Design, Synthesis, and Bioactivities of Novel Trifluoromethyl Pyrimidine Derivatives Bearing an Amide Moiety

Abstract

Twenty-three novel trifluoromethyl pyrimidine derivatives containing an amide moiety were designed and synthesized through four-step reactions and evaluated for their antifungal, insecticidal, and anticancer properties. Bioassay results indicated that some of the title compounds exhibited good in vitro antifungal activities against Botryosphaeria dothidea (B. dothidea), Phompsis sp., Botrytis cinereal (B. cinerea), Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (C. gloeosporioides), Pyricutaria oryzae (P. oryzae), and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (S. sclerotiorum) at 50 μg/ml. Meanwhile, the synthesized compounds showed moderate insecticidal activities against Mythimna separata (M. separata) and Spdoptera frugiperda (S. frugiperda) at 500 μg/ml, which were lower than those of chlorantraniliprole. In addition, the synthesized compounds indicated certain anticancer activities against PC3, K562, Hela, and A549 at 5 μg/ml, which were lower than those of doxorubicin. Notably, this work is the first report on the antifungal, insecticidal, and anticancer activities of trifluoromethyl pyrimidine derivatives bearing an amide moiety.

Introduction

In recent years, in the field of agricultural production, drug resistance and cross-resistance of existing pesticides continue to develop, and the development of efficient and new pesticides is still an urgent task for scientific researchers (Wei et al., 2021). Due to their unique biological structure, nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds have the characteristics of high target specificity and good environmental compatibility, which have become a research hotspot in the creation of new pesticides (Mermer et al., 2021). Among them, pyrimidine is an important lead molecule and an active fragment in the design of biologically active molecules, which is widely used in the design of pesticides and pharmaceutical molecules (Abbas et al., 2021), plant growth regulation (Tsygankova et al., 2018), and other biological activities. Many pyrimidine pesticide molecules are on the market, such as azoxystrobin, fluoxastrobin, pyrimethamine sulfonate, pyrimfen, cyclopropenyl, sulfluramid, and sulfonylureas. Especially in the prevention and treatment of plant fungal diseases, pyrimidine fungicides have become one of the hot spots in the research on new pesticides (Borthakur et al., 2020). In the medicine field, pyrimidine has broad-spectrum biological activity including anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-HIV activities (Abdel-Aziz et al., 2021; Abu-Zaied et al., 2021; Ding et al., 2022; Li et al., 2022). Therefore, the molecular design, synthesis, and biological activity of pyrimidine derivatives are still one of the hot research topics in pesticide chemistry (Zhang et al., 2020).

Amide, an important negatively charged organic functional group, was widely present in active compounds, which has a broad spectrum of biological activities and is widely used in the field of pesticides and medicine (Maftei et al., 2015; Bhat et al., 2017). According to statistics, 25% of small-molecule drugs currently in the market contain at least one amide bond in their molecular structure (Kumari et al., 2020). At present, the fungicides of amide compounds have been used for decades, and the application of fungicides is the most effective measure to control phytopathogenic fungi. The use of fungicides can restore a lot of losses every year (Simkhada and Thapa, 2021; Wang R.-X. et al., 2021). The commercial varieties that have been developed include fentanyl, fluopicolide, flutolanil penthiopyrad, boscalid, etc. Amide fungicides can effectively prevent and control sheath blight, scab, and sclerotinia on crops such as wheat, corn, rapeseed, and rice. It can also effectively prevent and control fusarium wilt on tomato and potato diseases (AL-Shammri et al., 2022). In our previous work, a series of synthesized pyrimidine-containing substituted amide derivatives exhibited good antifungal activity.

Based on the aforementioned considerations and our previous works (Wu et al., 2019; Wu et al., 2020; Wu et al., 2021; Yu et al., 2021), the amide is linked to the trifluoromethyl pyrimidine backbone through an oxygen ether. Finally, we designed and synthesized a novel series of trifluoromethyl pyrimidine derivatives containing an amide moiety due to the molecularly active splicing strategy (Figure 1).

FIGURE 1.

Design of the target molecules.

Materials and Methods

General Information

Melting points (m.p.) of the target compounds were tested on an XT-4 binocular microscope (Beijing Tech Instrument Co., China). ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (solvent DMSO-d ₆) spectral analyses were performed on a Bruker AvanceNEO spectrometer (600 MHz, Bruker, Germany) at room temperature. High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) data were obtained on a Thermo Scientific Q Exactive Focus instrument (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Unites States). Analytical thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was prepared on silica gel GF₂₅₄.

Preparation of the Intermediates 2–4

Intermediates 2 and 3 were prepared using our previous research method in Scheme 1 (Wu et al., 2019).

SCHEME 1.

Synthetic routes of the target compounds 5a–5w.

To a 100-ml three-necked bottle, intermediate 3 (20 mmol), KI (0.2 mmol), Cs₂CO₃ (30 mmol), and acetone (50 ml) were stirred under ice bath conditions. Then, dissolved 3-aminophenol or 4-aminophenol (20 mmol) in acetone (10 ml) was added dropwise, which continued to react for 7–8 h at 25°C. The chromatographic column was installed and eluted with petroleum ether and ethyl acetate in different proportions to gain intermediate 4.

3-((6-(Trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-4-yl)oxy)aniline (4a). White solid; yield 62.5%; m. p. 65–67°C; ¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆, ppm) δ: 8.94 (s, 1H, pyrimidine-H), 7.29 (s, 1H, pyrimidine-H), 7.06 (t, 2H, J = 7.8 Hz, Ph-H), 6.62 (d, 1H, J = 7.8 Hz, Ph-H), 6.42 (t, 1H, J = 2.4 Hz, Ph-H), 6.38 (d, 1H, J = 7.8 Hz, Ph-H), 5.40 (s, 2H, NH₂); ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d₆, ppm)δ: 171.50, 169.88, 156.13 (q,J = 35.4 Hz), 147.42, 142.18, 122.26, 121.82 (q, J = 273.3 Hz), 114.96, 102.48; HRMS (ESI) calculated for C₁₁H₉ON₃F₃ [M + H]⁺: 256.06839, found: 256.06922.

4-((6-(Trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-4-yl)oxy)aniline (4b). White solid; yield 70.6%; m. p. 85–87°C; ¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆, ppm)δ: 8.96 (s, 1H, pyrimidine-H), 7.55 (s, 1H, pyrimidine-H), 6.93 (d, 2H, J = 9.0 Hz, Ph-H), 6.65 (d, 2H, J = 8.5 Hz, Ph-H), 5.17 (s, 2H, NH₂); ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d₆, ppm) δ: 171.41, 159.88, 156.09 (q, J = 35.1 Hz), 147.45, 142.06, 122.17, 121.82 (q, J = 272.7 Hz), 114.83, 105.83; HRMS (ESI) calculated for C₁₁H₉ON₃F₃ [M + H]⁺: 256.06839, found: 256.06910.

Preparation of the Target Compounds 5a–5w

To a 50-ml three-necked bottle, the key intermediate 4 (0.02 mol), aromatic acid (0.024 mol), and dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP, 0.0004 mol), dissolved in dichloromethane (20 ml), and 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDCI, 0.03 mol) were added. The reactions were stirred at 25°C for 8–10 h. Then, the solvent was evaporated under vacuum and the residue was purified by column chromatography (ethyl acetate/petroleum ether = 10/1) to obtain the target compounds 5a–5w.

N-(3-((6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-4-yl)oxy)phenyl)benzamide (5a). White solid; yield 53.4%; m. p. 125–127°C; ¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆, ppm) δ: 10.46 (s, 1H, -CONH-), 8.99 (s, 1H, pyrimidine), 7.83 (d, 2H, J = 7.2 Hz, Ph-H), 7.71 (t, 1H, J = 1.8 Hz, Ph-H), 7.78 (s, 1H, Ph-H), 7.72 (d, 1H, J = 8.4 Hz, Ph-H), 7.62 (t, 1H, J = 7.8 Hz, Ph-H), 7.56 (t, 1H, J = 7.8 Hz, Ph-H), 7.49 (t, 1H, J = 7.8 Hz, Ph-H), 7.04 (dd, 1H, J ₁ = 1.8 Hz, J ₂ = 8.4 Hz, Ph-H); ¹³C NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d₆, ppm) δ: 170.61, 166.25, 159.84, 156.13 (q, J = 35.6 Hz), 152.21, 141.21, 135.17, 132.19, 130.37, 128.88, 128.15, 121.81 (q, J = 273.3 Hz), 120.35, 118.30, 117.88, 117.13, 113.70, 106.66, 60.58, 55.79; HRMS (ESI) calculated for C₁₈H₁₂O₂N₃F₃ [M + Na]⁺: 382.07681, found: 382.07725.

Crystal Data and Structure Determination

Single crystals of compound 5q (deposition CCDC1965888) (DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc23znrj) for X-ray diffraction were acquired from absolute ethanol by slow evaporation at 25°C. The crystallographic parameters are displayed in Supplementary Table S1. Supplementary Table S1 showed that 3,107 independent reflections with the range of 2.072°≤ θ ≤ 22.729° were obtained. Compound 5q crystallized in the monoclinic system and the space group is P2 (1)/c. The crystallographic parameters are as follows: a = 17.2341 (15) Å, b = 12.1803 (11) Å, c = 10.5015 (9) Å, α = 90°, β = 97.021 (2)°, γ = 90°, μ = 0.106 mm⁻¹, V = 2187.9 (3) ų, Z = 4, D _c = 1.316 g cm⁻³, F (000) = 904.0, goodness of fit on F ² = 1.000, R ₁ = 0.1469, and wR ₂ = 0.2676. Meanwhile, the crystal structure of 5q was shown in Figure 1. Figure 2 showed that the crystal structure of compound 5q is monoclinic and contains two plane subunits of 6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine and benzamide.

FIGURE 2.

X-ray crystal structure of 5p.

In Vitro Antifungal Activity Test

The antifungal activities against Botryosphaeria dothidea (B. dothidea), Phompsis sp., Botrytis cinereal (B. cinerea), Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (C. gloeosporioides), Pyricutaria oryzae (P. oryzae), and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (S. sclerotiorum) of compounds 5a–5w at 50 μg/ml were determined by the typical mycelium growth rate method (Du et al., 2021; Wang W. et al., 2021), and tebuconazole was used as a positive control.

Insecticidal Activity Test

The insecticidal activities against Spdoptera frugiperda (S. frugiperda) and Mythimna separata (M. separata) of compounds 5a–5w at 500 µg/mL were conducted according to the research method in the literature (Wang et al., 2020). Chlorantraniliprole was used as a positive control. Three replicates were performed for each treatment. The corrected mortality rate of compounds 5a–5w were evaluated by the Abbott’s formula.

$$\text{Corrected}\text{mortality}\text{rate}\left(\text{\%}\right)=\left(\text{Mortality}\text{rate}\text{of}\text{treatment}\text{group}-\text{Mortality rate of control}\text{group}\right)/\left(1-\text{Mortality}\text{rate}\text{of}\text{control}\text{group}\right)\text{×}100$$

Anticancer Activity Test

The anticancer activities against the cells of compounds 5a–5w at 5 µg/mL were conducted based on the MTT method (El-Dydamony et al., 2022). Doxorubicin was used as a positive control. Each treatment was repeated 3 times. The corrected mortality rates for compounds 5a–5w were determined using the aforementioned formula.

Results and Discussion

Chemistry

Using ethyl trifluoroacetoacetate as the initial reagent, as shown in Scheme 1, a series of novel trifluoromethyl pyrimidine derivatives bearing an amide moiety were designed and synthesized via four-step reactions with the yields of 20.2–60.8% and the target compounds were characterized by ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, X-ray diffraction, and HRMS.

The ¹H NMR signals for compound 5a, a singlet appears 10.46 ppm indicates the presence of the -CONH- group. The CH proton of the 6-trifluoromethyl pyrimidine ring is located as two singlets at 8.99 and 7.78 ppm. Meanwhile, in the ¹³C NMR data of compound 5a, two quartets at 156.13and121.81 ppm indicated the presence of -CF₃and C-CF₃ as characteristic peaks in the pyrimidine fragment. In addition, compound 5a was confirmed correctly with the [M + Na]⁺ peaks by HRMS data.

Antifungal Activity Test In Vitro

Table 1 shows that compounds 5b, 5j, and 5l revealed excellent in vitro antifungal activity against B. cinerea, with the inhibition rates of 96.76, 96.84, and 100%, respectively, which were equal to or even better than that of tebuconazole (96.45%). Meanwhile, compound 5v had an inhibitory effect (82.73%) against S. sclerotiorum equal to that of tebuconazole (83.34%). Nevertheless, compounds 5a–5w revealed lower in vitro antifungal activities against B. Dothidea (60.48–90.12%), Phomopsis sp. (54.37–82.34%), C. gloeosporioides (35.12–69.75%), and P. oryzae (30.11–63.91%) than those of tebuconazole.

TABLE 1.

The antifungal activities of the title compounds 5a−5w at 50 μg/ml.

Compound	Inhibition rate (%)
	B. dothidea	Phomopsis sp	B. cinerea	C. gloeosporioides	P. oryzae	S. sclerotiorum
5a	77.25 ± 3.15	59.22 ± 1.39	92.43 ± 3.25	53.89 ± 1.09	38.92 ± 1.86	72.18 ± 3.02
5b	88.72 ± 3.83	54.37 ± 1.67	96.76 ± 3.83	51.88 ± 3.61	43.64 ± 1.99	75.82 ± 2.08
5c	76.82 ± 3.22	70.73 ± 2.93	89.88 ± 2.89	64.12 ± 2.26	41.34 ± 2.31	76.28 ± 2.05
5d	67.34 ± 1.39	58.17 ± 1.94	71.35 ± 2.45	46.53 ± 1.23	36.05 ± 2.94	72.73 ± 1.12
5e	78.60 ± 3.70	75.19 ± 3.55	87.68 ± 3.17	49.11 ± 1.08	63.91 ± 1.34	75.45 ± 1.64
5f	73.87 ± 2.48	70.37 ± 3.03	89.04 ± 3.15	69.75 ± 1.53	52.49 ± 2.07	79.21 ± 2.30
5g	87.95 ± 4.47	85.70 ± 3.87	88.17 ± 1.61	43.17 ± 2.07	47.82 ± 2.64	74.00 ± 1.22
5h	71.81 ± 2.24	62.42 ± 2.71	89.51 ± 3.24	41.98 ± 3.51	61.48 ± 1.69	77.82 ± 1.29
5i	77.96 ± 3.42	64.14 ± 1.35	87.97 ± 3.58	43.56 ± 1.64	42.69 ± 2.81	57.27 ± 2.40
5j	89.89 ± 1.64	77.48 ± 2.63	96.84 ± 2.01	60.01 ± 1.09	41.65 ± 1.38	76.18 ± 1.05
5k	75.62 ± 2.18	65.34 ± 1.87	81.54 ± 1.25	41.98 ± 1.37	51.23 ± 3.05	70.36 ± 2.14
5l	88.84 ± 1.76	70.34 ± 2.25	100.00	39.21 ± 2.50	44.02 ± 1.96	65.45 ± 3.24
5m	74.26 ± 1.18	64.20 ± 2.35	90.40 ± 2.16	35.12 ± 1.79	30.11 ± 1.61	64.28 ± 2.18
5n	82.35 ± 1.15	68.23 ± 1.72	94.63 ± 3.46	41.58 ± 3.01	35.67 ± 3.81	73.27 ± 3.24
5o	86.49 ± 1.29	79.70 ± 1.53	92.84 ± 1.83	66.87 ± 1.94	40.16 ± 1.28	79.26 ± 3.58
5p	71.61 ± 2.34	58.81 ± 2.65	65.87 ± 1.32	52.15 ± 1.38	31.06 ± 2.54	58.27 ± 1.75
5q	60.48 ± 1.15	63.82 ± 2.83	76.48 ± 1.37	52.48 ± 2.00	49.70 ± 1.42	61.82 ± 1.09
5r	83.65 ± 1.70	79.69 ± 1.58	90.56 ± 1.17	41.58 ± 3.52	35.67 ± 2.62	73.27 ± 2.48
5s	90.12 ± 1.37	81.26 ± 1.19	93.47 ± 2.54	40.20 ± 1.08	37.33 ± 1.34	69.09 ± 2.81
5t	81.21 ± 1.20	79.65 ± 3.49	93.67 ± 1.67	50.05 ± 1.69	61.10 ± 2.20	72.64 ± 1.84
5u	76.82 ± 3.22	70.73 ± 2.93	89.88 ± 2.89	55.05 ± 2.22	47.25 ± 3.04	60.00 ± 2.19
5v	82.80 ± 1.44	82.34 ± 1.06	92.64 ± 1.13	51.88 ± 1.52	60.15 ± 1.11	82.73 ± 1.84
5w	75.86 ± 1.23	68.56 ± 2.35	92.31 ± 2.46	50.28 ± 0.98	47.36 ± 1.56	64.13 ± 2.27
Tebuconazole	100.00	100.00	96.45 ± 1.82	100.00	100.00	83.34 ± 1.18

Insecticidal Activity Test

Table 2 shows that compounds 5a–5w indicated certain insecticidal activities against S. frugiperda and M. separata at 500 μg/ml, with the mortality rates of 13.3–90.0% and 16.7–86.7%, respectively, which were lower than those of chlorantraniliprole. Especially, compound 5w revealed fine insecticidal activities against Spdoptera frugiperda and Mythimna separata with the mortality rates of 90.0% and 86.7%, respectively. Meanwhile, compound 5o and 5t demonstrated moderate mortality rates of 80.0% and 83.3% against Spdoptera frugiperda.

TABLE 2.

The insecticidal activities of the title compounds 5a−5w at 500 μg/ml.

Compound	Mortality rate (%)
	S. frugiperda	M. separata
5a	30.00 ± 1.60	16.70 ± 1.50
5b	13.33 ± 1.00	36.67 ± 1.80
5c	70.00 ± 1.50	60.00 ± 2.20
5d	50.00 ± 2.00	36.67 ± 2.00
5e	46.67 ± 1.50	30.00 ± 1.30
5f	60.00 ± 2.80	56.67 ± 1.20
5g	46.67 ± 1.00	30.00 ± 1.00
5h	50.00 ± 2.20	20.00 ± 1.50
5i	53.33 ± 1.20	33.33 ± 1.20
5j	26.67 ± 1.40	26.67 ± 1.80
5k	40.00 ± 2.00	50.00 ± 1.00
5l	26.67 ± 1.50	70.00 ± 2.20
5m	30.00 ± 1.00	16.67 ± 1.80
5n	40.00 ± 1.30	20.00 ± 1.20
5o>	80.00 ± 2.10	67.67 ± 2.50
5p	56.67 ± 1.00	46.67 ± 1.60
5q	43.33 ± 1.20	30.00 ± 2.00
5r	50.00 ± 1.80	27.00 ± 1.50
5s	66.67 ± 2.47	33.33 ± 1.30
5t	83.33 ± 1.56	20.00 ± 2.30
5u	73.33 ± 1.31	80.00 ± 1.50
5v	73.33 ± 2.03	43.33 ± 1.35
5w	90.00 ± 1.80	86.67 ± 2.42
Chlorantraniliprole	100	100

Anticancer Activity Test

Table 3 shows that compounds 5a–5w indicated certain anticancer activities against PC3 (0–64.20%), K562 (0–37.80%), Hela (0–48.25%), and A549 (0–40.78%) at 5 μg/ml which were lower than those of doxorubicin. Particularly, compounds 5l, 5n, 5o, 5r, and 5v expressed moderate anticancer activities against PC3 with the inhibition rates of 54.94, 51.71, 50.52, 55.32, and 64.20%, respectively.

TABLE 3.

The anticancer activities of the title compounds 5a−5w at 5 μg/ml.

Compound	Mortality rate (%)
	PC3	K562	Hela	A549
5a	0	10.03 ± 1.03	3.82 ± 2.64	15.76 ± 1.30
5b	15.53 ± 1.08	0	2.42 ± 1.06	13.65 ± 2.43
5c	0	19.59 ± 1.30	5.98 ± 1.09	13.74 ± 1.76
5d	5.80 ± 2.13	4.73 ± 2.15	11.37 ± 2.15	13.60 ± 2.80
5e	0	5.30 ± 1.16	0.55 ± 2.24	9.23 ± 1.32
5f	4.08 ± 1.67	21.88 ± 2.24	4.23 ± 1.25	12.47 ± 2.35
5g	0	15.52 ± 1.61	2.75 ± 1.60	14.51 ± 2.35
5h	0	10.98 ± 1.14	0	0.22 ± 1.05
5i	3.98 ± 1.22	3.53 ± 1.95	3.58 ± 1.69	15.15 ± 2.64
5j	31.01 ± 1.90	30.99 ± 2.06	25.22 ± 2.37	22.75 ± 2.94
5k	34.20 ± 2.01	37.80 ± 1.95	34.50 ± 1.89	28.50 ± 2.22
5l	54.94 ± 1.51	15.47 ± 1.38	32.20 ± 2.10	37.35 ± 2.00
5m	0	0	0	0
5n	51.71 ± 1.20	17.11 ± 1.52	30.78 ± 1.45	40.78 ± 1.09
5o	50.52 ± 1.22	19.40 ± 1.64	39.54 ± 2.22	38.78 ± 2.26
5p	9.20 ± 1.45	7.30 ± 2.01	20.40 ± 1.70	16.80 ± 3.26
5q	46.11 ± 1.54	31.40 ± 3.12	37.90 ± 3.01	42.42 ± 1.33
5r	55.32 ± 1.35	15.63 ± 0.96	34.65 ± 1.87	41.36 ± 1.51
5s	22.35 ± 1.16	5.28 ± 1.38	25.14 ± 2.03	15.24 ± 1.67
5t	0.37 ± 1.23	12.46 ± 2.26	6.87 ± 2.07	8.41 ± 2.83
5u	31.01 ± 1.64	30.99 ± 1.34	25.22 ± 2.35	22.75 ± 2.90
5v	64.20 ± 1.12	24.00 ± 1.92	48.25 ± 1.17	34.20 ± 2.31
5w	36.20 ± 1.36	35.40 ± 1.83	32.20 ± 2.62	31.80 ± 2.08
Doxorubicin	94.68 ± 1.05	72.81 ± 1.54	80.43 ± 1.36	89.57 ± 2.07

The preliminary structure–activity relationship showed that most compounds exhibited good activities against B. dothidea, Phomopsis sp., and B. cinerea. Especially for B. cinerea., majority of the compounds revealed inhibition rates higher than 80%. The inhibition rate of compound 5l was even up to 100%, which was exceeded by the control drug tebuconazole (96.45%). Excellent inhibitory activities also indicated the potential of these compounds as candidates or leading structure against B. cinerea.

Conclusion

In summary, twenty-three novel trifluoromethyl pyrimidine derivatives including an amide moiety were prepared based on amide and pyrimidine pharmacophore, and their structures were confirmed by ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, X-ray diffraction, and HRMS determination. The preliminary biological activity screening indicated that most of the title compounds exhibited moderate to excellent antifungal and insecticidal activities. This study demonstrated the potential of trifluoromethyl pyrimidine derivatives including an amide moiety as the effective antifungal and insecticidal agents for crop protection and should be used as the reference for future research.

Data Availability Statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material; further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.

Author Contributions

WL, XT, JY, and QF contributed to the synthesis, purification, and characterization of all compounds, the activity research, and prepared the original manuscript. WW, PL, and HL designed and supervised the research and revised the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

We acknowledge funds from the Science and Technology Fund Project of Guizhou (No. (2020)1Z023, No. (2020)4Y161, and No. (2022) General 194), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31701821), the project of State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University (QJHKY (2022390), and Disciplinary Talent fund of Guiyang University (No. GYURC-12).

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher’s Note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Supplementary Material

The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fchem.2022.952679/full#supplementary-material