Abstract
This cross-sectional study examines trends in the number of psychiatrists and psychiatric mental health nurse practitioners overall and for Medicare beneficiaries from 2013 to 2019.
Introduction
Medicare beneficiaries are more likely than the general adult population to experience mental illness.1 However, insufficient numbers of psychiatric clinicians and limited insurance participation are associated with restricted availability of care.2,3 Increases in the number of psychiatric mental health nurse practitioners (PMHNPs) could help mitigate poor access to care, particularly for psychiatric prescribing. The primary care nurse practitioner workforce has increased in underserved rural areas4; however, data are limited on PMHNPs. We examined the number of psychiatrists and PMHNPs overall and for Medicare beneficiaries from 2013 to 2019.
Methods
In this repeated cross-sectional study, we assessed the number of psychiatrists and PMHNPs with a National Provider Identifier from 2013 to 2019 using the National Plan & Provider Enumeration System (NPPES) file. We then examined the number and percentage who participated in Medicare, defined as billing for professional services or being the prescribing clinician on Part D claims for 11 or more Medicare beneficiaries per year using publicly available Medicare data.
We assessed the percentage of Hospital Service Areas (HSAs) in 2013 and 2019 with only Medicare psychiatrists, only Medicare PMHNPs, both, or neither. Results were stratified for rural (micropolitan to rural) vs urban (metropolitan) areas based on Rural-Urban Commuting Area codes.
Changes were assessed using linear probability models with HSA-level random effects and year fixed effects; differences between rural and urban HSAs were examined using Pearson χ2 tests. Details about data sources and definitions are available in eTable 1 and eTable 2 in the Supplement.
Analyses used a 2-sided P < .05 as a threshold for statistical significance and were conducted using Stata version 14.0 (StataCorp). This study was approved by the Mass General Brigham institutional review board with waiver of informed consent as secondary use of research data and followed the STROBE reporting guideline for cross-sectional studies.
Results
Between 2013 and 2019, the number of psychiatrists in the NPPES file increased from 51 166 to 58 814 and the number of PMHNPs from 7132 to 16 698 (Table 1). Medicare participation rates decreased among psychiatrists from 60.7% to 55.1% and remained stable for PMHNPs at approximately 63.0%.
Table 1. Number of Psychiatrists and PMHNPs Who Billed or Prescribed for 11 or More Medicare Beneficiaries per Year From 2013 to 2019.
| Year | No. in NPPES file | No. (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Billed traditional Medicare for professional services | Part D prescriber | Billed Medicare for professional services or was a Part D prescriber | ||
| Psychiatrists | ||||
| 2013 | 51 166 | 22 213 (43.4) | 28 972 (56.6) | 31 057 (60.7) |
| 2014 | 52 370 | 22 324 (42.6) | 29 430 (56.2) | 31 492 (60.1) |
| 2015 | 53 393 | 22 286 (41.7) | 29 552 (55.3) | 31 669 (59.3) |
| 2016 | 54 570 | 22 374 (41.0) | 29 523 (54.1) | 31 814 (58.3) |
| 2017 | 55 432 | 22 189 (40.0) | 29 153 (52.6) | 31 607 (57.0) |
| 2018 | 57 131 | 22 278 (39.0) | 29 358 (51.4) | 31 944 (55.9) |
| 2019 | 58 814 | 22 419 (38.1) | 29 711 (50.5) | 32 420 (55.1) |
| Change 2013-2019, % | 14.9 | 0.9 (–12.2) | 2.6 (–10.8) | 4.4 (–9.2) |
| PMHNPs | ||||
| 2013 | 7132 | 3179 (44.6) | 4121 (57.8) | 4455 (62.5) |
| 2014 | 8123 | 3677 (45.3) | 4775 (58.8) | 5122 (63.1) |
| 2015 | 9134 | 4232 (46.3) | 5501 (60.2) | 5844 (64.0) |
| 2016 | 10 423 | 4842 (46.5) | 6176 (59.3) | 6605 (63.4) |
| 2017 | 11 711 | 5488 (46.9) | 7110 (60.7) | 7539 (64.4) |
| 2018 | 13 842 | 6397 (46.2) | 8385 (60.6) | 8863 (64.0) |
| 2019 | 16 698 | 7505 (44.9) | 9917 (59.4) | 10 522 (63.0) |
| Change 2013-2019, % | 134.1 | 136.1 (0.8) | 140.6 (2.8) | 136.2 (0.9) |
Abbreviations: NPPES, National Plan & Provider Enumeration System, PMHNP, psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner.
Of 3436 HSAs, the percentage with no Medicare psychiatrists or Medicare PMHNPs decreased from 39.8% in 2013 to 36.8% in 2019 (Table 2). The percentage of HSAs with only Medicare psychiatrists decreased from 26.2% to 14.0%. The percentage with both Medicare psychiatrists and PMHNPs increased from 30.3% to 41.9% and with only PMHNPs from 3.7% to 7.4% (P < .001 for all comparisons).
Table 2. Changes in the Availability of Psychiatrists and PMHNPs Participating in Medicare Across HSAs Overall and for Rural and Urban HSAs, 2013-2019.
| Variable | No. (%) | Percentage change (95% CI)a | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2013 | 2019 | ||
| All HSAs (n = 3436) | |||
| No Medicare psychiatrists or PMHNPs | 1368 (39.8) | 1263 (36.8) | –3.1 (–4.1 to –2.0) |
| Only Medicare PMHNPs | 127 (3.7) | 253 (7.4) | 3.7 (2.8 to 4.6) |
| Only Medicare psychiatrists | 899 (26.2) | 481 (14.0) | –12.2 (–13.6 to –10.7) |
| Both Medicare psychiatrists and PMHNPs | 1042 (30.3) | 1439 (41.9) | 11.6 (10.2 to 12.9) |
| Rural HSAs (n = 1437) | |||
| No Medicare psychiatrists or PMHNPs | 896 (62.4) | 857 (59.6) | –2.7 (–4.6 to –0.9) |
| Only Medicare PMHNPs | 81 (5.6) | 156 (10.9) | 5.2 (3.6 to 6.8) |
| Only Medicare psychiatrists | 277 (19.3) | 178 (12.4) | –6.9 (–8.8 to –5.0) |
| Both Medicare psychiatrists and PMHNPs | 183 (12.7) | 246 (17.1) | 4.4 (2.8 to 5.9) |
| Urban HSAs (n = 1999) | |||
| No Medicare psychiatrists or PMHNPs | 472 (23.6) | 406 (20.3) | −3.3 (–4.6 to –2.0) |
| Only Medicare PMHNPs | 46 (2.3) | 97 (4.9) | 2.6 (1.6 to 3.6) |
| Only Medicare psychiatrists | 622 (31.1) | 303 (15.2) | −16.0 (–18.0 to –13.9) |
| Both Medicare psychiatrists and PMHNPs | 859 (43.0) | 1193 (59.7) | 16.7 (14.8 to 18.6) |
Abbreviations: HSAs, hospital service areas; PMHNPs, psychiatric mental health nurse practitioners.
To assess changes in 2019 vs 2013 in the percentage of HSAs with PMHNP and/or psychiatrists overall and for rural and urban areas, we used linear probability models with HSA-level random effects and year fixed effects. We used Pearson χ2 tests to assess differences in the proportion of rural vs urban HSAs with PMHNPs and/or psychiatrists in each year. Excludes less than 0.3% of psychiatrists or PMHNPs in the National Plan & Provider Enumeration System file in each year whose addresses did not link with an HSA.
In 2013 and 2019, rural HSAs were more likely than urban HSAs to have no Medicare psychiatrists or PMHNPs (for 2019, 59.6% vs 20.3%; P < .001). Rural vs urban HSAs were also more likely to have only Medicare PMHNPs (for 2019, 10.9% vs 4.9%; P < .001) but less likely to have Medicare psychiatrists only or in combination with PMHNPs.
Discussion
Although Medicare participation rates among psychiatrists decreased between 2013 and 2019, the number of PMHNPs providing care to Medicare beneficiaries more than doubled. Most rural HSAs had no Medicare psychiatrists or PMHNPs.5 Rural HSAs were less likely than urban HSAs to have Medicare psychiatrists in 2013 and 2019, although increases in the proportion of HSAs with PMHNPs may have helped some rural areas maintain access to psychiatric prescribers.
A limitation is that this study excluded clinical nurse specialists and psychologists who can prescribe in some states. We may have underestimated PMHNP participation in Medicare due to the prevalence of incident-to-billing under which care provided by PMHNPs is billed under a physician’s National Provider Identifier number.6 Identification of care delivery models that maximize the availability of different clinician types is critical for improving access to mental health care, particularly in rural areas.
eTable 1. Description of Data Sources and Definitions
eTable 2. Taxonomy Codes Used to Identify Psychiatrists and PMHNPs
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
eTable 1. Description of Data Sources and Definitions
eTable 2. Taxonomy Codes Used to Identify Psychiatrists and PMHNPs