav Desai, Sanjeev Deshpande, Vai Deshpande, Sirjana Devkota, Usha Devkota, Debbie Devonport, Matthew Devonport, Prakash Dey, Vishal Dey, Rogin Deylami, Kevin Dhaliwal, Sundip Dhani, Amandeep Dhanoa, Mili Dhar, Ankush Dhariwal, Dawpadee Dharmasena, Devesh Dhasmana, Ekanjali Dhillon, Reiss Dhillon, Syra Dhillon, Meghnath Dhimal, Dipali Dhiru, Trupti Dhorajiwala, Priya Dias, Stephanie Diaz, Kayleigh Diaz-Pratt, Mohammed Dibas, Debbie Dickerson, Pamela Dicks, Matt Dickson, Stuart Dickson, J Digby, Ronneil Digpal, Sean Dillane, Sarah Diment, Paul Dimitri, Georgios Dimitriadis, Sajeel Din, Thai Ha Dinh, Alex Dipper, Sabiq Dipro, Laura Dirmantaite, Lorelle Dismore, Lisa Ditchfield, Sarah Diver, Lavanya Diwakar, Preeti Diwan, Caroline Dixon, Giles Dixon, Kate Dixon, Brice Djeugam, Petr Dlouhy, Andrea D'Mello, Paul Dmitri, Laurence Dobbie, Marinela Dobranszky Oroian, Charlotte Dobson, Lee Dobson, Marie Docherty, David Dockrell, Jacqueline Dodd, James Dodd, Jackie Dodds, Rebecca Dodds, Steve Dodds, Richi Dogra, Conor Doherty, Erin Doherty, Warren Doherty, Yumiko Doi, Iain Doig, Eleanor Doke, Daniel Dolan, Mark Dolman, Rozzie Dolman, Lisa Donald, Katie Donald, Callum Donaldson, Christopher Donaldson, Denise Donaldson, Gillian Donaldson, Kate Donaldson, Sinead Donlon, Joanne Donnachie, Eilish Donnelly, Ronan Donnelly, Phil Donnison, Aravindhan Donohoe, Gemma Donohoe, Bryan Donohue, Emma Dooks, Reece J Doonan, Grainne Doran, Rachael Dore, Kane Dorey, Sharon Dorgan, Kataryna Dos Santos, Moonira Dosani, Davinder Dosanjh, Paula Dospinescu, Isabelle Doss, Theonymfi Doudouliaki, Andrew Dougherty, Jill Doughty, Katie Douglas, Jonathan Douse, Allyn Dow, Lucy Dowden, Michelle Dower, Sud Dowling, Nicola Downer, Charlotte Downes, Rob Downes, Thomas Downes, Damian Downey, Robert Downey, Caroline Downing, Louise Downs, Simon Dowson, Cornel Dragan, Cristina Dragos, Maire Drain, Chelsea Drake, Victoria Drew, Olivia Drewett, Anthony Drexel, Celine Driscoll, Helena Drogan, Odysseas Drosos, Graham Drummond, Katie Drury, Kay Druryk, Ronald Druyeh, Jack Dryburgh-Jones, Simon Drysdale, An Du Thinh, Hazel Dube, Judith Dube, Stephen Duberley, Paige K Duckenfield, Hayley Duckles-Leech, Nicola Duff, Emma Duffield, Heather Duffy, Helen Duffy, Katharine Duffy, Lionel Dufour, Annette Duggan, Parveen Dugh, Rauand Duhoky, Janice Duignan, Jennifer Dulay, Simon Dummer, Alexis Duncan, Andrew Duncan, Christopher Duncan, Fullerton Duncan, Gregory Duncan, Holly Duncan, Robert Duncan, Stephanie Dundas, Aileen Dunleavy, Julia Dunleavy, Alessia Dunn, Charlotte Dunn, Damian Dunn, Laura Dunn, Paul Dunn, Charlene Dunne, Karen Dunne, Fiona Dunning, Aidan Dunphy, Venkat Duraiswamy, Beatriz Duran, Ingrid DuRand, Leanne Durdle, Natalie Duric, Alison Durie, Emily Durie, Samuel Durogbola, Chris Durojaiye, Laura Durrans, Katie Durrant, Hannah Durrington, Iheukwumere Duru, Haris Duvnjak, Akshay Dwarakanath, Laasya Dwarakanath, Ellen Dwyer, Zara Dyar, Claudia Dyball, Kristyn Dyer, Harvey Dymond, Tom Dymond, Chris Eades, Lauren Eadie, Rebekah Eadie, Laura Eagles, Beena Eapen, Naomi Earl, Joanne Early, Melissa Earwaker, Nicholas Easom, Clare East, Amy Easthope, Fraser Easton, Jack Easton, Patrick Easton, Ruth Eatough, Oluwadamilola Ebigbola, Martin Ebon, Alison Eccles, Sinan Eccles, Chloe Eddings, Michael Eddleston, Maureen Edgar, Katharine Edgerley, Nicholas Edmond, Mary Edmondson, Tracy Edmunds, Abby Edwards, Alexandra Edwards, Catherine Edwards, Joy Edwards, Kennedy Edwards, Mandy Edwards, Martin Edwards, Sophie Edwards, Jenny Eedle, Aline Eggink, Dawn Egginton, Sam Eggleston, Loveth Ehiorobo, Sarah Eisen, Ugochukwu Ekeowa, Mohamed Ekoi, Ayomide Ekunola, Soha El Behery, Nagla Elashhar, Lisa Elawamy, Mohamed Elbeshy, Kate El-Bouzidi, Jennifer Elder, Mohammed El-Din, Emma Eldridge, Diana Eleanor, Uchenna Elenwa, Ibrahim Eletu, Eman Elfar, Mayy M Elgamal, Amr Elgohary, Mohamed A A Elhadi, Stellios Elia, Jennifer Elias, Tania Elias, Nadia Elkaram, Andrew V Elkins, Julie Ellam, Nikki Ellard, Laura N Ellerton, Lucy Elliot, Amy Elliott, Fiona Elliott, Kerry Elliott, Scott Elliott, Sian Elliott, Annie Ellis, Christine Ellis, Kaytie Ellis, Leila Ellis, Rupert Ellis, Tak-Yan Ellis, Yvette Ellis, Alison C Ellwood, Rahma Elmahdi, Einas Elmahi, Hannah-May Elmasry, Mohammed El-Naggar, Najla Elndari, Omer Elneima, Mohamed Elokl, Ahmed Elradi, Mohamed Elsaadany, Mohammed A S A Elsayed, Sally El-Sayeh, Hana El-Sbahi, Mohammad Elsebaei, Tarek Elsefi, Karim El-Shakankery, Alguili Elsheikh, Hosni El-Taweel, Sarah Elyoussfi, Jonathan Emberey, Jonathan R Emberson, John Emberton, Anna Emery, Julian Emmanuel, Ingrid Emmerson, Michael Emms, Florence Emond, Marieke Emonts, Nicu Enachi, Dickson Enenche, Angila Engden, Katy English, Emma Entwistle, Hene Enyi, Marios Erotocritou, Peter Eskander, Hanif Esmail, Fatheha Essa, Brynach Evans, Chris Evans, Debra Evans, Emrys Evans, Gail Evans, Gareth Evans, Isabel Evans, Jack Evans, Jacqueline Evans, Jennifer Evans, John Evans, Jolanta Evans, Lisa Evans, Lynn Evans, Mim Evans, Morgan Evans, Ranoromanana Evans, Sharon Evans, Sian Evans, Teriann Evans, Tomos Evans, Caroline Everden, Serenydd Everden, Lynette Every, Hayley Evison, Lynsey Evison, Chiamaka Ezenduka, Jacqueline Faccenda, Leila Fahel, Youstina Fahmay, Ian Fairbairn, Sara Fairbairn, Terry Fairbairn, Andy Fairclough, Louise Fairlie, Mark Fairweather, Anne Fajardo, Naomi Falcone, Euan Falconer, John Fallon, Andrea Fallow, David Faluyi, Victoria Fancois, Ayaan Farah, Muna Farah, Qayyum Farah, Nowin Z Fard, Leila Fares, Amr Farg, Adam Farmer, Katie Farmer, Toni Farmery, Samantha Farnworth, Faiyaz Farook, Hadia Farooq, Sidrah Farooq, Fiona Farquhar, Holly Farr, Aaron Farrell, Barbara Farrell, Fayed Farrukh, James Farthing, Syeda Farzana, Rahmatu Fasina, Azam Fatemi, Mina Fatemi, Suman Fathima, Nibah Fatimah, Maria Faulkner, Saul N Faust, Clair Favager, Joe Fawke, Sinmidele Fawohunre, Abul Fazal, Aisthath Fazleen, Simon Fearby, Connie Fearnley, Alex Feben, Federico Fedel, Daria Fedorova, Christopher Fegan, Mae Felongo, Lynsey Felton, Tim Felton, Kate Fenlon, Andrea Fenn, Ruth Fennelly, Isabelle Fenner, Ciara Fenton, Melisa Fenton, Gloria Ferenando, Cameron Ferguson, Jenny Ferguson, Kathryn Ferguson, Katie Ferguson, Susan Ferguson, Susie Ferguson, Victoria Ferguson, Denzil Fernandes, Candida Fernandez, Eduardo Fernandez, Maria Fernandez, Sonia Fernandez Lopez, Jaime Fernandez Roman, Callum J Fernando, Jessica Fernando, Ahmed Feroz, Pietro Ferranti, Thais Ferrari, Eleanor Ferrelly, Alexandra Ferrera, Emma Ferriman, Sheldon Ferron, Nicholas Fethers, Ben Field, Janet Field, Rebecca Field, Karen Fielder, Lindsey Fieldhouse, Andra Fielding, Julie Fielding, Sarah Fielding, Asma Fikree, Santos Filipa, Sarah A Filson, Shona Finan, Sarah Finbow, Deborah J Finch, Joanne Finch, Laurie Finch, Simon Finch, Spencer Finch, Natalie Fineman, Jim Finlayson, Lauren Finlayson, Adam Finn, Joanne Finn, Dylan Finnerty, Clare Finney, Deborah Finucane, Sofia Fiouni, Jo Fiquet, Promise Firi, James Fisher, Neil Fisher, Daniel Fishman, Krystofer Fishwick, Carolyn Fitton, Felicity Fitzgerald, Fiona Fitzgerald, Karen Fitzjohn, Jan Flaherty, Michael Flanagan, Charles Flanders, Nikolaos Flaris, Gail Fleming, Julie Fleming, Lucy Fleming, Paul Fleming, William Flesher, Alison Fletcher, Anna Fletcher, Jonathan Fletcher, Lucy Fletcher, Simon Fletcher, Sophie Fletcher, Fiona Flett, Karen Flewitt, Sarah Flockhart, Christopher Flood, Ian Floodgate, Jonathan Flor, Vincent Florence, Mary Flowerdew, Sharon Floyd, Margaret J Flynn, Rachel Flynn, Claire Foden, Adama Fofana, Georgina Fogarty, Paul Foley, Linda Folkes, Tracey Fong, Daniela M Font, Aiwyne Foo, Jane Foo, Andrew Foot, Helen R Foot, Jayne Foot, Jane Forbes, Amber Ford, Jamie Ford, Imogen Fordham, Jennifer Foreman, Matthew Forester, Mohammad Forkan, Caroline Fornolles, Adam Forrest, Ellie Forsey, Miranda Forsey, Thomas Forshall, Elliot Forster, Abigail Forsyth, Julian Forton, Conrad Foster, Emily Foster, Joseph Foster, Rachel A Foster, Tracy Foster, Angela Foulds, Ian Foulds, Folakemi Fowe, Natasha Fowkes, Emily Fowler, Robert Fowler, Stephen Fowler, Amy Fox, Claire Fox, Heather Fox, Jonathan Fox, Laura Fox, Lauren Fox, Natalie Fox, Olivia Fox, Simon Fox, Sarah-Jane Foxton, Eva Fraile, Rebecca Frake, Alex Francioni, Olesya Francis, Rebecca Francis, Sarah Francis, Theodora Francis-Bacon, Helen Frankland, Jessica Franklin, Siobhan Franklin, Catherine Fraser, Andi Fratila, Sharon Frayling, Martyn Fredlund, Anna Freeman, Carol Freeman, Elaine Freeman, Hannah Freeman, Nicola Freeman, Clare Freer, Eleanor French, Thomas French, Karen Freshwater, Matthew Frise, Renate Fromson, Adam Frosh, John Frost, Victoria Frost, Oliver Froud, Rachel Frowd, Arun Fryatt, Andrzej Frygier, Bridget Fuller, Liz Fuller, Lucy Fuller, Tracy Fuller, Duncan Fullerton, Carrie Fung, Gayle Fung, Sarah Funnell, John Furness, Andrew Fyfe, Nytianandan G, Elizabeth Gabbitas, Claire Gabriel, Zoë Gabriel, Hadiza Gachi, Sophie Gaffarena, Sarah Gage, Joshua Gahir, Sarveen Gajebasia, 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Gilmour, Kate Gilmour, Lesley Gilmour, Louis Ginn, Franciscus Ginting, Theodora Giokanini-Royal, Anna Gipson, Barbie Giri, Joanna Girling, Rhian Gisby, Angelena Gkioni, Aikaterini Gkoritsa, Effrossyni Gkrania-Klotsas, Amy Gladwell, James Glanville, Jessica Glasgow, Susannah Glasgow, Jon Glass, Lynn Glass, Sharon Glaysher, Lisa Gledhill, Eleanor Glenday, Ana Glennon, Jodie Glossop, John Glover, Kyle Glover, Michelle Glover, Jan Glover Bengtsson, Deborah Glowski, Sharon Glynn, Chevanthy Gnanalingam, Julie Goddard, Wendy Goddard, Emily Godden, Jo Godden, Sarah Godlee, Emma Godson, Gillian Godwin, Sukanya Gogoi, Aiky Goh, Manjinder Gohel, Rebeca Goiriz, Sriya Gokaraju, Raphael Goldacre, Arthur Goldsmith, Portia Goldsmith, Darren Gomersall, Lucia Gomez, Raquel Gomez-Marcos, Ali Gondal, Celia Gonzalez, Jack Goodall, Vicky Goodall, Bob Goodenough, Anna Goodfellow, Laura Goodfellow, James Goodlife, Camelia Goodwin, Elizabeth Goodwin, Jayne Goodwin, Paula Goodyear, Rajiv Gooentilleke, Michelle 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Paul Greaves, Alastair Green, Amy Green, Amy S Green, Charlotte Green, Christopher A Green, David Green, Frederick Green, Joel Green, Marie Green, Nicola Green, Stacey Green, Diarra Greene, Philippa Greenfield, Alan Greenhalgh, Daniel Greenwood, Sandra Greer, James Gregory, Jane Gregory, Katie Gregory, Tamsin Gregory, Jill Greig, Julia Greig, Rebecca Grenfell, Teena Grenier, Jack Grenville, Jo Gresty, Susan Grevatt, Glaxy Grey, Samuel Gribben, Andrew Gribbin, Amy Gribble, Natasha Grieg, Douglas Grieve, Ben Griffin, Denise Griffin, Mel Griffin, Sian Griffith, Andrew Griffiths, Daniel Griffiths, David Griffiths, Donna Griffiths, Isabel Griffiths, Mark Griffiths, Nicola Griffiths, Oliver Griffiths, Sandra Griffiths, Sarah Griffiths, Scott Griffiths, Yvonne Griffiths, Sofia Grigoriadou, Steph Grigsby, Paul Grist, Evelina Grobovaite, Dorothy Grogono, Clarissa Grondin, Rachel Groome, Pauline Grose, Liliana Grosu, Jenny Grounds, Margaret Grout, Helen Grover, Jayne Groves, Neil Grubb, Julie 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Anne Haldeos, Writaja Halder, Emily Hale, Jennie Hale, Carmel Halevy, Paul Halford, William Halford, Alaina Halim, Alistair Hall, Anthony Hall, Claire Hall, Elizabeth Hall, Fiona Hall, Helen Hall, Jennifer Hall, Kathryn Hall, Laura Hall, Jan Hallas, Kyle Hallas, Charles Hallett, Jackie Halliday, Akmal Hallman, Heather Halls, Maryam Hamdollah-Zadeh, ifedadepo A Hamed-Adekale, Bilal Hameed, Mohammed Hameed, Raph Hamers, Imran Hamid, Mohamad Hamie, Raymond Hamill, Bethany Hamilton, Fergus Hamilton, Gus Hamilton, Leigh Hamilton, Melanie Hamilton, Nicola Hamilton, Sara Hamilton, Ruth Hamlin, Eleanor Hamlyn, Beatrice Hammans, Shirley Hammersley, Kate Hammerton, Bev Hammond, Emily Hammond, Leah Hammond, Sally Hammond, Fiona Hammonds, Ibrahim Hamoodi, Karen Hampshire, James A Hampson, Jude Hampson, Lucy Hampson, Lisa Hamzah, Jenny Han, Ozan Hanci, Sadiyah Hand, Lala Handayani, Jasmine Handford, Soran Handrean, Nina K Handzewniak, Sarah Haney, Sheharyar Hanif, E Hanison, Esther Hanison, 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Rachel Hayre, Carole Hays, Sarah Haysom, James Hayward, Patrick Haywood, Tracy Hazelton, Phoebe Hazenberg, Zhengmai He, Elizabeth Headon, Carrie Heal, Brendan Healy, Jessica L Healy, Amy Hearn, David Heasman, Angela Heath, Debbie Heath, Rowan Heath, Diane Heaton, Adam Heavens, Kerry Hebbron, Catherine Heckman, Gemma Hector, Sadie Heddon, Andy Hedges, Katrine Hedges, Cheryl Heeley, Elaine Heeney, Richard Heinink, Rajdeep Heire, Ingvild Helgesen, Joanne Hemingway, Ulla Hemmila, Beth Hemmings, Scott Hemphill, Deborah Hemsley, Abigail Henderson, Eilidh Henderson, Jennifer Henderson, Steven Henderson, Joanne Henry, Karol Henry, Lavinia Henry, Margo Henry, Natalie Henry, David Henshall, Gillian Herdman, Rosaleen Herdman-Grant, Morag Herkes, Fe Marie Hernandez, Emma Heron, Lisa Heron, William Herrington, Emilia Heselden, Peta Heslop, Tracey Heslop, Simon Hester, Emily Hetherington, Joseph Hetherington, Chamila Hettiarachchi, Pramodh Hettiarachchi, Hayley Hewer, John Hewertson, Anna Hewetson, 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George Hulston, Ryan Hum, Megan Hume, Charlotte Humphrey, Alasdair Humphries, Amy Humphries, Joanne Humphries, Charlotte Hunt, Fiona Hunt, Jane Hunt, Jonquil Hunt, Kristen Hunt, Luke Hunt, Molly Hunt, Sophie Hunt, Alexandra Hunter, Catherine Hunter, Ewan Hunter, Karl Hunter, Neil Hunter, Ross Hunter, Sophie Hunter, George Huntington, Fuad Huq, Elizabeth Hurditch, Judith Hurdman, Cian Hurley, Katrina Hurley, Mohammed A Husain, Syeda Y Husaini, Coralie Huson, Afreen Hussain, Chreif Hussain, Ibraar Hussain, Ifza Hussain, Mohammad Hussain, Mohammed Hussain, Muhammad Hussain, Reda Hussain, Rizwana Hussain, Samia Hussain, Sanniah Hussain, Yasmin Hussain, Mohammed Hussam El-Din, Samahir F E M Hussein, Ziad Hussein, Rebecca Hussey, Adiel H Hussien, Anja Hutchinson, Camille Hutchinson, Dorothy Hutchinson, Elizabeth Hutchinson, John Hutchinson, Claire Hutsby, Paula Hutton, Thuong Huyen, Hieu Huynh, Daniella Hydes, Jamie Hyde-Wyatt, Niamh Hynes, Megan Hyslop, Angeliki Iakovou, Katherine Ibison, 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Tracy James, Jack Jameson, Louise Jamieson, Aaron Jamison, Phoebe Jane, Karen Janes, Azara Janmohamed, Deepa Japp, Peter Jaques, Victor Jardim, Catherine Jardine, Claire Jarman, Emma Jarnell, Ellie Jarvie, Claire Jarvis, Rosina Jarvis, Patrycja Jastrzebska, Hafsa Javed, Aristotle Javier, Mays Jawad, Lona Jawaheer, Anu Jayachandran, D Jayachandran, Anita Jayadev, Angelina Jayakumar, Deepak Jayaram, Ravi Jayaram, Geeshath Jayasekera, Thilina Jayatilleke, Abi Jayebalan, Jane Jeater, Saman Jeddi, Vandana Jeebun, Mohammad S Jeelani, Katie Jeffery, Helen Jeffrey, Rachel Jeffrey, Nathan Jeffreys, Benjamin Jeffs, Carol Jeffs, Jegan P Jeganathan Ponraj, Debbie Jegede, Taylor Jemima, Ifan Jenkin, Alison Jenkins, Christopher Jenkins, David Jenkins, Elinor Jenkins, Ian Jenkins, Paula Jenkins, Sarah Jenkins, Sian Jenkins, Stephen Jenkins, Felicia Jennings, Jacqui Jennings, Louise Jennings, Virginia Jennings, Ellen Jerome, Douglas Jerry, Greame Jervis, Ellen Jessup-Dunton, Jorge A Jesus Silva, 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Philip H Jones, Rhianna Jones, Ruth E Jones, Samantha Jones, Sophie Jones, Stefanie Jones, Steve Jones, Susan Jones, Taya Jones, Thomas Jones, Tim Jones, Tracey Jones, Ramya Jonnalagadda, Rebecca Jordache, Michele Jordan, Sarah Jordan, Abi Jose, Litty Jose, Louise Jose, Sanal Jose, Anna Joseph, Gigee Joseph, P Aiden Joseph, Rosane Joseph, Sibet Joseph, Dhaara Joshi, Mehul Joshi, Pratichi Joshi, Tushar Joshi, Benz Josiah, Lijo Joy, Tiffany Joyce, Hong Ju, Adriel Ju Wen Kwek, Andrew Judd, Edward Jude, Parminder Judge, Jessica Juhl, Sirisha Jujjavarapu, Mark Juniper, Edmund Juszczak, Deepthi Jyothish, Kasamu Kabiru Dawa, Mark Kacar, Nikhil Kadam, Nicole Kader, Ajai Kailey, Matthew Kain, Gail Kakoullis, Azad Kala Bhushan, Richard J K Kalayi, Roobala Kaliannan Periyasami, Efthymia Kallistrou, Thomas Kalmus Eliasz, Seika Kalsoom, Elisa Kam, John Kamara, Ajay Kamath, Prakash Kamath, Ravindra Kamath, Siddharth A Kamerkar, Nick Kametas, Musaiwale Kamfose, Charlotte Kamundi, Dharmesh Kanabar, 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Stephen Lord, Claire Lorimer, Francesco Loro, Rachel Lorusso, Catherine Loughlin, Wayne Lovegrove, Robert Loveless, Maxine Lovell, Angeliki Loverdou, Andrew Low, Jen Mae Low, Shona Low, Alastair Lowe, Catherine Lowe, Emily Lowe, Faye Lowe, Leanne Lowe, Michael Lowe, Richard Lowsby, Vicki Lowthorpe, Gamu Lubimbi, Alexandra Lubina Solomon, Georgia Lucas, Jacob Lucas, Alice Lucey, Olivia Lucey, Suzanne Luck, Lok Hin Lui, Akish Luintel, H Luke, Jane Luke, Naomi Lungu, Apurva Lunia, Muriel Lunn, Ji Luo, Mark Luscombe, Jocelyn Luveta, Cindy N Luximon, Khine Lwin, Myat Lwin, Alison Lye, Barrie Lyell, Elisavet Lyka, Audrey Lynas, Ceri Lynch, Daniel Lynch, Daniella Lynch, Stephen Lynch, Rea-Grace Maamari, Hannah Mabb, Louies Mabelin, George Mabeza, Jessica Macaro, Kateryna Macconaill, Chloe Macdonald, Andrew Macduff, Claire Macfadyen, James G Macfarlane, Jill Macfarlane, Laura Macfarlane, Irene Macharia, Lisa MacInnes, Iain MacIntyre, Jill MacIntyre, Kirsten Mack, Callum Mackay, Euan Mackay, 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Matthew Tate, Paul Tate, Kate Tatham, Silvia S Tavares, Vera Tavoukjian, Shao An Isaac Tay, Alexander Taylor, Beverley Taylor, Charlie Taylor, Charlotte A Taylor, David Taylor, Elisabeth Taylor, Holly Taylor, Janet Taylor, Jennifer Taylor, Joanne Taylor, Julie Taylor, Karen Taylor, Leanne Taylor, Margaret Taylor, Matthew Taylor, Melanie Taylor, Natalie Taylor, Rachael Taylor, Rachel Taylor, Samantha Taylor, Suzanne Taylor, Tracey Taylor, Vicky Taylor, Victoria Taylor, Michelle Taylor-Siddons, Thomas Taynton, Amelia Te, Francesca Teasdale, Jessica Teasdale, Katherine Teasdale, Julie Tebbutt, Caroline Tee, Izla Teeluck, Borja Tejero Moya, Rajni Tejwani, Adam Telfer, Vibha Teli, Jennifer Tempany, Julie Temple, Natalie Temple, Helen Tench, Yi He Teoh, Radoslaw Tereszkowski-Kaminski, Lynne Terrett, Louise Terry, Tesha I M Tesha, Dariusz Tetla, Shirish Tewari, Daniel Tewkesbury, Joana Texeira, ChiaLing Tey, Miriam Thake, Clare Thakker, Manish Thakker, Jayna Thakrar, Bhavneet Thamu, Hilary Thatcher, Andrew Thayanandan, Krishna Thazhatheyil, Eaint Thein, Lambrini Theocharidou, Phyu Thet, Kapeendran Thevarajah, Mayooran Thevendra, Nang Thiri Phoo, Yvette Thirlwall, Muthu Thirumaran, Alice Thomas, Andrew Thomas, Caradog Thomas, Emma Thomas, Enson Thomas, Esther Thomas, Helen Thomas, James Thomas, Jordan L Thomas, Karen Thomas, Koshy Thomas, Lucy Thomas, Rachel Thomas, Rebecca Thomas, Rhys Thomas, Ruth Thomas, Sarah Thomas, Sherine Thomas, Tessy Thomas, Vicky Thomas, Kirsty Thomasson, Rhian Thomas-Turner, Catherine Thompson, Christopher Thompson, Clara Thompson, Emma Thompson, Fiona Thompson, Hilary Thompson, Jessica Thompson, Katharine Thompson, Laura Thompson, Liz Thompson, Luke Thompson, Michael Thompson, Orla Thompson, Rebecca Thompson, Roger Thompson, Yolanda Thompson, Nicola Thomson, Patrick Thorburn, Natasha Thorn, Charlotte Thorne, Nicola Thorne, Alice Thornton, Danielle Thornton, Jim Thornton, Richard Thornton, Sara Thornton, Susan Thornton, Thomas Thornton, Tracey 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Yeoh, Chun Yu Yeung, Peter Yew, Durgesh Yewatkar, Laura B Ylquimiche Melly, Inez Ynter, H Yong, Jemma Yorke, Jasmine Youens, Abdel Younes Ibrahim, Eoin Young, Gail Young, Louise Young, Asfand Yousafzar, Sajeda Youssouf, Ahmed Yousuf, Chrissie Yu, Jack S J Yuan, Nindya Yufaniaputri, Bernard Yung, Daniel Yusef, Said Yusef, Intekhab Yusuf, Anna-Sophia Zafar, Silvia Zagalo, Su Zaher, Aqsa Zahoor, Mahrukh Zainab, Thornton Zak, Kareem Zaki, Nabhan Zakir, Kasia Zalewska, Ane Zamalloa, Mohsin Zaman, Shakir Zaman, Julie Zamikula, Louise Zammit, Marie Zammit-Mangion, Marcelina Zawadzka, Mohammed Zayed, Esther Zebracki, Daniel Zehnder, Lisa Zeidan, Darius Zeinali, Jing Zhang, Xiaobei Zhao, Dongling Zheng, Doreen Zhu, Madiha Zia, Omar Zibdeh, Rabia Zill-E-Huma, Ei Thankt Zin, Eva Zincone, Garikai Zindoga, Eleanor Zinkin, Vivian Zinyemba, Christos Zipitis, Letizia Zitter, Arkadiusz Zmierczak, Garazi Zubikarai, Azam Zubir, Naz Zuhra, Rasha Zulaikha, Sabrina Zulfikar, Carol Zullo, and Ana Zuriaga-Alvaro
Supplementary Material
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
Data Availability Statement
The protocol, consent form, statistical analysis plan, definition and derivation of clinical characteristics and outcomes, training materials, regulatory documents, and other relevant study materials are available online. As described in the protocol, the trial steering committee will facilitate the use of the study data and approval will not be unreasonably withheld. De-identified participant data will be made available to bona fide researchers registered with an appropriate institution within 3 months of publication. However, the steering committee will need to be satisfied that any proposed publication is of high quality, honours the commitments made to the study participants in the consent documentation and ethical approvals, and is compliant with relevant legal and regulatory requirements (eg, relating to data protection and privacy). The steering committee will have the right to review and comment on any draft manuscripts before publication. Data will be made available in line with the policy and procedures. Those wishing to request access should complete the form and email it to data.access@ndph.ox.ac.uk.
For more on this policy see https://www.ndph.ox.ac.uk/files/about/ndph-independence-of-research-policy-jun-20.pdf
For policy and procedures see https://www.ndph.ox.ac.uk/data-access
For the form see https://www.ndph.ox.ac.uk/files/about/data_access_enquiry_form_13_6_2019.docx
For the trial details see www.recoverytrial.net
For more on the RECOVERY trial see www.recoverytrial.net